the science dealing with soils as a natural resource on the surface of the earth
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Agricultural Soil Science
The science dealing with soils as a natural
resource on the surface of the Earth.
http://soils.usda.gov/education/facts/careers.html
Archaeology
The branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people
and their cultures
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=archeology
Astronomy
The scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets,
comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside
the Earth's atmosphere
http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Astronomy
Atmospheric Chemistry
Study of the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere, the way gases,
liquids, and solids in the atmosphere interact with each other and with the earth's surface and associated biota,
and how human activities may be changing the chemical and physical characteristics of the atmosphere.
http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~sander/chem-intro.html
Climatology
The scientific study of climate. Part of meteorology which studies processes of
climate formation, distribution of climates over the globe, analysis of the causes of
differences of climate(physical climatology), and the application of
climatic data to the solution of specific design or operational problems (applied
climatology).
http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climatology.html
Environmental Soil Science Soil Science deals with soils as an
environmental resource. It includes soil characterization, classification, and
mapping, and the physical, chemical, hydrologic, mineralogical, biological, and microbiological analysis of soil.
http://becomeasoilscientist.blogspot.com/p/definition-of-soil-science.html
Gemology
Gemology, the study and science of gems, can be as much an anthropological
study as it is a mineralogical one. Gemstones, because of their remarkable beauty, durability and rarity, have been
granted a significance that helps us understand the history of mankind.
http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Gemology
Geochronology
Aging of artifacts based on the age of
the geological formations in which
they are located.
Geomicrobiology
Study of the interactions of (micro)organisms and
materials in their environments.
http://www.groundwaterscience.com/free-article-library/well-performance-maintenance-and-rehabilitation/geomicrobiology/menu-id-134.html
Glaciology
Study of ice in the environment. Important components are seasonal snow, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets and frozen ground. The extent of
these types of ice reflects the present and past climate.
http://www.ess.washington.edu/surface/Glaciology/what.html
Hydrology
Science that encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement and properties of the waters of the
earth and their relationship with the environment within each phase of
the hydrologic cycle.
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hydrology.html
Hydrometeorology
The study of the occurrence, movement, and changes in the state of water in the atmosphere. The term is also used in a more restricted sense, especially by hydrologists, to mean the study of the exchange of water between the atmosphere
and continental surfaces. This includes the processes of precipitation and direct
condensation, and of evaporation and transpiration from natural surfaces. Considerable
emphasis is placed on the statistics of precipitation as a function of area and time for
given locations or geographic regions http://www.ecomii.com/science/encyclopedia/hydrometeorology
Limnology
Study of inland waters – lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs,
rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater – as ecological systems
interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosphere.
http://www.aslo.org/limnology.html
Marine Biology
Study of life in the oceans and other saltwater environments such as
estuaries and wetlands. All plant and animal life forms are included from the microscopic picoplankton all the way to
the majestic blue whale, the largest creature in the sea—and for that
matter in the world.
http://marinebio.org/oceans/marine-biology.asp
Meteorology
Study of the changes in temperature, air pressure,
moisture, and wind direction in the troposphere.
http://www.wxdude.com/page1.html
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a branch of the earth sciences that is concerned with
studying minerals and their physical and chemical properties. Within
mineralogy there are also those who study how minerals are formed, where they are geographically located, as well
as their potential uses.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-mineralogy.htm
Oceanography
The study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans: biology, chemistry, geology
and physics together.
http://www.eos.ubc.ca/academic/careers/oceanography.html
Paleoclimatology
Study of climate prior to the widespread availability of records of temperature,
precipitation and other instrumental data. NOAA is particularly interested in the last few thousand years because this is the
best dated, best sampled part of the past climatic record and can help us establish the range of natural climatic variability in
a period prior to global-scale human influence.
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/primer.html
Paleontology
Study of ancient or prehistoric life on earth. Its main goal is to investigate
the evolution of plant and animal species as well as the earth's ancient ecosystems and climate as a whole.
Although concerned with life, paleontology is actually a branch of
geology; the study of physical nature.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-paleontology.htm
Petrology Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
A petrologist is a scientist who examines rocks to determine their origin,
composition, and geologic history. By studying rocks, one can learn about past
climates and geography, the past and present composition of the Earth, and
conditions within the interior of the Earth.
http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/metals-other-materials/what-petrology-what-does-petrologist-do
Seismology
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves
that move through and around the earth. A seismologist is a scientist
who studies earthquakes and seismic waves.
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html
Speleology
Speleology is a scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of caves, cave systems and other karst features, their make-up, structure,
physical properties, history, life forms, and the processes by which they form and change over time.
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20061024222712AAdcV27
Volcanology
A branch of geology that deals with volcanism (the
study of volcanoes).
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-volcanology.html