they are reproduce carry on the metabolism organize the cell they contain enzymes, nucleic acids,...
TRANSCRIPT
ALIVE? They are reproduce Carry on the metabolism Organize the cell They contain enzymes, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, lipids Adapt to changing environments
HOW ABOUT VIRUS? They are reproduce, has
macromolecules, adapt to changing environment alive
They are not cells, lack any significant metabolism not alive
Host range: spectrum of organism can be attacked by virus
Animal virus, plant virus, bacterial virus (bacteriophages/phages)
Only attack single species depend on receptor (proteins)
SIZE
20 nm - 300 nm (1/3-1/10 bacteria)
No ribosom, cytoplasm, nucleusNucleic acid wrapped by protein coatLargest:77 genes – T4(1/50 x E.coli), Smallest: 3 genes
CAPSIDS
Composed of protein subunits called capsomeres.
Functions Protective
Recognition/attachment to host cells
Introduction of nucleic acid into host cell
ENVELOPES
CompositionLipids from host cell
membraneProteinsGlycoproteins
FunctionRecognition/
attachment to host cell
GENOME
RNA or DNA
Double or single-stranded
Segmented or nonsegmented
ds DNA ss DNA
ss RNA nonsegmented
ds RNA segmented
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Host rangeVery specific
Enveloped or nonenveloped
Type of nucleic acid
Shape
Adsorption
Penetration
Lyticphase
Duplication of phage components;replication of virus
genetic material
Bacteriophage
ViralDNA
BacterialDNA
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle
Adsorption
Assembly ofnew virions
Penetration
Lyticphase
Duplication of phage components;replication of virus
genetic material
Bacteriophage
ViralDNA
BacterialDNA
Eclipse phase
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle
Assembly ofnew virions
Adsorption
Maturation
Penetration
Lyticphase
Duplication of phage components;replication of virus
genetic material
Bacteriophage
ViralDNA
BacterialDNA
Eclipse phase
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle
Assembly ofnew virions
Adsorption
Lysis of weakened cell
Release of viruses
Maturation
Penetration
Lyticphase
Duplication of phage components;replication of virus
genetic material
Bacteriophage
ViralDNA
BacterialDNA
Eclipse phase
Virion phase
E. coli host bacillus Lytic Cycle
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION
Bacterium Disease Phage encoded property
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria Diphtheria toxin
Clostridium botulinum Botulism Botulinum toxin
Streptococcus pyogenes Scarlet fever Erythrogenic toxin
Seven steps in Generalised Transduction
1. A lytic bacteriophage adsorbs to a susceptible bacterium.
2. The bacteriophage genome enters the bacterium. The genome directs the bacterium's metabolic machinery to manufacture bacteriophage components and enzymes
3. Occasionally, a bacteriophage head or capsid assembles around a fragment of donor bacterium's nucleoid or around a plasmid instead of a phage genome by mistake.
Seven steps in Generalised Transduction (cont’d)
4. The bacteriophages are released.
5. The bacteriophage carrying the donor bacterium's DNA adsorbs to a recipient bacterium
Seven steps in Generalised Transduction (contd)
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/recombination/transduction/transduction.html
6. The bacteriophage inserts the donor bacterium's DNA it is carrying into the recipient bacterium .
7. The donor bacterium's DNA is exchanged for some of the recipient's DNA.
Six steps in Specialised Transduction
1. A temperate bacteriophage adsorbs to a susceptible bacterium and injects its genome .
2. The bacteriophage inserts its genome into the bacterium's nucleoid to become a prophage.
Six steps in Specialised Transduction (cont’d)
3. Occasionally during spontaneous induction, a small piece of the donor bacterium's DNA is picked up as part of the phage's genome in place of some of the phage DNA which remains in the bacterium's nucleoid.
4. As the bacteriophage replicates, the segment of bacterial DNA replicates as part of the phage's genome. Every phage now carries that segment of bacterial DNA.
Six steps in Specialised Transduction (cont’d)
5. The bacteriophage adsorbs to a recipient bacterium and injects its genome.
6. The bacteriophage genome carrying the donor bacterial DNA inserts into the recipient bacterium's nucleoid.
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/recombination/transduction/spectran.html