reduction 2 scf 3 + 3 ca 2 sc + 3 caf 2
DESCRIPTION
◆. ■. ◆. ■. □. ■. □. ◆. ◆. ■. ◆. ■. □. □. □. ◆. ■. ◆. □. ■. □. □. ◆. ■. ■. □. □. ■. ■. ◆. □. ■. □. □. ■. ◆. ◆. □. ■. □. □. MIG29. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. JCPDS # 04-0787 JCPDS # 17-0412 JCPDS # 14-0428. ◆ : Al ■: Al 3 Sc - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Reduction 2 ScF3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF2Thortveitite (Sc,Y)2Si2O7PRODUCTION OF SCANDIUM AND Al-Sc ALLOY BY USING CaCl2 MOLTEN SALTMasanori Harata*, Hiromasa Yakushiji, Toru H. Okabe*Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, *Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of TokyoIntroductionMolten Salt ElectrolysisMetallothermic ReductionEPMA analysisPhase separation was improved by using CaCl2 as a flux. However, excess Ca reductant remained in the Al4Ca phase. Reduction: Sc2O3 (s) + 3 Ca (g) 2 Sc (s) + 3 CaO (s)Al-Sc alloy was directly produced fromSc2O3 by using Al as the collector metal; however, excess Ca reductant remained in the alloy sample.Rare Earth ElementsLightweightChemically reactiveApplicationsResourceFig. Ellingham diagram of selected oxides.Experimental temperature (1273 K)Temperature, T / K-1400-1200-1000-800-600-400-2000300500700900110013003/2 Fe + O2 = 1/2 Fe3O44/3 Al + O2 = 2/3 Al2O3Ti + O2 = TiO22 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO2 Ca + O2 = 2 CaO4/3 Sc + O2 = 2/3 Sc2O34/3 La + O2 = 2/3 La2O34/3 Y + O2 = 2/3 Y2O3 4 Ag + O2 = 2 Ag2OStandard Gibbs energy of formation, DGf /kJ mol-1Properties of ScPurpose of this studyTo develop a new process that can produce Sc metal or Al-Sc alloy directly from Sc2O3 at temperatures lower than those used in the conventional process.What is Scandium?Catalysts, Laser crystalsOthersCurrently, Sc is mainly used as an alloying element for Al alloy.Metal halide lampBaseball batBicycleConventional process Sc2O3 + 6 HF 2 ScF3 + 3 H2O
Minerals such as Thortveitite contain a large amount of Sc. However, such minerals are not used as a source of Sc because they are scarce.Sc is one of the rare earth elements (RE).Recently, Ni smelting has changed from a pyrometallurgicalprocess to a hydrometallurgical process that can recovera large amount of Sc2O3 at a low cost.ExpensiveMolten salt electrolysis Improvement of electrolysis cell to prevent Fe contamination. Investigation of the reaction mechanism of CaCl2Sc2O3 molten salt. Development of a new direct production process of Sc or Al-Sc alloy by molten salt electrolysis.Reduction temperature: T = 1273 KHolding time: t' = 6 hrCurrently, Sc is produced in the form of oxide (Sc2O3) from rare earth ores or as a byproduct of uranium mill tailings. The production cost is high because an expensive reaction apparatus is required for handling the fluoride.
Disadvantages Contamination from the crucible cannot be prevented due to the high-temperature reaction.
973 K1873 KSc is the 31st most abundant element in the earths crust, with a crustal abundance of 22 ppm. Sc2O3 + 6 e- 2 Sc + 3 O2-C + x O2- COx + 2x e- AnodeCathodeSc2O3 + C 2 Sc + COxOverall reactionPotential lead (Ni wire)Stainless steel tubeRubber plugReaction chamberFe crucibleAr inletHeaterCaCl2-Sc2O3 molten saltAl (or Ag)-Sc alloy (Cathode)Carbon electrode (Anode)Ni reference electrode Ceramic insulatorFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for the metallothermic reduction experiment.Table Minerals containing ScXRD analysis(b) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al(c) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al, Flux: CaCl2(a) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: CaAl-Sc alloysAl-Sc alloy is expected to be used as a structural material for aircraft etc.Sc2O3 is converted into ScF3 because it is thermodynamically stable. Further, it is difficult to reduce Sc2O3 to metallic Sc even by using Ca as a reductant.Table Chemical composition of ThortveititeMole percent ScTemperature, T / CExperimental temperatureFig. Phase diagram for the AlSc reactionTable Experimental conditions for the metallothermic reductionFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for molten salt electrolysis.As a preliminary experiment, Y2O3 was used instead of Sc2O3, and the production of Ag-Y alloyby the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt was investigated.
Table Theoretical decomposition voltage Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy could beprevented by controlling the potential betweenthe anode and the cathode.A complex oxide (CaSc2O4) was formed and reduction was incomplete.Sc2O3 was successfully reduced to metallicSc and alloyed in situ to form Al-Sc liquid alloy during the reduction. It was difficult to separate the metal phase from the salt phase.ConclusionIt was demonstrated that Ag-Y alloy could be produced by the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt.The electrolysis cell must be improved to prevent the contamination of the molten salt by Fe. Reduction and alloying: Sc2O3 (s) + Al (l) + 3 Ca (g) Al-Sc alloy (l) + 3 CaO (s) Conversion into fluoride:ElectrolysisMetallothermic reduction Development of a new technique for preventing Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy. Currently, Sc2O3 reduction is an ongoing experiment.C + 1/2 O2 = COC + O2 = CO2Sc2O3 is one of the most stable oxides on earth
Sheet1
G/ kJ at 1100 KE/ V
Sc2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)991.011.71
Sc2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3 CO(g)957.7191.65
Sc2O3(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1584.8872.73
Y2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)992.5741.71
Y2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3 CO(g)959.2831.66
Y2O3(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1586.4512.74
CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2(g)629.1083.26
CaO(s) + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2(g)322.8251.67
CaO(s) + C(s) Ca(l) + CO(g)311.7281.61
CaO(s) Ca(l) +1/2 O2(g)520.7842.70
Go(at 1100K)Eo(V)
Y2O3 + 3/2 C 2 Y + 3/2 CO2992.5741.71
Y2O3 + 3 C 2 Y + 3 CO959.2831.66
Y2O3 2 Y + 3/2 O21586.4512.74
CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2629.1083.26
CaO + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2322.8251.67
CaO + C Ca(l) + CO311.7281.61
CaO Ca(l) +1/2 O2520.7842.7
Sheet2
at 1200 K
vs. Cl2/Cl-(V)
Ca/Ca2+-3.20
Sc/Sc3+-2.24
Y/Y3+-2.52
Ni/Ni2+-0.67
Fe/Fe2+-1.01
Fe/Fe3+-0.79
Sheet3
Plain
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Ti
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Profile of Titanium, TiFeTiO
FeTiO3151.720.3681123122
Atomic Property
Atomic number 22
Atmic weight 48
Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d2 4s2
Metallic atom radius (0.147nm
Ion radius 0.076nmTi2+
0.069nmTi3+
0.064nmTi4+
Electronegativity ()1.6Def. of Pauling
Crystal Property
Density 4.5g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K
Latice constant : a2.950at 293 K
Latice constant : c4.683at 293 K
Crystal structure : bbccat 11561953 K
Latice constant : a3.307at 1173 K
Latice constant : c3.307at 1173 K
Transformation point 1156K
Transformation heat 4100J mol-1
Melting point 1953K
Melting heat 18700J mol-1
Boiling point 3535K
Boiling heat 397000J mol-1
Electric resistance 5510-8 mat 293 K
Thermal conductivity 0.0197W m-1 K-1
Yangs' Modulas 1.1421011 Pa
Specific strength 0.254
Resource Property
Clark number 10
Reserve 1)532.3MtTiO2 (2001)
Resource (?
Species of ore (
Rutile (), TiO2
Ilumenite (, TiFeO3
Production
1)4.58MtTiO2 (2001)
2)24.9kt (2001)
2)16.3kt (2002)
2)7.3kt (2003)
Smelting Process
Croll process
Hunter process
Reference
31993
1) "() 50", (2002) p 52
2) "() 50", (2002) p 295
Titanium
High specific tensle strength ! High corrosion resistance !But Expensive !
Ta
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Tantalum
High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !
Nb
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Niobium
High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !
Fe
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Profile of Iron, Fe
Atomic Property
Atomic number 26
Atmic weight 55.85
Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d6 4s2
Metallic atom radius (0.124nm
Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+
0.067nmFe3+
Electronegativity ()1.8Def. of Pauling
Crystal Property
Density 7.87g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K
Latice constant : a2.866at 293 K
Latice constant : c-at 293 K
Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K
Latice constant : a3.6468at 1189 K
Latice constant : c-at 1189 K
Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K
Latice constant : a2.9322at 1667 K
Latice constant : c-at 1667 K
Transformation point a g1184K
Transformation heat a g940J mol-1
Transformation point g d1665K
Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1
Melting point 1809K
Melting heat 13800J mol-1
Boiling point 3160K
Boiling heat 351200J mol-1
Electric resistance 9.7110-8 mat 293 K
Thermal conductivity 0.0818W m-1 K-1
Yangs' Modulas 1.91011 Pa
Specific strength 0.241
Resource Property
Clark number 4
Reserve Mt
Resource (
Species of ore (
Production
Mt
kt
kt
kt
Smelting Process
Reference
31993
Iron
King of metals !
RE
The Periodic Table of Elements
AABBBBBBAAAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
Al
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Aluminum
Mg
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Profile of Magnesium, Mg
Atomic Property
Atomic number 12
Atmic weight 24.31
Electron configuration ([Ne] 3s2
Metallic atom radius (0.160nm
Ion radius 0.078nmMg2+
Electronegativity ()1.2Def. of Pauling
Crystal Property
Density 1.7g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K
Latice constant : a3.209at 293 K
Latice constant : c5.211at 293 K
Melting point 932K
Melting heat 8960J mol-1
Boiling point 1376K
Boiling heat 128700J mol-1
Electric resistance 3.910-8 mat 293 K
Thermal conductivity 0.193W m-1 K-1
Yangs' Modulas 0.4431011 Pa
Specific strength 0.255
Resource Property
Clark number 8
Reserve 1)?Mt
Resource (?
Species of ore (
Magnesite, MgCO3
Dolomite, MgCO3CaCO3
Carnalite, MgCl2KCl6H2O
Production
Smelting Process
Molten salt electrolysis (IG process, Alcan process, Dow process)
Thermalreduction (Pidgeon process)
Reference
31993
Magnesium
Ca
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Calcium
Na
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Sodium
Au
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Gold
Ag
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Silver
Cu
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Copper
Ni
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Nickel
PGM
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumPGM
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Profile of Iron, Fe
Atomic Property
Atomic number 26
Atmic weight 55.85
Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d6 4s2
Metallic atom radius (0.124nm
Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+
0.067nmFe3+
Electronegativity ()1.8Def. of Pauling
Crystal Property
Density 7.87g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K
Latice constant : a2.866at 293 K
Latice constant : c-at 293 K
Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K
Latice constant : a3.6468at 1189 K
Latice constant : c-at 1189 K
Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K
Latice constant : a2.9322at 1667 K
Latice constant : c-at 1667 K
Transformation point a g1184K
Transformation heat a g940J mol-1
Transformation point g d1665K
Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1
Melting point 1809K
Melting heat 13800J mol-1
Boiling point 3160K
Boiling heat 351200J mol-1
Electric resistance 9.7110-8 mat 293 K
Thermal conductivity 0.0818W m-1 K-1
Yangs' Modulas 1.91011 Pa
Specific strength 0.241
Resource Property
Clark number 4
Reserve Mt
Resource (
Species of ore (
Production
Mt
kt
kt
kt
Smelting Process
Reference
31993
Iron
King of metals !
compound
The Periodic Table of the Elements
AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA
HydrogenHelium
1 H2 He
1.0084.003
LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon
3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne
6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18
SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon
11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar
22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95
PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr
39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon
37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe
85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3
CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon
55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn
132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)
FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium
87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt
(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)
LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium
Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb
138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0
ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium
Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No
(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)
Profile of Magnesium dichloride, MgCl2Nb2O5NbCaCO3CaCationic ratio
Formula weight 95.214.60.01730.03460.50.00500.00500.1443
Density 1)2.3g cm-3at 293 K265.8100.1
1.7g cm-3at 10171099 K1050
Crystal structure : CdCl2 1)A3at 1156 K
Mg-Cl 1)2.53at 293 K
Melting point 2)987K
Melting heat 2)43095J mol-1?
Boiling point 2)1708K
Boiling heat 2)156200J mol-1
Cf,-3.4116.7 MgCl26H2O
Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl4
Formula weight 189.67
Density 1)1.702g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : ?at 1156 K
Ti-Cl 3)2.170at 293 K
Melting point 2)249K
Melting heat 2)9967J mol-1?
Boiling point 2)408K
Boiling heat 2)35770J mol-1
Cf
Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl3
Formula weight 154.22
Density ?g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : a 3), Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,
b, Ti-Ti: 2.91 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,
g, Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45
d
Sublimation point 2)1103K
Sublimation heat 2)166150J mol-1
CfTiCl36H2O
Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl2
Formula weight 118.77
Density 1)3.13g cm-3at 293 K
Crystal structure : CdI2 1)at 1156 K
Latice constant : a 3)3.43at 293 K
Latice constant : c 3)6.10at 293 K
Sublimation point 2)1580K
Sublimation heat 2)248500J mol-1
Cf
1)
2) Barin
3)
AgNO3
AgNO
107.914.0116.00gmol
169.93.39740.020
1.3979400087
2.3979400087
Sheet1
ScYLaFeAlTi
Atomic number213957261322
Atomic weight44.95688.906138.90655.84526.98247.867
Density (g/cm3)2.994.476.157.872.74.51
Melting point ()1539152092015386601668
Boiling point ()283133883461286125193287
Crystal structurehcphcphcpbccfcchcp
Sheet2
MineralsSc2O3 content (%)MineralsSc2O3 content (%)
OxidesMagnetite0.00010.04PhosphatesXenotime0.00151.5
Hematiteup to 0.15Monazite0.0020.5
Titanomagnetite0.00020.02Apatite0.00030.08
Ilmenite0.00150.15SilicatesZircon0.0050.3
Rutile0.0050.16Beryl0.00051.2
Wolframite0.0051.3Garnet0.020.4
Uraninite0.150.2Olivine0.00030.02
Laterite0.0030.03Pyroxeneup to 0.04
Sheet3
Sheet1
Exp.Mass of sample, wi/gExcessCalculated nominal
no.FeedCollector metalFluxReductantreductant ratiocomposition of Al-Sc alloy
Sc2O3AlCaCl2Ca
a0.69--1.202-
b0.150.96-0.262Al-6mol%Sc
c0.150.961.270.262Al-6mol%Sc
Sheet2
Exp.NominalExcessMass ofConcentration of element i, Ci (mass%)b
no.composition ofreductantflux
Al-Sc alloyaratio, RCaawflux/gAlScCaSiFeTa
CAl-9mass%Sc20.0058.3219.0022.45< 0.010.14< 0.01
DAl-9mass%Sc20.0063.6717.8117.12< 0.010.361.03
EAl-9mass%Sc21.2761.1421.7614.83< 0.010.411.85
FAl-6mass%Sc21.2470.0216.6112.74< 0.010.140.47
GAl-5mass%Sc1.51.0673.8713.3710.850.300.221.37
HAl-5mass%Sc1.251.0676.6711.2211.600.540.100.40
IAl-5mass%Sc11.0682.449.765.93< 0.011.160.68
JAl-5mass%Sc0.751.0684.6710.092.15< 0.012.080.99
Sheet3
Table1-1
Table Physical properties of Sc and some selected elements.
ElementAtomicnumberZAtomicweightMDensityat 20 r/ gcm-3Melting pointTm / Boiling pointTb / Ionic radius ri / Crystal structure at 25 Electro negativityPrice($/kg)
Sc2144.962.99154028320.75hcp1.2018000.0018,000
Y3988.914.47152533370.90hcp1.11450.00450
La57138.916.15092034571.03hcp1.08350.00350
Ce58140.126.77079834271.01fcc1.08350.00350
Nd60144.247.01101630670.98hcp1.07450.00450
Sm62150.407.54107317910.96hcp1.07300.00300
Fe2655.857.87153628630.55bcc1.640.030.03
Al1326.982.70066025200.53fcc1.471.441.44
Ti2247.874.54166632890.61hcp1.329.669.66
a: Price of oxide.(approximate value)
Table1-2
Table 1-2 Abundance of the elements in the earth crust[16].
Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)
0108O46.604062Sm06.010-4
0214Si27.724164Gd05.410-4
0313Al08.134266Dy04.810-4
0426Fe05.004370Yb03.010-4
0520Ca03.634472Hf03.010-4
0611Na02.834555Cs03.010-4
0719K02.594668Er02.810-4
0812Mg02.094704Be02.810-4
0922Ti00.444835Br02.510-4
1001H00.144950Sn02.010-4
1115P00.1055073Ta02.010-4
1225Mn00.0955192U01.810-4
1309F00.06255233As01.810-4
1456Ba00.04255342Mo01.510-4
1538Sr00.03755432Ge01.510-4
1616S00.0265574W01.510-4
1706C00.0205663Eu01.210-4
1840Zr00.01655767Ho01.210-4
1923V00.01355865Tb0810-5
2017Cl00.0135953I0510-5
2124Cr00.016069Tm0510-5
2237Rb0910-36171Lu0510-5
2328Ni07.510-36281Tl0510-5
2430Zn07.010-36348Cd0210-5
2558Ce06.010-36451Sb0210-5
2629Cu05.510-36583Bi0210-5
2739Y03.310-36649In0110-5
2857La03.010-36780Hg0810-6
2960Nd02.810-36847Ag0710-6
3027Co02.510-36934Se0510-6
3121Sc02.210-37044Ru0110-6
3203Li02.010-37146Pd0110-6
3307N02.010-37252Te0110-6
3441Nb0210-37378Pt0110-6
3531Ga01.510-37445Rh0510-7
3682Pb01.310-37579Au0410-7
3705B0110-37675Re0110-7
3859Pr08.210-47776Os0110-7
3990Th07.210-47877Ir0110-7
Table1-3
Table 1-3 Sc containing minerals[17-23].
MineralChemical formulaDiscoveredyearProductioncountryContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)
Thortveitite(Sc, Y)2Si2O71911Norway25.01
BazziteBe3(Sc, Al)2Si6O181915Norway14.50
KolbeckiteScPO42(H2O)1926U.S.41.30
MagbasiteKBa(Al, Sc)(Mg, Fe2+)6Si6O20F21965Russia02.10
Jervisite(Na, Ca, Fe2+)(Sc, Mg, Fe2+)Si2O61982Italy18.48
CascanditeCa(Sc, Fe2+)Si3O8(OH)1982Italy14.74
JuonniiteCaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)4(H2O)1997Russia17.76a
PretuliteScPO41998Austria47.38
ScandiobabingtoniteCa2(Fe2+, Mn)ScSi5O14(OH)1998Italy11.32
KristianseniteCa2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)2002Norway08.11
a: Calculated value
Table1-4
Table The minerals containing Sc.
FormMineral nameContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)
OxidesUraninite0.15~0.2
Wolframite0.005~1.3
Laterite0.003~0.03
Magnetite0.001~0.04
Hematite~0.15
Titanomagnetite0.0002~0.02
Ilmenite0.0015~0.15
Rutile0.005~0.16
Columbite0.01~0.8
PhosphatesXenotime0.0015~1.5
Monazite0.002~0.5
Apatite0.0003~0.08
SilicatesThortveitite25.0~48.3
Zircon0.005~0.3
Beryl0.0005~1.2
Garnet0.02~0.4
Olivine0.0003~0.02
Pyroxene~0.04