Medium Speed Roro Medium Speed Roro Passenger Catamarans Passenger Catamarans - a - a market alternative market alternative

& Sea Transport & Sea Transport

•Ports Conference Aug 2002

IntroductionIntroduction

The world market of ropax ferries is divided into two segments:-

the conventional monohull vessels, and

the high speed vessels, predominantly aluminium multihulls.

Is there another alternative?

Revenue Capability of Transport Revenue Capability of Transport ModesModes

• What can they carry?What can they carry?

• an Ant - 700% of own weightan Ant - 700% of own weight

• a human - 100% of own weighta human - 100% of own weight

• a 747 jumbo - 30% of own weighta 747 jumbo - 30% of own weight

• HSC - 25-40% of own weightHSC - 25-40% of own weight

• Conventional ropax vessels -> 20-30% of own weightConventional ropax vessels -> 20-30% of own weight

• Passenger Cruise Vessels - 1% of own weightPassenger Cruise Vessels - 1% of own weight

Revenue Deadweight Revenue Deadweight (payload)(payload)

• Deadweight consists ofDeadweight consists of

• Fuel, Ballast, Fresh water, stores etc. Fuel, Ballast, Fresh water, stores etc. (all non revenue items)(all non revenue items)

+Trucks, cars, passengers, baggage +Trucks, cars, passengers, baggage (all under revenue or payload items)(all under revenue or payload items)

So the Rdwt is the portion of Deadweight So the Rdwt is the portion of Deadweight that the vessel is paid or assigned to that the vessel is paid or assigned to carrycarry

HSS 1500 40kts 1500dwtHSS 1500 40kts 1500dwtWorld’s largest high speed ropax vesselWorld’s largest high speed ropax vessel

•Rdwt is 40% of lightship

Superfast 111Superfast 111World’s fastest conventional ropax vesselWorld’s fastest conventional ropax vessel

•Note:- Rdwt 3060T is 22% of lightship•195mx6.4d, 4 x 10560kw serv spd 28kts

Revenue of Ropax vesselsRevenue of Ropax vessels

• TrucksTrucks

• CarsCars

• PassengersPassengers

• On board revenueOn board revenue

• These should be brought to the base These should be brought to the base revenue units - revenue units - passengerspassengers

Revenue units (RU) This Revenue units (RU) This is the summary of:-is the summary of:-

• Trucks:pax ratio (say20) x truck no. Trucks:pax ratio (say20) x truck no.

• +Cars:pax ratio (say 6) x car no.+Cars:pax ratio (say 6) x car no.

• +On board pax rev (say0.5): pax rev+On board pax rev (say0.5): pax rev

• +Passenger number+Passenger number

• RU = RU = (Trucks x 20)+(carsx6)+(pax x 0.5)+pax(Trucks x 20)+(carsx6)+(pax x 0.5)+pax

Daily Revenue Unit Miles Daily Revenue Unit Miles (DRUM)(DRUM)• The number of revenue units achievable per dayThe number of revenue units achievable per day

• DRUM= RU x service speed x 24 hrsDRUM= RU x service speed x 24 hrs

• To assess optimum vessel in capital cost, the DRUM should To assess optimum vessel in capital cost, the DRUM should be divided by daily cap cost be divided by daily cap cost

• RUP$c = RUP$c = DRUMDRUM

Daily Cap Cost Daily Cap Cost

Daily revenue unit-milesDRUM 267648 120096 42240 309312 119040 90240

Amortzn/lease cost per day 1650 180 1800 1800 1200 1200(@ $600 per million per day)

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Revenue Units per $ 162.21 667.20 23.47 171.84 99.20 75.20 CAPITAL COST (RUPDc) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% deviation from mean -19 234 -88 -14 -50 -62

Deadweight CheckTrucks at 25 Tonnes 67 67 0 67 0 0Cars at 1.2 " 29 24 12 36 46 19Pax at 0.08 " 16 12 8 16 16 16

Revenue deadweight required 111 103 20 119 62 35Revenue deadweight available 140 150 60 150 180 203

deadweight status 29 47 40 31 118 167

(- v e n o t p o s s i b l e ! ! )

Capital Cost Comparison

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Sea Spirit HK Ferry Landing Sealink Whangere TinaVessels

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Revenue Units per $ % deviation from mean

Figure 6.4.a

•Notes:- the cheapest is always the best on Capital the landing craft fares the worst

To assess the best in To assess the best in terms of Operating costterms of Operating cost

• Divide the RUM by the total operating cost Divide the RUM by the total operating cost (including capex)(including capex)

• RUP$o =RUP$o = RUM RUM

Oper Cost Oper Cost

• Then tabulate all vessels considered in terms Then tabulate all vessels considered in terms of RUP$c and RUP$oof RUP$c and RUP$o

Voyage(s) Total Distance 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Steaming Time in Days 3.43 6.48 7.29 3.24 7.29 6.21 6Port Time (30%) 30 % 0.34 0.65 2.19 0.32 2.19 1.86 1

Total Time 3.77 7.13 9.48 3.56 9.48 8.07 6.92

--OPERATING COSTS--Port Costs (Berths/Pilots/Dues) 500 500 500 500 500 500 500Agents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Crew & Supt Travel 200 200 200 200 200 200 200Crew Costs 226 428 569 214 569 484 415R & M (Age Factored) 284 1172 779 293 519 884 655Fuel Incl LO and Port time 10922 15031 10828 11249 12928 11003 11993Victuals Crew 190 359 478 180 478 407 349Stores(deck,e.r,catering) 944 1782 2370 891 2370 2017 1729Navigation & LSA 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000Pax Victuals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sundries 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

---FIXED COSTS---Amortisation / Charter 6228 1283 17063 6417 11375 9681 8674Administration 3775 7130 9479 3565 9479 8067 6916Insurance 569 117 1558 586 1039 884 792Sundries 100/day 377 713 948 356 948 807 692

----TOTAL COST----- 26215 30715 46771 26450 42405 36933 34915

VOYAGE REVENUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SUB TOTAL 26215 30715 46771 26450 42405 36933 34915

On board Pax rev @ $5/d (net) 3775 5347 4740 3565 9479 8067 5829

NET COSTS 22441 25368 42032 22886 32926 28866 29086

Revenue Units Per $ 40.93 30.68 7.33 43.80 26.36 19.40 28.08operating cost ( RUPDo) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% deviation from mean 46 9 -74 56 -6 -31 %

Operating Cost Comparison

0.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.0050.00

Sea Spirit HK Ferry Landing Sealink Whangere Tina

Vessels

Rev U

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-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

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40

60

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Figure 6.4.d

•Notes:-the best vessel is 50% ahead of the 2nd hand vsl the landing craft is the worst in operational terms

Plot the Rdwts and service Plot the Rdwts and service speeds of current Ropax speeds of current Ropax designsdesigns

Revenue Deadweight / Speed Graph 6

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Revenue Deadweight in Tonnes

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Target VoidHSC

Fast Conventional

•Lt s/structures•No Ballast

•Steel S/structure•S.W. Ballast

STS MEDIUM SPEED STS MEDIUM SPEED ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES

•Aimed at the “target Void”•Alloy / composite superstructures•No Ballast•Light weight steel hull•Hullform for good seakeeping•Higher Rdwts as % of lightship•Higher RUP$c and RUP$o

““M.V. Island Navigator” - 39m Roro/Pax M.V. Island Navigator” - 39m Roro/Pax CatamaranCatamaran

•Rdwt 192 tonnes, Service speed 15 knots

•Note:-Rdwt is 96% of Lightship

““M.V. Sealink” - 41m Roro/M.V. Sealink” - 41m Roro/PaxPax Catamaran Catamaran•Rdwt 173 tonnes, service speed 15 knots

•200 pax max speed 18 knots

•Note:- Rdwt is 110% of lightship

• Bow ramp can work gradient ramps

Bahamas Searoad 45m Ropax Catamaran Bahamas Searoad 45m Ropax Catamaran

Rdwt 82% of lightship Rdwt 82% of lightship

Articulated BowrampArticulated Bowramp

• For gradient boat rampsFor gradient boat ramps

Show Video

““Sea Spirit” 37m Ropax Cat, 16.5 knots Sea Spirit” 37m Ropax Cat, 16.5 knots

35 cars 200 passengers 35 cars 200 passengers Rdwt 92% of lightship Rdwt 92% of lightship

““Sea Spirit” showing truck Sea Spirit” showing truck laneslanes

Magnetic Island - 35m Ropax CatamaranMagnetic Island - 35m Ropax Catamaran 35 cars 300 passengers 16 knots 35 cars 300 passengers 16 knots

Vanuatu SearoadVanuatu Searoad 40m ropax Catamaran 40m ropax Catamaran 300 pax300 pax 20 cars 17 knots service speed 20 cars 17 knots service speed

45m Ropax – Bahamas 45m Ropax – Bahamas SearoadSearoad18 kts - Stern Loading18 kts - Stern Loading

45m Ropax 45m Ropax 45 cars (or 6 45 cars (or 6 trucks trucks +24 cars), 300 pax 18kts +24 cars), 300 pax 18kts

50m Ropax Catamaran 60 cars (or 6 coaches + 50m Ropax Catamaran 60 cars (or 6 coaches + 44 cars)600 passengers 18 knots 1.7m draft 4 44 cars)600 passengers 18 knots 1.7m draft 4 x 700kWx 700kW

Saipan – Tinian 40m Ropax Saipan – Tinian 40m Ropax FerryFerry 17 kts 350 pax 20 cars 17 kts 350 pax 20 cars

60m Ropax Cat - Feeder60m Ropax Cat - Feeder

60m Ropax Cat 450 Rdwt 60m Ropax Cat 450 Rdwt 18kts18kts

Hull60~1.jpgHull60~1.jpgHull60~1.jpg

60m Military Landing Craft60m Military Landing CraftTank CarrierTank Carrier

45m Ropax – Bahamas 45m Ropax – Bahamas SearoadSearoad500 passengers, 45 cars, 18 kts500 passengers, 45 cars, 18 kts

45m Ropax Cat- Bahamas45m Ropax Cat- Bahamas

45m Ropax Cat Stern 45m Ropax Cat Stern ViewView

63m Ropax Cat - Holland63m Ropax Cat - Holland

63m Ropax Cat – Stern 63m Ropax Cat – Stern ViewView

60m Ropax Cat Aft 60m Ropax Cat Aft LoungeLounge

““M.V. Tropic Chieftain” - 54m Roro/Pax M.V. Tropic Chieftain” - 54m Roro/Pax CatamaranCatamaran

• Note - Rdwt is 84% of lightship

•Rdwt 350 tonnes, service speed - 15 knots

80m Roro/Pax Catamaran80m Roro/Pax Catamaran

125S Medium Speed Cat125S Medium Speed CatSTS design 22knots with 3300 RdwtSTS design 22knots with 3300 Rdwt

•Note:- Rdwt is 96% of lightship

•125 x 35 x 4.8draft, •3673m2 main deck (truck axle)•5300m2 car decks

125S Midship Section125S Midship Section

125S Port Engine Room125S Port Engine Room

• -Vessel Centreline --

Frequency - the key ferry Frequency - the key ferry issueissue

Acme Ferry - Effect of Frequency on Cost

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2 4 6 8Voys per Day

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Life span, Valuation & ThreatsLife span, Valuation & Threats• Many high speed vessels have a limited lifespan due to:-Many high speed vessels have a limited lifespan due to:-

• Rapidly changing HSC rules and regulationsRapidly changing HSC rules and regulations

• Rapidly changing efficiencies in design of both the Rapidly changing efficiencies in design of both the vessels and high performance machineryvessels and high performance machinery

• Extraordinarily high R & MExtraordinarily high R & M

• Imminent threat of fuel price hikes, raises a sensitivity Imminent threat of fuel price hikes, raises a sensitivity to market pain thresholdto market pain threshold

• This is causing investors and financiers to scrutinize fast ferries This is causing investors and financiers to scrutinize fast ferries closer, whereas medium speed ferries have far less exposure closer, whereas medium speed ferries have far less exposure to this aspect.to this aspect.

Summary.Summary.

• Not everyone wants to go fastNot everyone wants to go fast, , (sometimes two medium speed vessels and (sometimes two medium speed vessels and better frequency beats one fast vessel, better frequency beats one fast vessel, commercially & operationally)commercially & operationally)

• Going Fast incurs very high costs in R&M Going Fast incurs very high costs in R&M and fueland fuel

• Going fast restricts the operational rangeGoing fast restricts the operational range

• There areThere are some medium speed some medium speed alternatives for future consideration.alternatives for future consideration.

Sea Transport Sea Transport Solutions.Solutions.

• Designers of Ropax CatamaransDesigners of Ropax Catamarans

• ContactContact

• Phone +44 20 7681 1505Phone +44 20 7681 1505

• Fax +44 870 168 0554Fax +44 870 168 0554

• www.www.catamaranferriescatamaranferries.com.com

Experience and Innovation at work