The established Catholic and Protestant churches in the 18th centuries –

1. Conservative institutions2. Supported the hierachical sstructure of society3. Supported the priveleged classes4. Supported tradition5. The local priest/pastor was center of religious

life6. The local church provided -> religious services,

kept birth, death and marriage records, supervised primary education

LUTHERANISM = Scandinavia, N. Germany

ANGLICANISM = England

CALVINISM = Scotland, Dutch Republic, parts of Switzerland

CATHOLICISM = Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Habsburg Empire, Poland, S. Germany

1. Expelled from Portugal 17592. Expelled from France 17643. Expelled from Spain & Spanish colonies

17674. Spain and France demand entire order

be dissolved in 17735. Destruction of the Jesuits went along

with decline in papal power6. By mid 18th papacy played little role in

international affairs

18TH century rulers believed it was their duty to have citizens be religious

Beginnings of religious toleration in 18th cent

Toleration Patent of 1781 = issued by Joseph II of Austria -> granted religious toleration and civil/legal rights to non-Catholics in Habsburg Empire

ASHKENAZIC JEWS SEPHARDIC JEWS

1. Largest group of Jews2. Lived in E. Europe3. Freedom of

movement restricted4. Forbidden to own land

or hold certain jobs5. Special taxes6. Pogroms = organized

attacks on Jews and Jewish communities

1. Originally expelled from Spain

2. Many went to turkish land others to large cities in euro

3. Free to practice banking and commercial activities

4. Subject to social resentment and discrimination

No one knows home many Catholics went to church regularly

Catholic religiosity was selective

People still favored external forms of worship – veneration of saints and the virgin, pilgrimages, devotion to relics and images

In the 18th century many protestants wanted a deeper personal devotion/relationship with god

1. Pietism in Germany2. John Wesley in

England = Methodism/spiritual revivalism