# the human anatomy

KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMYKNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY NECESSARY FOR:NECESSARY FOR:

Accurate patient assessmentAccurate patient assessment

Locating body organs systemLocating body organs system

Quality patient careQuality patient care

ANATOMICAL POSITIONANATOMICAL POSITION Person standing, facing Person standing, facing forwardforward

Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward

This position is the basisThis position is the basis for description of anatomy.for description of anatomy.

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Cranium

FaceM andibleNeck

Shoulder

Arm

Elbow

Forearm

Thigh

Knee

Leg

AnkleFoot

Thorax

Abdom en

PelvisWristHand

Lower extrem

ityTorso

Head

Upp

er e

xtre

mity

ANATOMIC PLANESANATOMIC PLANES

Divide the body into Divide the body into specific areasspecific areas

Used as anatomic Used as anatomic reference pointsreference points

Mid-axillary line

Posterior(dorsal)

Anterior(ventral)

Superior

Inferior

Directional Terms (Lateral)Directional Terms (Lateral)

Directional Terms (Frontal)Directional Terms (Frontal)

Midline Mid-clavicular

MedialLateral

Prox

imal

Dist

al

LeftRight

ANATOMIC PLANESANATOMIC PLANES

Divide the body into Divide the body into specific areasspecific areas

Used as anatomic Used as anatomic reference pointsreference points

SupineSupine

ProneProne

Recovery (Lateral Recumbent) PositionRecovery (Lateral Recumbent) Position

Fowler’s positionFowler’s position

Trendelenburg PositionTrendelenburg Position

Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems

Gives the bodyGives the body shapeshape

Protects internal Protects internal organsorgans

Provides for body Provides for body movementmovement

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMMUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM

Your body contains 206 bones of various shapes and sizes.

Irregular bones

Long bone

Flat bones

Short bones

4 TYPES OF BONES4 TYPES OF BONES

DETAIL OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIESDETAIL OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES

JOINTSJOINTS

Bone

Bone

Ligam ent

Tendon

M uscle

Replacement

JOINTSJOINTS

Ball-and-Socket JointBall-and-Socket Joint Hinge JointHinge Joint

SKULL AND FACIAL BONESSKULL AND FACIAL BONES

CRANIUM

FACE

Zygoma(cheek)

Maxilla

Mandible(jaw)

OrbitNasal Bones

Cervical

Thoracic

Lum bar

Sacrum

Coccyx

SPINAL COLUMNSPINAL COLUMN

MUSCLESMUSCLES 3 TYPES of MUSCLES3 TYPES of MUSCLES SkeletalSkeletal

CardiacCardiac

SmoothSmooth

MUSCLESMUSCLES Voluntary (Skeletal) MuscleVoluntary (Skeletal) MuscleAttaches to the bonesAttaches to the bonesForms the major muscle mass of the bodyForms the major muscle mass of the bodyResponsible for movementResponsible for movementUnder conscious controlUnder conscious control

Involuntary (Smooth) MuscleInvoluntary (Smooth) MuscleFound in gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, Found in gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, blood vesselsblood vesselsControls the flow of materials through these Controls the flow of materials through these structuresstructures

MUSCLESMUSCLES

Found only in the heartFound only in the heart Involuntary muscleInvoluntary muscle Has its own blood supplyHas its own blood supply (Coronary arteries)(Coronary arteries)

Can only tolerate interruption ofCan only tolerate interruption of blood supply for a short timeblood supply for a short time Contracts on its own Contracts on its own (automaticity)(automaticity)

CARDIAC MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLE

ABDOMINAL QUADRANTSABDOMINAL QUADRANTS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Moves oxygen into Moves oxygen into bloodstream through bloodstream through inhalationinhalation

Picks up carbon dioxidePicks up carbon dioxide to be excreted through to be excreted through exhalation exhalation

Diaphragm and intercostal Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contractmuscles contract

Diaphragm moves Diaphragm moves downwarddownward

Ribs move upward andRibs move upward and outwardoutward

Size of chest cavity Size of chest cavity increasesincreases

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Inhalation)RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Inhalation)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exhalation)RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exhalation) Diaphragm and intercostalDiaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxmuscles relax

Diaphragm moves upwardDiaphragm moves upward

Ribs move down and Ribs move down and inwardinward

Size of chest cavity Size of chest cavity decreasesdecreases

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM


a. Normal Ratesa. Normal Rates

Adults 12-20/min.

Children 15-30/min.

Infant 25-50/min

Adequate Breathing: Adequate Breathing:


b. Rhythmb. Rhythm Usually regularUsually regular May be slightly irregular and influenced by May be slightly irregular and influenced by talking talking

c. Qualityc. Quality Breath soundsBreath sounds Present, equal Present, equal Chest expansionChest expansion Adequate, equal Adequate, equal EffortEffort Minimal accessoryMinimal accessory

Adequate Breathing: Adequate Breathing:


Inadequate Breathing:Inadequate Breathing:

Breath sounds …… Breath sounds …… Diminished or absent Diminished or absent

Chest expansion…..Chest expansion….. Unequal or inadequate Unequal or inadequate

Breathing effortBreathing effort ….. Increased use of accessory ….. Increased use of accessory muscles, especially inmuscles, especially in

infants and childreninfants and children

SIGNS OF INADEQUATE BREATHINGSIGNS OF INADEQUATE BREATHINGNasal flaringNasal flaring

Excessive Excessive useuseof accessoryof accessorymusclesmuscles

Chest Chest TightnessTightness

CyanosisCyanosis

Numbness, Numbness, tingling intingling inhands & feethands & feet

Pursed lips on Pursed lips on exhalationexhalation

Coughing, Coughing, crowing, high-crowing, high-pitched barkpitched bark

Respiratory noiseRespiratory noise• wheezingwheezing• rattlingrattling

Impaired mentationImpaired mentation• unconsciousnessunconsciousness• dizzinessdizziness• restlessnessrestlessness• anxietyanxiety• confusionconfusion• combativenesscombativeness

INADEQUATE BREATHING:INADEQUATE BREATHING:

Retractions

Nasal Flaring

See-Saw Breathing

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Infants and children

MAJOR ARTERIES M AJO R VEINS

Carotid

Brachial Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cavaPulm onary vein

Fem oral

Posterior tibial

Dorsal pedis

Radial

Aorta

Pulm onary artery

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart pumps blood thatHeart pumps blood that is carried by blood vesselsis carried by blood vessels throughout the body.throughout the body.

Blood carries food and Blood carries food and oxygen to, and removes oxygen to, and removes wastes from, the body’s wastes from, the body’s cellscells

The HeartThe Heart

AortaAorta

L. Pulmonary ArteryL. Pulmonary Artery

L. Pulmonary VeinsL. Pulmonary Veins

Left AtriumLeft Atrium

ValvesValves

Left VentricleLeft Ventricle

R. Pulmonary ArteryR. Pulmonary Artery

Superior Vena CavaSuperior Vena Cava

R. Pulmonary VeinsR. Pulmonary Veins

Right AtriumRight Atrium

ValvesValves

Right VentricleRight Ventricle

Inferior Vena CavaInferior Vena Cava

VESSELS OF CIRCULATIONVESSELS OF CIRCULATION

Capillary bed

Vein Artery

ArteriolesVenules

Valve

Tiny vessels that Tiny vessels that connect arterioles connect arterioles to venules.to venules.

Allow for the exchange Allow for the exchange of waste and nutrientsof waste and nutrients at the cellular level.at the cellular level.

ArteriesArteries(Carry blood away from heart)(Carry blood away from heart) VeinsVeins(Carry blood toward heart)(Carry blood toward heart) Arterioles Arterioles (Smallest arteries)(Smallest arteries) Venules Venules (Smallest veins)(Smallest veins)

VESSELS OF CIRCULATIONVESSELS OF CIRCULATION

BLOOD COMPOSITIONBLOOD COMPOSITION

Red blood cellsRed blood cellsGive blood its colorGive blood its color Carry oxygen to organsCarry oxygen to organs Carry carbon dioxide away from organsCarry carbon dioxide away from organs

White blood cellsWhite blood cells Defense against infectionDefense against infection

PlasmaPlasma Fluid that carries blood Fluid that carries blood cells and nutrients. cells and nutrients.

PlateletsPlatelets Essential for formation Essential for formation of clots.of clots.

BLOOD COMPOSITIONBLOOD COMPOSITION

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

Peripheral nervous systemProvides a completenetwork of motor and sensory nerve fibers connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Centralnervous systemControls all basicbodily functions,and responds to external changes

Autonomicnervous systemParallels spinal cordbut is separately involved in control ofexocrine glands,blood vessels,viscera and externalgenitalia

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

2 Components2 Components

Central nervous systemCentral nervous system

Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system (Includes the autonomic nervous system)(Includes the autonomic nervous system)

NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEMCentral Nervous System:Central Nervous System:

BrainBrain Spinal cordSpinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System:Peripheral Nervous System:

Sensory nerves Sensory nerves (Carry information (Carry information from from the bodthe body to the brain and spinal cord)y to the brain and spinal cord)

Motor nerves Motor nerves (Carry information (Carry information from from the brainthe brain and spinal cord to the body) and spinal cord to the body)

SKINSKIN Protects the body from the environment Protects the body from the environment and organismand organism Helps regulate body temperatureHelps regulate body temperature Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, painSenses heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain

Layers of the SkinLayers of the Skin

Secretes chemicals that regulate body activities, Secretes chemicals that regulate body activities, functions:functions: InsulinInsulin EpinephrineEpinephrine

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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# the human anatomy

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