( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) peggy g. lemaux cooperative extension specialist...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
(some of what you need to know in a few
minutes)Peggy G. LemauxCooperative Extension Specialist
UC Berkeley
![Page 2: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tour D’Onion: Where is all that genetic information?
![Page 3: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CELLS
![Page 5: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cell Wall
Nucleus
![Page 6: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dividing cell Chromosomes
![Page 7: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosome
Genes
![Page 8: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Used in Marker- Assisted Breeding Strategie
s
![Page 11: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(equivalent to a gene)
![Page 12: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
GMO Genetically Modified OrganismGEO Genetically Engineered OrganismLMO Living Modified OrganismrDNA Recombinant DNABiotechnology
TERMS USED
![Page 13: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Classical Breeding
Uses plant machinery in plant Uses plant machinery in laboratory
Genetic Engineeringcompared to
Gene exchange is random involving entire genome
Gene exchange is specific, single or a few genes
Primarily within genera, not between kingdoms like plants and bacteria
Source of gene from any organism
When/where genes expressed not controlled by breeder
When/where gene expressed can be controlled precisely
![Page 14: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SOURCE: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/
Total all GE varieties in U.S. in 2007 Corn = 73% Cotton = 87% Soybean = 91%
![Page 15: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007:Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares)
Total
Industrial
Developing
Source: Clive James, 2008
23 industrial and developing countries in order of acreage: US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Paraguay, South Africa, Uruguay, Philippines, Australia, Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, France, Honduras, Czech Republic, Portugal, Germany, Slovakia. Romania, Poland.
282 million acres worldwide: comparable in size to combined areas of CA and TX
![Page 16: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Estimated 75% of Processed Foods Have GE Ingredients
![Page 17: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GE Papaya
GE Squash
Only a few whole foods on the market
are genetically engineered
GE Sweet Corn
![Page 18: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
WHAT’S IN THE PIPELINE?
![Page 19: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SOURCE: Rivero, R.M., Kojima, M., Gepstein, A., Sakakibara, H., Mittler, R., Gepstein, S. and Blumwald, E. 2007. Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104: 19631-19636.
Engineered drought tolerance leads to vigorous growth of plants after prolonged
drought while control plants died
![Page 20: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SOURCE: http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/agnet/2007/4-2007/agnet_april_10.htm#story0
Arcadia Biosciences develops canola that uses 50% less nitrogen fertilizer
![Page 21: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SOURCE: http://www.democratandchronicle.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080806/BUSINESS/808060336/1001
Field Trials Conducted in California with Field Trials Conducted in California with Grape Root Stocks Engineered for Grape Root Stocks Engineered for
Resistance to Fanleaf VirusResistance to Fanleaf Virus
![Page 22: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Altering transport gene in carrot results in more bioavailable calcium in humans
SOURCE: Morris, J., Hawthorne, K.M., Hotze, T., Abrams, S.A. and Hirschi, K.D. 2008. Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots. PNAS 10.1073/pnas.0709005105.
![Page 23: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
New High Lysine Corn for Animal New High Lysine Corn for Animal Feed Deregulated - Reduces Need Feed Deregulated - Reduces Need
for Lysine Supplementsfor Lysine Supplements
New High Lysine Corn for Animal New High Lysine Corn for Animal Feed Deregulated - Reduces Need Feed Deregulated - Reduces Need
for Lysine Supplementsfor Lysine Supplements
SOURCE:February 2006, BIOSPACEhttp://www.biospace.com/news_story.aspx?StoryID=8883&full=1
![Page 24: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SOURCE: Niederberger et al., 2004. Vaccination with genetically engineered allergens prevents progression of allergic disease. PNAS early edition (August 13, 2004)
Genetically engineered pollen reduces allergy symptoms in sufferers
![Page 25: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SOURCE: Doty, S.L., James, C.A., Moore, A.L., Vajzovic, A., Singleton, G.L., Ma, C., Khan, Z., Xi, G., Kang, J.W., Park, J.Y., Meilan, R., Strauss, S.H., Wilkerson, J., Farin, F. and Strand. S.E. 2007. Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:16816-16821.
Engineered poplar removes environmental pollutants through roots and air
Removal of carbon tetrachloride
![Page 26: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What is the U.S. regulatory What is the U.S. regulatory process that governs these process that governs these
engineered plants?engineered plants?
![Page 27: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Field testing-Permits-Notifications
• Determination ofnon-regulated status
U.S. Regulatory AgenciesU.S. Regulatory Agencies(based oversight on existing (based oversight on existing
regulations)regulations)
USDAUSDAUSDAUSDA FDAFDAFDAFDA EPAEPAEPAEPA• Food
safety
• Feed safety
• Pesticidal plants-tolerance exemption-registrations
• Herbicide registration
![Page 28: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Changes in nutritional contentChanges in nutritional content
• No peer-reviewed food safety tests No peer-reviewed food safety tests
• Creation of allergens or activation of toxinsCreation of allergens or activation of toxins
• Pharma crops contaminating food supplyPharma crops contaminating food supply
• LabelingLabeling
• Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria
that increases antibiotic resistancethat increases antibiotic resistance
What are some food safety issues?
![Page 29: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Changes in nutritional content Changes in nutritional content
• No peer-reviewed food safety testsNo peer-reviewed food safety tests
• Creation of allergens or activation of toxinsCreation of allergens or activation of toxins
• Pharma crops contaminating food supplyPharma crops contaminating food supply
• LabelingLabeling
• Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria
that increases antibiotic resistancethat increases antibiotic resistance
What are some food safety issues?
![Page 32: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Example of animal safety test
![Page 33: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
SOURCE: Flachowsky, G. 2007. Feeds from Genetically Engineered Plants - Results and Future Challenges. ISB News Report, March 2007, pp. 4-7.
Experiments comparing first generation GE crops with comparable non-GE crops
![Page 34: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Changes in nutritional content Changes in nutritional content
• No peer-reviewed food safety tests No peer-reviewed food safety tests
• Creation of allergens or activation of toxinsCreation of allergens or activation of toxins
• Pharma crops contaminating food supplyPharma crops contaminating food supply
• LabelingLabeling
• Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria Gene flow from food to intestinal bacteria
that increases antibiotic resistancethat increases antibiotic resistance
What are some food safety issues?
![Page 35: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Inadvertent Creation of Allergens and Toxins
Is Toxin Creation Confined to GE Foods?
No – naturally occurring toxins happen due to classical breeding efforts also, e.g., potato
(glycoalkaloids) and celery (psoralens)
![Page 36: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Kraft Food recalls all taco shells soldnationwide under Taco Bell Brand
SOURCE: Washington Post, September 19, 2000
Kraft Food recalls all taco shells soldnationwide under Taco Bell Brand
SOURCE: Washington Post, September 19, 2000
Starlink corn contamination
![Page 37: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fumonisin Reduction with Bt-maize
• 1989: High levels of fumonisin cause 1989: High levels of fumonisin cause large-scale outbreaks of lethal lung large-scale outbreaks of lethal lung edema in pigs, brain tumors in horsesedema in pigs, brain tumors in horses
• Fumonisin contamination caused by Fumonisin contamination caused by insect infestationinsect infestation
• 20- to 30-fold fumonisin reduction with 20- to 30-fold fumonisin reduction with Bt-maizeBt-maize
Modified from Drew L. KershenUniversity of Oklahoma
SOURCE; Hammond, B. et al., (Feb. 2004), Lower fumonisin mycotoxin levels in the grain of Bt-corn grown in the United States in 2000-2002, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 1390-1397
![Page 38: ( some of what you need to know in a few minutes ) Peggy G. Lemaux Cooperative Extension Specialist UC Berkeley](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e885503460f94b8c8f0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Where to get more information?