take one of the vowell assignments begin reading vowell everything is on the website
TRANSCRIPT
Reminders
Take one of the Vowell assignments Begin reading Vowell Everything is on the website
RECONSTRUCTION, 1863-1877
Though slavery was abolished, the wrongs of my people were not ended. Though they were not slaves, they were
not yet quite free. No man can be truly free whose liberty is dependent upon the thought, feeling, and action of other,
and who has no means in his own hands for guarding, protecting, defending, and maintaining his liberty.
- Frederick Douglass, 1882
Civil War Ends Problems in the South
Rebuilding How? Who is responsible?
Should Confederacy be accepted in Union?
Who has the authority? Whose interests?
Regional Political Economic
Major Goals Northern Republicans
Continue economic progress
Build the North into a major power
Expand cities and industry
Southern Aristocracy Plantation owners Need free labor Anti-freedmen
Freedmen Equal rights Protection under the law Education Economic help Property
“…free people in a free society have the ability to provide for themselves.”
- Southern business owner, 1867
Rebuilding Efforts Physical rebuilding left
up to the South Southern states and
rich landowners took over much of the rebuilding
Political rebuilding – federal government
Emancipation Proclamation - 1863
Lincoln’s Politics Wanted Southern states back in
the Union U.S. must stay under Republican
rule
Proclamation of Amnesty (1863) Full presidential pardon to
Southerners who: Take an oath of allegiance Accepted emancipation of
slaves States could be reestablished
if 10% of population took oath
Wade Davis Bill (1864)
Conservative Republicans didn’t agree with 10% oath
Benjamin Wade/Henry Winter Davis
Raised loyalty oath to 50% Permitted only non-
Confederate voters to vote Lincoln pocket-vetoed
WDB
*Republican Congress was ready to retain and control power
Freedman’s Bureau (1865) Earliest welfare agency Provided food, education, and
medical aid Mostly for freed slaves and poor
whites
General Oliver O. Howard Education a major concern 3,000 black schools 200,000 learned to read
Lincoln’s Final Speech April 11, 1865 Brought up controversial
topics: Should blacks be
allowed to vote? Should the Union give
the South another chance?
Assassinated on April 14, 1865
Andrew Johnson Grew up in TN – runaway Self-taught tailor Won political offices in
TN by championing poor whites
Appointed wartime governor of TN
Ran as Lincoln’s running mate in 1864 Democrat Republicans wanted him for
the southern votes White supremist– clashed
with Republicans
Johnson’s Policies Reconstruction
Proclamation (1865) Much like Lincoln’s…
PLUS: Disenfranchised
Confederate leaders and office holders
Disenfranchised southern landowners w/ more than $20K in property
Presidential pardon
Reconstruction Legislation 13th Amendment
Passed December 6, 1865 Abolished slavery in ALL
states The only form of “slavery”
permitted is imprisonment
Blacks were still not allowed to vote
Southerners were taking Congressional office Alexander Stephens
Black Codes Southern states adopted
race-driven codes
Blacks couldn’t own property
Debt peonage Racial etiquette Blacks couldn’t testify
against whites in court Separate public facilities
*Northern Republicans began to question Johnson
Controversy Under Johnson Critical vetoes:
Republican bills that: Increased protection and services offered
by the Freedmen’s Bureau Got rid of black codes Allowed blacks to vote Granted blacks citizenship
Radical Republicans Feared that South would have more
representation in Congress Southern states had more strength
in electoral college
The Radical Program
Civil Rights Act of 1866 All blacks were U.S.
citizens
14th Amendment Passed in 1866/Ratified in
1868 All persons born in U.S.
were citizens States must provided “equal
protection” and due process States required to uphold
citizens’ rights
Impeachment!!!! 1867 – Congress passed
Tenure of Office Act President CANNOT fire
military commanders Strictly a political move Republicans wanted to
protect people in Cabinet Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton Johnson fired Stanton Republicans impeached
Johnson Never got the 2/3 vote to
oust him completely
Election of 1868
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
Horatio Seymour
Democrat
15th Amendment (1869) Allowed black men the
right to vote
Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal accommodations in
public places Not followed by southern
states - abandoned
Southern ReconstructionMilitary occupation of states
Tennessee – 1 year
Florida – 10 years
Whites controlled state governments
Except in South Carolina
Freedmen controlled lower house in 1873
Reconstruction for African Americans Major adjustment to freedom Migrated to North from South Black communities
Centered around church
Formation of black colleges Howard University UMES
Sharecropping African American Legislators
Educated property holders Hiram Revels
Scalawags & Carpetbaggers
Ku Klux Klan
Northern Reconstruction Driven by capitalism and
Industrial Revolution Pro-business policies by
Republicans Greed and corruption
Patronage Spoils System
Roscoe Conkling – NY James Blaine – ME
Credit Mobilier Gave stock to railroad companies Tried to avoid investigations into rates and profits Railroads made huge profits by setting rates high
New York Central – 350%
Election of 1872
Ulysses S. Grant - RHorace Greeley - D
Panic of 1873 Rendered thousands
jobless Caused by overbuilding
by industry and railroads
Debtors and farmers call for Greenbacks – not supported by gold
Grant sided with industrialists – print more money!
Election of 1876 Hayes – won electoral
college (185-184) Had pull from southern
Republicans in SC, LA, FL
Tilden won popular vote by 300,000
Election was deadlocked Congressional Elector
Committee Lasted for months
Compromise of 1877 Hayes will become
president if he: Takes all federal
troops out of the South
Supports the southern transcontinental railroad
Redeeming the South The Redeemers
No clear political ideology
Mostly from rich planter class
Laissez-faire White supremacy Neglected small farmers
and small business Gave rise to Populism in
1890s