UN Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

PREAMBLE:

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Apartheid South Africa

W.E.B. Du Bois, Co-founder, NAACP

An Enemy in Your Own Land

NAACP

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

African National Congress

International Mandate: South West Africa

A.B. XumaPresident of the African National Congress (ANC),

1940-49

South Africa’s Allure to Britain

South Africa’s Radioactive Allure to the U.S.

South Africa’s Anticommunism

Daniel Malan, Prime MinisterSouth Africa, 1948-1954

Eric Louw, Minister of Economic Affairs, 1948-1955

Key Apartheid Legislation

THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. -- 1950

Key Apartheid Legislation

THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. -- 1949

Key Apartheid Legislation

THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. -- 1950

Key Apartheid Legislation

THE PASS LAWS—required black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, known as a dompas, everywhere and at all times. Within the pages of an individual's dompas were his fingerprints, photograph, personal details of employment, permission from the government to be in a particular part of the country, qualifications to work or seek work in the area, and an employer's reports on worker performance and behavior. If the employer, for any reason, refused to endorse the book for the pertinent time period, the worker's right to stay in the area was jeopardized. Without their pass, they were arrested. -- 1952

South African Gold = Development for the World Bank

Nelson Mandela

Apartheid Laws

Employment, housing, travel, property ownership, marriage, public facilities

A State of Terror

Robben Island: Justice, Apartheid Style

Cheap Labor to Mine Expensive Gold

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Article 25. (1) Everyone has the right to a standard

of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

Shanty Town near Johannesburg

Shanty Town near Capetown

African Shanty Towns

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Article 26. (1) Everyone has the right to education.

Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Education for Africans: Cheap, Unskilled Labor Made Here

“If the native in South Africa today . . . is being taught to expect that he will live his adult life under a policy of equal rights, he is making a big mistake . . . There is no place for him in the European community above the level of certain forms of labor." -Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister of Bantu Education

May Day Rally, Johannesburg 1950

The Violence of Apartheid

World Bank Loan to South Africa, 1951

1951 DOLLARS 2011 DOLLARS

$80 Million

$3.56 Billion

WALTER WHITE

Executive Secretary,

NAACP

Eugene Black

President of World Bank, 1949-1962

World Bank Founding Principles

iii. . . Assisting in raising productivity, [and] the standard of living and conditions of labor in their territories.

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Article 13.(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

Banned from Living in the City: Miners Migrating to “Homelands”

Africans in South Africa’s Gold Mines

Mineworkers’ Hostel

Johannesburg for Africans

Apartheid’s Bantu Education

Grinding Poverty

The Slavery of Pass Laws

Johannesburg, 1950

The City that Gold Built: Johannesburg, 1954

Black Township Next to Johannesburg

African Homeland Outside of Johannesburg

The Costs of Apartheid

The Costs of Apartheid

The Costs of Apartheid

UN Declaration of Human Rights

Article 23. (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of

employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

African Miners Made Less in 1972 Than in 1902

Eighty Percent of South Africa’s PopulationPaid 75% less than Whites

Gold Miners Near Johannesburg, 1950Average Pay: $4.02 per week

Defiance Campaign, 1952

Defiance: Nelson Mandela Burning his Passbook

Defiance Campaign

The Benefits of World Bank Loans: African Homes Near Johannesburg

“On balance, it is likely that Africans have benefited economically more from this growth than other sections of the community,”

Eugene Black, President of the World Bank, 1953

Africans Enjoying the Economic Benefits of World Bank Loans to Apartheid South Africa

“On balance, it is likely that Africans have benefited economically rather more from this growth than other sections of the community.”

Eugene Black, President of the World Bank, 1953

Africans Enjoying the Fruits of the World Bank Loans

Z.K. Matthews, Secretary of the ANC, Capetown

World Bank Loans to Apartheid South Africa, 1950-1955

TOTAL LOANS BY 1955 EQUIVALENT IN 2011 DOLLARS

$135 Million

$4.9 Billion

ANC Freedom Charter, June 26, 1955

Sharpeville, 1960: The Violence of Apartheid

Soweto, 1976