.

The Cardiovascular System:Blood

Chapter 10

Journey into Molecular

Biology

Snake Venom to Blood

Infection!!!• You have one. How does your body save

you?

• First we need to understand what blood is made up of.

FunctionsTransportation:

oxygen and carbon dioxidenutrients waste products hormones

Regulation: pH & body temperature

Protection: Immune Response

Characteristics

Connective tissueTemperature = 38 degrees CpH is slightly alkaline (basic):

7.35 to 7.454-6 liters of blood per adultConstitutes about 8% of total

body weight

Components Plasma---55% Formed elements---

45%platelets

erythrocytesleukocytes

Plasma

• Straw colored liquid

• 91.5% water; 7% proteins; 1.5% other solutes

Platelets250,000 to

500,000µLHelp blood

clotting

Sometimes called thrombocytes

Work with Fibrin to make clots

Anucleate

Platelets (stained purple),

Platelets Spreading

Physiological Homeostasis

1 drop of blood = 50µL

Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells

oBiconcave; 8 micrometers in diameter; no nucleus or other organelles

oContain hemoglobinoLive only about 120 daysoRBC production takes place in

red bone marrowo4 to 6 million µL; Outnumber

white blood cells 1000:1

Hemoglobin

oIron containing proteinoBinds strongly, but reversibly

to oxygenoEach hemoglobin molecule

has four oxygen binding sitesoEach erythrocyte has 250

million hemoglobin molecules

A Quick Review

• What is blood made up of?• What are the jobs of blood?• How do platelets help a wound

heal? • Where is hemoglobin located

and what is its job?Review: theClip

Leukocytes:White Blood Cells

The Immune Response

NPRFlu and You

Neutrophils

60 to70 % of all WBCsActive phagocytesNumber increases rapidly

during short term or acute infections

Eosinophils

2 to 4 % of all WBCsIncrease during allergy

attacksReact to parasitic wormsInactivate some

inflammatory chemicals

The Parasite

Lymphocytes

20 to 25 % of all WBCs

Provides Immunity (eg. Killer T-Cell)

Produces antibodies

Nucleus fills most of the cell

T-Cell KillingTarget

Cytotoxic T-Cell

Humoral ImmunityB-Cells

• Long Term Memory

• B-Cells make antibodies which trigger a T-Cell reaction to kill the invader

• Vaccines, Chicken Pox, Viral Infections

Humoral Immunity

(Go animation)

Leukemia• Type of cancer than can be found in the

Bone marrow or lymphocytes

• Produces too many white blood cells

• Symptoms: Cold, Fever, Easy Bruising, Bone Pain, Blood does not clot

• Treatment: Chemotherapy, Blood transfusion, Bone Marrow Transplant, and Stem Cell Transplant

Computer Lab on White Blood CellsBe Sure to take notes of each type and Draw a Picture of Each

HemostasisHemostasis Stoppage of blood flow

Result of a break in a blood vessel

Hemostasis involves three phases

Platelet plug formation

Vascular spasms

CoagulationBLEEDING

Blood ClottingBlood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6

minutes

The clot remains as endothelium regenerates

The clot is broken down after tissue repair

Details of Blood Clotting

Video ClipOf

Blood Clot

Undesirable ClottingUndesirable Clotting Thrombus

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel

Can be deadly in areas like the heart

Embolus: Where will it end?

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

Bleeding DisordersBleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia

Platelet deficiency

Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

Hemophilia

Hereditary bleeding disorder

Normal clotting factors are missing

Blood Groups and Blood Groups and TransfusionsTransfusions

Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness

Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal

Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

Incidence of Blood Types in the United States

Population Group

O A B AB Rh+

White 45 40 11 4 85Black 49 27 20 4 95Korean 32 28 30 10 100Japanese

31 38 21 10 100

Chinese 42 27 25 6 100Native American

79 16 4 1 100

Blood Type (percentage)

ABO Blood GroupsABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence

of two antigens Type A Type B

The lack of these antigens is called type O

There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens

The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child

The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems

In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Blood TypingBlood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A,

anti-B, & anti-Rh serum and checked for coagulation.

Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

Blood GroupsAB

B

A

O

Blood Typing Game

Blood MovieUnited Str.

Lymphatic SystemImmune response and Drainage

Lymphatic System

Palatine tonsils.

Parts of the Lymphatic System

• Lymphatic Capillaries: pick up extra fluid from between cells.

• Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph capillaries merge into larger vesicles that carry lymph to the nodes.

• Lymph Nodes: Oblong structures that contain white blood cells (lymphocytes) that kill invaders.

• Lymph: Fluid in the lymphatic system.

Adam: LymphNode

Where does the fluid go?

• Once clean it empties into the vena cava of the heart.

• Puts all spare fluid into the blood stream where it will be filtered in the kidneys.

What about the Spleen?

• Spleen is a cardio and lymphatic organ

• Stores extra blood

• Checks blood and removes aged or damaged red blood cells.

• Also can play a role in body defense because of the high amount of lymphatic cells stored there.

What are the 2 parts of the immune system?

• Nonspecific immunity: Protects from a wide variety of pathogens.

• Specific Immunity: Protection against a specific foreign agent through the lymphocyte response.

What are the parts of nonspecific immunity?

• Species resistance: You don’t have the receptors• Mechanical Barriers: Skin and mucous• Chemical Barriers: Enzymes, Pepsin, Gastric

juices, tears• Inflammation• Phagocytosis: Neutrophils and monocytes• Interferon: Proteins made by cells that respond or

interfere with viruses and cancer.

Specific Immunity: the antibodies

• You know about the lymphocyte response. Now learn about the type of antibodies.– IgG (Immunoglobulin G): Against bacteria,

viruses, and toxins– IgA: from Mother’s milk: respiratory viruses

and digestive disturbances– IgM: Attracts T-cells, macrophages.

A disease of the lymphatic system?

• .

Elephantiasis LymphaticDisorders