Intro to BiologyScientific Method, Language of Science, Procedure

Writing, and more

Emma Journey, Hannah Myers, Christine Park, Kai Czarnowski, Diane Kang

Period 2

Scientific Method Science is ultimately based on

observation. Observations lead to questions, which

lead to experiments, which lead to answers, which lead to more observations and more questions.

It’s a never ending process.

Scientific Method The steps of the Scientific Method are as

follows:1. Observe: Look for a problem, pose a question.2. Hypothesis: An educated guess, based on

research and observations.3. Experiment: Test your hypothesis by

performing controlled experiments/ further observations.

4. Analysis: Interpret the data and then represent it in a graph

5. Conclusion: Share your findings (write a conclusion).

Language of Science The language of science is used by scientists instead of

common words. There are several prefixes and suffixes used in the language of science.

Sometimes, the order of the suffixes and prefixes may not seem right, but don’t worry about it; as long as the general idea is still discernable.

Even though you may not always find every single part of a word in the prefixes and suffixes, the parts that you can find should give you a good idea on the meaning of the word.

There might be a extra letters in between suffixes (like o, i, and a)

Sometimes, parts of words can be both suffixes and prefixes, so make sure you know both lists.

PREFIX a- ab- adipo- alb- amphi-/amp- andr- angio- ante- anthropo- anti- aqua- arbor- arthro- aster- audi- auto- bi- bio- bronch- card- carn- cell- cephalo- chlor- chrom- chron- coel- com-/con-/co- contra- cran- cyt- de- deca- derm- den- di- dia- dis-/dif-

MEANING without, lacking away from fat white of both kinds male vessel (blood) before humans against water tree jointed star hear, sound self two, twice life, living windpipe (lungs) heart meat storeroom head green color time hollow with, together against head cell from, away ten skin tooth two, double through, across apart from, deprive

PREFIX e-/ef-/ex- echin- ect- en- encephal- epi- extra- gastro- gene- geo- glottis- gymno- hepato- hetero- hiber- homo- hydro- hyper- hypo- inter- intra- ichty- immunis- leuc- lith- luna- macro- meta- micro- mono- multi- morph- neo- non- neur-

MEANING out, out of, from spiny outside in brain on, above outside, beyond stomach origin, birth earth mouth of windpipe uncovered liver different winter same, alike water over, above below, under, less between within, during, insidefish free white stone moon large change small single many form new not nerve

PREFIX oculo- odont- olf- omni- opthal- oss-/ost- phag- photo- plasm- pneumo- pre- prot-/proto- pseudo- retro- rota- rupt- sub- super-/sur- tele- therm- trans- tri- trop- ventr- uni- zo-

MEANING eye tooth smell all eye bone eat light form lungs before first fake, false backward, back turn, wheel break, burst under, beneath above, upon at a distance temperature across, beyond three turning belly one animal

SUFFIX -able/ -ible -algia -ectomy -graph -ism -itis -meter -ology/ -logy -phyll -pod/ -ped -scope -sect -sperm

MEANING able to, capable of pain cut out instrument for making records act of, condition inflammation (swelling) or disease measure study of, science of leaf foot, feet look, observe cut seed

Arthropod: jointed footEchinoderm: spiny skinBiology: study of life

Procedure Writing Writing clear cut, easy-to-understand instructions

are crucial in procedure writing. Including pictures in procedures are useful to

help people gauge what they should be doing. Fanciful and fluffy writing is not always helpful.

Being straight to the point, concise, and simple is the key to successful procedure writing.

Chapter 1 Overview

Vocabulary:› Science: An organized use of evidence› Observation: gathering information› Hypothesis: A testable statement that can be

shown to be true or false by experimentation/ observation.

Chapter 1 Overview

› Experimental Group: Receives some kind of treatment or condition (independent variable).

› Independent Variable: The treatment or factor that is changed.

› Dependent Variable: The variable that is being observed and affected by the independent variable.

› Control Group: Receives no treatment, and is used to compare results with the experimental group.

Chapter 1 Overview› Data: The results of an experiment. It

can be displayed in a graph.› Qualitative: Describes data in qualities› Quantitative: Describing data in

numbers› Theory: A well-tested hypothesis that

unifies a broad range of observations.

Chapter 1 Overview Characteristics of Living Things:

Living things are based on a universal genetic code› All living organisms store the complex information they

need to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule called DNA.

Living thing are made up of cells› A cell is the smallest unit of a living organism that can

be considered alive, so many living cells make up a living organism.

Chapter 1 Overview Living things maintain a stable internal environment

› Although conditions outside a living organism may change, living things need to employ homeostasis, keeping their bodies as constant as possible.

Taken as a group, living things change over time (evolve)› The basic traits living things inherit from their parents

usually do not change. However, over long lengths of time, groups of living things typically evolve.

Chapter 1 Overview Living things grow and develop

› Every organism has a particular pattern of growth and development. During development, fertilized eggs divide; these dividing cells undergo differentiation

Living things respond to their environment› Organisms detect and respond o changes/ stimuli from

their environment

Chapter 1 Overview Living things reproduce

› All organisms reproduce. Usually, most living things participate in sexual reproduction, but other organisms may reproduce asexually.

Living things obtain material and energy› All organisms must take in materials and energy in

order to grow, develop, and reproduce. Metabolism is the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.

Tools of the Trade Compound Microscope:

› The objective lenses range from 4x (red), 10x (yellow), 40x (blue), and 100x (black).

› The coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down for large adjustments in focus

› The fine adjustment knob moves the stage slightly for small adjustments in focus.

› For cleanup, the lowest objective lenses must be “set” towards the stage, the stage must be rolled all the way to the top, and the headpiece must be turned away. Carry the microscope by the arm.

Tools of the Trade Metric System

› K H D ∙ D C M› Kilo-, Hecto-, deca-, unit, deci-, centi-, milli-

Review Questions What does arthropod mean?

A. jointed foot B. study of feet C. study of humans D. fake foot

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A. observation, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion

B. procedure, hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion

C. Hypothesis, experiment, data, conclusion, define variables

D. Define variables, procedure, hypothesis, data, conclusion

What are two prefixes that mean above or on?

A. epi-, hypo- B. hyper-, inter- C. hypo-, hyper- D. super-/sur, epi-

Define the experimental variable A. an outline of what is being

experimented B. focus of the experiment C. the variable being altered, whether

it be by treatment or factor D. the variable not being altered in the

experiment

Define hypothesis A. the purpose/reason the experiment

is being performed B. a testable statement that can be

proven as true or false C. the procedure of the experiment D. the variable not being altered in an

experiment

Identify the control variable a. Type of food give to hippo b. Amount of food c. Both a and b d. None of the above

Choose the correct definition and example that match the word.

a. Qualitative data-expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring-the scar appears old

b. Qualitative data- descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted-4 cm scar on the cat’s back

c. Quantitative data-expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring-4cm scar on the cat’s back

d. Quantitative data- descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t usually be counted-the scar appears old

What are the 5 steps to a conclusion paragraph in lab reports?

a. hypothesis and data table b. controlled variable, independent variable, and

dependent variable c. purpose, major findings stated, revisit

hypothesis, suggest improvements to lab procedure, and figure out the controlled variable

d. purpose restated, major findings stated,revisit hypothesis, suggest improvements to lab procedure, and suggest extension to lab

How many meters in 15 kilometers? a.1500 b.1.5 c. 0.5 d. 15,000

What are the 4 magnification levels of the objective lenses?

a. x10,x100,x500, x1000 b. x4,x10,x40, x100 c. x10,x50,x100, x1000 d. x4,x100,x200, x500

Review Answers A A D C B A C D D B