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EEL-2023/ELE-2303 POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION LO 2: Thermal PowerPlants Additional Notes 0

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  • EEL-2023/ELE-2303P OW E R GENERATI ON A ND T RA NSM I S SI O N

    LO 2: Thermal P o w e r Pl a nt sA d d it i ona l Notes

    0

  • Combined Cycle Power Plant

    1

    • Combined Cycle Power Plantis a combination of Gas Cycleand Steam Cycle.

    • The Steam Cycle is also calledas the Rankine Cycle.

    • The Gas Cycle is also called asthe Brayton Cycle.

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    2

    The Rankine cycle is standard for steam power plants th at are built around theworld. The basic Rankine cycle consists of four main phases:

    Steam Generator (boiler)Turbine Steam Condenser Pump

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    Process 1-2: Water from thecondenser at low pressure ispumped into the boiler at highpressure. This process is reversibleadiabatic.Process 2-3: Water is convertedinto steam at constant pressure bythe addition of heat in the boiler.Process 3-4: Reversible adiabaticexpansion of steam in the steamturbine.Process 4-1: Constant pressureheat rejection in the condenser toconvert condensate into water.

    3

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    The steam leaving the boiler may be dry and saturated, wet or superheated. The corresponding T-s diagrams are 1-2-3-4-1; 1-2-3’-4’-1or 1-2-3”-4”-1.

    4

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    5

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    6

    In this cycle, water is heated in the steamgenerator to produce high temperature andpressure steam, s up er hea ted steam .

    This steam is then expanded in a turbine toproduce electricity from a generator th at isconnected to the turbine.

    The steam from the turbine is then condensed backinto water in the condenser.

    The pump then returns the water to the steamgenerator.

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    7

    Figure 1 shows a temperature-entropy diagramor T-s diagram.

    o Entropy is basically a measure of the amount ofthermal energy not available to do work.

    o The total area under the T-s diagram represents thework done during the complete cycle.

    o The heat added to the water in the heating cycle causesthe water to turn to steam , expanding greatly at highpressure and in t u rn doing work in turning the turbine.

  • THE RANKINE CYCLE

    8

    The stages in the Rankine Cycle (Fig. 1) are :- E – the cold water is heated to boiling point A – heat, qin is added to the water in the boiler at

    constant temperature converting it to steam. B – more heat is added in a superheater, raising the

    temperature and pressure of the steam. C – the steam expands through the turbine giving

    up energy to tu rn the turbine and losing energywhile its temperature drops.

    D – the steam is then cooled in a condenser,changing back to water and then pumped back intothe boiler to continue the cycle.

  • where,η is the efficiencyT1 = Temperature of the gas entering the turbine (in Kelvin) T2 = Temperature of the gas leaving the turbine (in Kelvin)

    T1

    9

    THERMAL POW ER PL AN T EFFICIENCY

    The efficiency of thermal generating stations isalways low because of the inherent low efficiency ofthe turbines.

    The maximum efficiency of any machine that convertsheat energy into mechanical energy is given by theequation:

    (1 T2 )100

  • 10

    BRAYTON CYCLE – GAS TURBINE CYCLE

    The Brayton cycle or Joule Cycle ismade up of four internally reversibleprocesses:

    1-2 Compression

    2-3 Heat addition

    3-4 Expansion

    4-1 Heat rejection

  • 11

    BRAYTON CYCLE – GAS TURBINE CYCLE

    The Brayton cycle is made up of four internally reversible processes:

    1-2 Isentropic (constant entropy) compression (in acompressor)

    2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition

    3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)

    4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

    Temperature vs. Entropy

    Pressure vs. Volume

  • OVERALL THERMAL EFFICIENCY

    Useful Work = Energy released in turbine minus energy absorbed bycompressor.

    The compressor requires typically approximately 30% - 50% of the energy released by the turbine.

    Typical overall thermal efficiency of a combustion turbine is 20% -40%.

    12

  • OVERALL THERMAL EFFICIENCY

    where r is the compression ratio, and temperatures are inKelvin. 13

  • EXAMPLE 1

    14

    A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6:1. The inlet temperature tothe compressor is 10˚C. The outlet temperature from the compressor is199.4˚C. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 950˚C. Find:

    a) The gas turbine thermal efficiency.

    b) The outlet temperature from the turbine.

    c) The net output power if the inlet heat power is 150.8MW.

  • EXAMPLE 1

    A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6:1. The inlet temperature to the compressor is 10˚C. The outlet temperature from the compressor is 199.4˚C. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 950˚C. Find:

    a) The gas turbine cycle thermal efficiency.

    15

  • EXAMPLE 1

    A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6:1. The inlet temperature to the compressor is 10˚C. The outlet temperature from the compressor is 199.4˚C. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 950˚C. Find:

    a) The gas turbine thermal efficiency.

    b) The outlet temperature from the turbine.

    16

  • EXAMPLE 1

    A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6:1. The inlet temperature to the compressor is 10˚C. The outlet temperature from the compressor is 199.4˚C. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 950˚C. Find:

    a) The gas turbine thermal efficiency.

    b) The outlet temperature from the turbine.

    T1 = 10+273 = 283 K

    T2 = 199.4+273 = 472.4 K

    T3 = 950+273 = 1223 K

    T4 = 733.36 K = 460.36 ˚C. 17

  • EXAMPLE 1

    A gas turbine has a pressure ratio of 6:1. The inlet temperature to the compressor is 10˚C. The outlet temperature from the compressor is 199.4˚C. The inlet temperature to the turbine is 950˚C. Find:

    a) The gas turbine thermal efficiency.

    b) The outlet temperature from the turbine.

    T4 = 733.36 K = 460.36 ˚C.

    c) The net output power if the inlet heat power is 150.8 MW.

    Qin = 150.8MW

    Pnet = 60.32MW18

  • COGENERATION

    19

  • COGENERATION

    20

    Cogeneration is the simultaneous production ofvarious forms of energy from one power source(normally associated with heat and power-mechanical or electrical).

    The engine produces primary electrical power whereasthermal energy in the exhaust gases is converted inthe heat recovery boiler Heat Recovery Boiler intosteam. This process steam could be used in anotherapplication such as heating the sea water in thedesalination units.

  • COGENERATION

    21

    A Cogeneration Plant

    Power generation facility th at also provides thermalenergy (steam) to a thermal host.

    Typical thermal hosts

    water desalination plant paper mills, chemical plants, refineries, etc… potentially any user t hat uses large quantities of

    steam on a continuous basis.


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