GDTEBORGS KUNGL. VETENSKAPS· OCH VITTERHETS.SAMHALLE

REPORTS OFTHE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA

EXPEDITION1947-1948

EDITED BY

HANS PETTERSSONSCIENTIFIC LEADER OF THE EXPEDITION

VOLUME VI

Sediment Cores from the

West PacificFASC.II

GOTEBORG

ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG

REPORTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP·SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI

SEDIMENT CORES FROM THE WEST PACIFIC. NO.2

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

OF CORES FROM THE CENTRAL AND

WEST EQUATORIAL PACIFIC

BY

G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTS CHI

"

This study reports the results of chemical

analysis of sediment cores colleeted from the

Equatorial part of the Central and West Pacific.

AIl 27 cores, on average 10m long contained

red clay, radiolarian ooze and globigerina ooze.

Cores from the western part of the region

investigated showed more or less important

terrigenous deposits.

Collection and Preliminary Treatment ofSamples

The treatment of the cores aboard the

ship immediately after their collection, as weIl

as the preserving methods employed, were

published in detail by G. ARRHENIUS (1952).

The samples, usually cut out at space intervals

of 10cm and with an average thickness of

1.5 cm, were ground, and dried at 20° C in

air of 60 % humidity. They were then put

into glass tubes which were closed with corks.

The temperature of 20° C and the saturation

of 60 pel' cent representing ordinary laboratory

conditions, the changes in weight during storage

are unimportant and may be neglected when

correction factors such as water content and

salinity are calculated.

Determination of CaCOa , C, N, P 205

The determinations of carbonate, carbon,

organic nitrogen and phosphate contents were

carried out in the laboratory of Dr. O. ARRHE­

NIUS (Kagghamra, Sweden) under the supervi­

sion of Dr. G. ARRHENIUS & MRS. B. SCHWAB.

The methods used have been thoroughly

described by G. ARRHENIUS (1952), but wc

shall here briefly repeat the principles:

Carbonate. The sediment is submitted to the

action of hot diluted phosphoric acid. The

carbon dioxide thus released is collected in il,

gasometer and its volume is evaluated.

Organic Carbon. The same method is used

as for the determination of CaCOa• The

residue from the phosphoric acid action is

treated by boiling with a solution of potas­

sium iodate in concentrated sulphuric acid.

The carbon dioxide derived from the

oxidation of organic carbon is collected

and volumetrically measured.

Organic n'itrogen. A modification of the me­

thods »micro-Kjeldahh described by PREG­

LE-GRANT is employed.

Phosphate. The method is based on the colo­

rimetric determination of ammonium phos­

phomolybdate described by BELL and

DOISY, modified by O. ARRHENIUS.

Determination of Iron, Manganese andNickel

For the red clay and the radiolarian ooze the

iron, manganese and nickel analysis havc

generally been carried out at 10 cm. intervals.

For the callcareous terrigenous sediments, larger

space intervals up to 50 cm in some cores,

were chosen.

The cores analysed at 10 cm intervals are

the following:

73, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 98, 99.

100, 101, 103.

54 REPORTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMENT CORES. NO. 2

At every 20 cm:

6!:l, 70, 71, 72, 75, !:l3, 97, 105.

At every 30 cm:

106.

At every 50 cm:

74, 91, 96.

The analysis had in view the iron, manganese,

and in certain cores nickel content.

Nickel was measured in the following cores:

69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88,

98, 101.

Iron, manganese and nickel were measured

colorimetrically in the same solution obtained by

treating the sediment with hot concentrated HCL

Dissolution

A quantity of sediment, 0.5- 2 g (according

to the calcareous content) is weighed and

dried for 24 hours in the drying room at 105 a C,

receptacle used for weighing, is emptied into

a beaker of 150 ml and is rinsed with 10-15

ml HCI 1/3. This solution is evaporated on a

sand bath and about 10 ml concentrated HCI

is added twice to the dry residue thus rendering

the silica insoluble. The treatment is continued

with a mixture of 2.5 ml concentrated nitric

acid and 2.5 ml concentrated perchloric acid

until abundant white fumes are released. The

latter procedure is repeated three times.

Dissolved in HCI 1/3 on the sand bath, the

filtrate is washed in hot Hel 1/3 and diluted

to 100 ml.

Colorimetrie Analyses

Iron. The thiocyanate method was chosen

in spite of its disadvantages, because it is

simple and rapid. This method is described by

SANDELL (1944). The red colour produced by

iron oxide in acid medium with potassium

thiocyanate which can he used in strongly acid

solutions is employed. As the colouration

obtained depends on the excess of thiocyanate

and of the amount of acid present in the

solution, it is important that exactly the same

SeN-ion concentrations are used for each mea­

surement as weIl as for the standardizatiom'.

The sensitiveness of the method is improved

by an excess of thiocyanate and the colouration

in this case is less dependent on the pH. ln

order to avoid a partial iron hydrolysis the pH

should, however, be moderate. As the iron

thiocyanate complex does not strictly follow

BEER'S law, it is an advantage always to

operate with an approximately constant quant­

ity of iron. The colour of the solution when

exposed to light tends to fade, which is due to

the partial reduction of iron by thiocyanate or

its decomposition products. Furthermore, a

slow reaction between thiocyanate and nitric

acid causes the formation of a yeIlow-brown

colouring. It is therefore advisable to make

the reading of the extinction immediately after

the colouration appears.

The course of the analysis is as follows: to

a volume of the solution to be analysed, con­

taining 0.1-0.5 mg iron, 1 ml fuming nitric

acid is added in order to oxidize the ferrous

iron. For some minutes the solution is boiled

and then cooled. Then 10 ml of a solution 0.1

N HCI and also, 10 ml of a solution of 10 pel'

cent KSCN is added; it is diluted to a final

volume of 100 ml. Five minutes after the addi­

tion of thiocyanate, the extinction at 470 mp is

measured in the BECKMAN spectrophotometer.

Likewise, the standardization curve is estab­

lished by reading the extinction five minutes

later, delay which represents the necessary time

for the manipulations between the adding of

the reagent and the reading of the extinction.

Some samples have been examined with th aid of

ZEISS-PULFRICH photometer and filter S. 53.

Manganese. The method employed has been

described by NYDAHL (1949). The manganese

is oxidized to permanganate and the intensity

of the colouration is measured. The oxidizing

agent used is ammonium persulphate with sil­

ver nitrate as a catalyst. The presence of phos­

phoric acid prevents the precipitation of manga-

.,'1

- 1

1~'

~ 1.. '

G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTSCHI, CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CORES 55

..

nese dioxide. The addition of sorne mercuric

ions is a precaution against the silver chloride

which may be produced by Cl ions. The colour­

ation is very rapidly developed and as long as

there is an excess of penmlphate it is quite

stable. The procedure is as follows:

In order to eliminate Cl ions the amount of

solution ta be analysed, containing O. 10-0.50

mg manganese, is evaporated to dryness on

the sand bath; this elimination is completed by

l'e-collecting the dry residue with sorne con­

centrated nitric acid and again evaporating to

dryness. The residue is dissolved in water to

which is added 4 ml of the following catalytic

solution containing per liter:

75 g mercuric sulphate

400 ml concentrated nitric acid

200 ml 85% phosphoric acid

0.034 g silver nitrate

then about 2 g ammonium persulphate is added

to the solution which is heated till boiling

point, cooled and diluted to 100 ml. The

extinction is measured by means of the BECK­

!llAN (525 mp) or by the PULFRICH (filter S. 53).

Nickel. The nickel is studied by the coloura­

tian it gives with dimethylglyoxime. The method

has been described by SANDELL (1944); 10­

25 ml of the solution, corresponding to a

quantity of nickel of sorne tens of ,', is used.

at first the nickel is extracted, in order to avoid

the perturbations of colour due ta cobalt, alu­

minium and manganese. The nickel, ,together

with the dimethylglyoxime in a slightly alka­

line medium, gives a specific red-brown coloura­

tion. The sensitiveness of the reaction is very

high. The colouration develops immediately

after the addition of dimethylglyoxime and it

remains stable for at least 15 minutes. There­

after it has a tendency to decrease slowly. The

procedure is as follows:

To a part of the solution containing 20-50 y

nickel is added 5 ml of an aqueous 10 per cent

solution of sodium citrate in order to avoid the

precipitation of iron and aluminium. Neutral-

ization is obtained with concentrated ammonia

until the litmus paper turns blue. 2 ml of a

1 per cent dimethylglyoxime solution in alcohol

are added. The complex dimethylglyoxime is

extracted three times in chloroform. The

extract is washed with 5 ml ammonia 1/50

and the complex is destroyed by stirring it

twice with a solution of 0.5 N. hydrochloric acid.

The nickel enters into the hydrochloric solution

and the dimethylglyoxime remains dissolved

in the chloroform. Bromine water is added to

the hydrochloric extract for its oxidation, then

concentrated ammonia until the bromine colour­

ing disappears. 0.5 ml 1 per cent alcoholic

solution of dimethylglyoxime is added. The

colouration appears at once; the extinction at

520 mp is measured after dilution to 100 ml.

Verification and Control of Iron, Manga­nese and Nickel Analyses

The study of errors concerned:

the reliability and precision of the colorimetric

determinations,

the reliability of the hydrochloric acid ex­

traction,

the completeness of the iron, manganese and

nickel dissolution by the hydrochloric acid.

Accuracy and Reliability of theColorimetrie Determinations

Iron. If the indications of acidity, time of

development of the colour and concent~ation

of reagents are observed, and if the concentra­

tion limits 0.1-0.5 mg iron in 100 ml of final

colorimetric solution, are maintained, the abso­

lute accuracy is in the order of 0.005 mg.

Many solutions have been analysed two or

even three times, from which it is inferred

that the accuracy of the colorimetric determin­

ation under the above mentioned conditions is

as follows

> 2 %of the content of ]'e2Ûa for ]'e2Û~ > 5 %> 5 %of the content of Fe2Û~ for ]'c2Ûa < 5 %.

56 REPOR'l'S 01<' THE SWELJISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMEN'l' CORES. NO. 2

i~fanganese. The accuracy exceeds 3 pel' cent

for the Mn0 2 values above 0.1 pel' cent, and ex­

ceeds 10 pel' cent for values less than O. 1 pel' cent.

Nickel. The accuracy is about 3 pel' cent.

Verification of Solutions. Reliability' of

the Chlorine Extraction

The dissolution method of rendering silica

insoluble has the advantage of being simple

and not requiring expensive material. It is a

convenient method for series analysis. It has

the inconvenience of being lengthy and does

not guarantee a total dissolution moreover,

the silica-gel, by adsorption, always retains a

certain quantity of metallic oxides.

Attempts have been made to shorten the

method by working with higher temperatures

in the sand bath. But if the dissolution process

is carried out in less than 24 hours insufficient

dissolution, of iron and speciaUy manganese are

obtained 24 hours , manganese and even iron

may remain undissolved.

One sample out of ten has been submitted

to an extraction control: two solutions, some­

times three, were prepared with this sample

and colorimetricaUy analysed for iron, manga­

nese and nickel. In this way the value of the

reliability (error in extraction + error in

colorimetric analyses) is obtained.

Two solutions of the same sample showed

the foUowing differences:

for Fe20 a: < 6 pel' cent with a mean value of

3 pel' cent for a content of

Fe20 a > 2 pel' cent

< la pel' cent with a mean value of

6 pel' cent for a content of

Fe20 a between 1 and 2 pel' cent

< 15 pel' cent with a mean value of

8 pel' cent for a content of

"B'e20 a of < 1 pel' cent

for Mnü 2 : < la pel' cent with a mean value of

.'5 pel' cent

for NiO: < 10 pel' cent with a mean vaIne of

5 pel' cent.

Efficiency of the Hydrochloric Dissolution

In order to find out the quantities of iron, man­

ganese and nickel that may escape dissolution by

the hydrochloric acid, three series of verifica­

tions were performed in the course of analysis:

a) Study of the siliceous residues which were

submitted, either to a treatment by fusion

with alkaline carbonate or to a hydro­

fluoric acid treatment.

b) Treatment of sorne samples by fusion with

alkali carbonate

c) Treatment of sorne samples by Hydrofluoric

acid.

The hydrofluoric acid treatment used by COR­

RENS (1935) for the chemical study of the

samples from the METEOR is the best method.

Unfortunately it is difficult to apply it to ana­

lysis of large series, which require 30 or 40

platinum crucibles which is generaUy impracti­

cable for economic reasons. But this method

remains the most favourable for control, as

it makes possible a complete dissolution of

the sample with a maximum of certainty.

The fusion with alkaline carbonates also offers

a good treatment, but economically it is open

to the same objections, for only platinum or

gold crucibles can be used. Furthermore, the

alkaline fusion requires rather high tempera­

tures and presents the disadvantage of adding

to the solution considerable quantities of alka­

line chlorides which ultimately have to be

eliminated for the colorimetric determination

of the manganese.

The three series »a», »b», »c» agree in showing

that in nearly aU cases the iron, manganese

and nickel are almost entirely dissolved. In

sorne rare cases, it is found that smaU quanti­

ties of iron or manganese exceeding laper cent

of the total content are retained on the filter.

These clearly incomplete solutions are easily

recognized, as the siliceous residue on the filter

is of a brown colour. Whenever this is observed,

a supplementary solution is prepared by fusion

with alkaline carbonates or by hydroflyoric ..

G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTSCHI, CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CORES

Average concentration in per cent

57

fi!!

'i0

il

7'2

7;)

iG

77

Hô

H7

HH

H9

ill

!J:l

9ii

on97!lH

flll

100

101

1O:l

105

lOli

U;.8

1.0

O.li

0.7

0.:.HO.'-'H4.6

:l0.4

0.4

O.:)

0.4

(1.4

0.4

O. :.

0.4

SO.:l

l'l~.:l

Hli.2

Hô.li

7R.8

70.2

15.4

12.1

7.4

8.4

12.017.:;

0.2ii

0.:\1

0.:14

O.:JÜ

0.5ii

0.:)0

0.a8

0.a2

O. :J4

0..,1

0.52

0.61

0.20

0.:12

n. 2 4

O. :Hi

IU8

0.41

0.:10

0.24

0.24

0.25

0.38

0.a6

0.44

0.57

0.:12

:l.:l4

0.51

J .4:l

2.:2::

2.11

:l.1 !I

1. 0 ()

0.84

n.all

0.20

0.42

0.4(1

0.:.7

0.70

0.11 0

0.(121

O.n:la

0.(1;11

O.O:ll

0.014

O.nlo

0.015

0.054

0.035

0.042

O. li li 1

0.041

0.O'l5

0.n5;;

O. nl:1

O.n2:]

0.027

0.n20

0.030

O. n:ll

O.Oü:.

0.067

0.084

0.080

0.077

O.O!l!;

n. ()]:~ ! :!. i:!

1. ï (1

1. i 2

~.-1:-,

0.70

0.080 0.11

0.08'l 0.00

0.021 0.60

O.GO

L:lI!

0.4:]

0.:14

0.471.ü(J

1. ao

0.li8ü 0.10

0.140 0.07

0.20;; 0.06

O.2ii O.(~(l

0.147 O.CK

O.IO(j 0.10

0.083 O.:n

0.07ii 0.20

O.n!ln 0.26

0.008 0.26

O.O!l!l 0.18

0.11 R 0.1:,

2.47

o.;; 1

0.42

0.47

0.44

O.'l!I

O. :J:\

O.nO.'l 4

0.20

0.20

0.24

0.1 H

2.88

:~. 4!1

3.411

:l.:,o

:?()!)

0.1 !I

0.1 :l

O.'l8

1. 78

2.16

1.1 li

1.12

0.48

1. 7 7

1.44

0.17

0.10

0.10

0.00

0.011

0.21

U.52

0.57

0.74

0.70

O.:) :.

0.24

1.1 :.

1. 12

D.Hi

(1.41

0.64

0.7:)

O. ,II

0.46

0.74

0.66

0.65

0.70

0.78

O.Hl0.2!!

10.10

G.UD

H.l :!

-l-.nll

0.78

0.47

2.:! :J

7.44

fi, i!)

;j.CK

(U 4

~.88

li.! ,

7. n7

0.47

Loo

O.HO

O.7K

1.:11

2.27

i.OB

7. ,)!)

1'l.01

7.06

n,(}O

ô.47

2.üB

G.64

G.12

fi. 41

8.;~ fi

~.4H

H.O:)

O.O'lO

O.o'lo

0.n61

0.0(10

O.o:n

0.000

0.no6

O.O'lO

0.040

0.oa6

O.oao

0.U24

0.014

O.O:JI

0.021

0.004

0.000

0.020

n.020

O.n:ln

0.(L'4

0.044

0.0 :lI!

. 0.021

O.niD

0.020

-"----------------- .------------------------------

*) m,lue",1 to lime eontent. = O.

acid treatment. Usually, the siliceous residnes

contain Jess than fi pel' cent of the total Fei)3'

Jess than 5 pel' cent of the total Mn0 2 and lel3s

than 10 pel' cent of the total NiO. Considering

the errors due to colorimetrie analysis which

are of the same order, the hydrochloric acid

extraction is a satisfactory method though it

gives too low results by a few pel' cent.

These tests have shown that hydrochloric

solutions are unsuitable for titanium deter­

minations: 30-70 pel' cent of the total tita­

nium being found in the siliceous residue. The

fusion with carbonates and the hydrofluoric

acid treatment give a complete dissollltion

of the whole of Titanium mineraIs.

Corrections

Two kinds of con'ections must be applied to

the gross result.s: Firstly a correction for the

water content to the values CaC03 , C, N, P205'

In order to avoid a possible destruction of

organic matter, the determinations have bf'en

made with samples dried at 20° C (ARRHE­

NIUS (1952). A correction is necessary for con­

verting the values to sediment dried at 10;;°.

For this purpose the value H 20 has been

determined. H 20 gives the water content of

sediment dried at 20° by comparison with the

same sediment dried at 105°. There is a

rather close relationship between H 20 and the

content of CaCOa: H 20 is of the order of 1

pel' cent in calcareous sediments; when the

carbonate content decreases, H 20 increases gra­

dually to a value of 6-S pel' cent for sediments

containing about 10 pel' cent CaCOa . For red

clays pOOl' in CaCOa, H 20 may exceed 10 pel' cent.

Secondly a correction for salim:ty. After being

dri.ed the sediment holds a certain quantity

of salts soluble in water; this results from the

evaporation of interstitial water. This salinity

58 REPol'tTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMENT CORES. NO. 2

of the sediment has been determined by

titration of the chlorinity - according ta the

method of MOHR - from a solution originating

from the digestion of about 0.1 g of sediment.

Expression of Results

The values CaCOa, C'I N, P 20 5 , Mn02 , NiO

are expressed in percentage of sediment dried

at 105 0 C and tree trom salts. Besides the gross

values the reported percentages of sediment

free from carbonates have been analogously

calculated; they always figure on the diagrams

when the carbonate content is high enough

or sufficiently variable ta obscure certain varia­

tions by effects of dilution.

These results are presented as diagrams;

tables with figures wouId involve a cast not

warranted by their usefulness. As for the cores

from the East Pacifie, it is possible ta obtain

primary values of analysis with the aid of the

sorne punched cards which were used for the

calculations. Duplicates of these cards may be

obtained from the Oceanographie Institute,

Box 1038, Goteborg 4, Sweden.

Furthermore, the diagrams incIude a repre­

sentation of sediment colours according ta the

method of OSTWALD (1939).

References

ARRHENIUS, G.1952. Sediment cores from the East Pacific. Sw. Deep­

Sea Exp. 1947- 48. Vol. V. Fasc. I.CORRENS, C. W.

1935. Die Sedimente des Âquatorialen Atlantischen

Ozeans. 'Viss. Erg. Deutsch. Atl. Exp. Meteor.Bd. III. 3 Teil, I. l,ief.

NYDAHL, F.

1949. Determinations of manganese by the peroxydi­sulfate method. Anal. Chim. Acta 3 144.

OflTWALD, \V.

1939. Die kleine Farbmesstafel. Gottingen.

HANDELL, E. B.

1944. Colorimetric determinations of traces of metals.

lnterscience. Publishers Inc. New York.

HVERDRUP, H. U., JOHNflON, M. \V. and FLEMING, K. H.

1946. The oceans. New York.• 1

•

2 3 e e e s r

" l..ll.-

B~I--

I--

~>

~i----------j

f--

~.-

~-

~<,

'-- .....-Z

\..

/./

./~

~(

e-:~

IQ---",/"7

')c/

'""'"..-)

Pr......

~

17

8060

T-',~ -:,."~,, .:-~ .. "-" ._- ,.,... -:. ,""";'-1' Part of core 76' 1

~ ~~s~~:~~d__~~ :~st~_k_e ._'

40

N 10'(l-CaCO,)

20

LL....-

(

~

(

R~

~ti

«

H

8J

w......f---[7

~Hf------)~

f-----1

c----=

~BI----

~k"- f

U

~

N 10'

,I

,

C 10', (l-CaCO,)i

20 40' 60 80 100 120

--... I

--e:::cI

<1~

if'~I,..... ,i-

<J'

>---<;;.J,

»r---<H

.<.: .....

>y'j!.,

fITJ::::

R;.>

">

-----1J,<

',---r --...;;::'-

I _..-"I

1.-,.--.'

4.-<:I<:I:<«

-<<I:

I"< :--

< ,~

«: I-,..I-

FCI:--- to-.

'-..

<cl:::J

,,

6040

C 10'20 -

IT"'""........

-e:::cI(I

':>

11,.-

<

<,

»\(

\.(.,

»../""""1

11'"::::

(

<f\ ->

\J.)

('

<4'

)

<~,/------'

~~

~K

<c

p:c«

r----i~

,.-

I

R<

< .

100 0806040

CaCO,·/.20

wc e 9 I I

BH

100

200

300

400

500

700

800

900

600

emO

1100

1000

1200,'\L

"

1300

~,

J,

'\

NIO 10'

MnO, 103 (1-CaC03) Core 69

MnO, 10' (l-CaCO,) NIO 10'70 JO 40 50 0

~Oem

i-----------I 100

)1-------------:4

+------oJ' ,

+--~-----:71'<:~L .

s

0,) P,O, 10' Fe,O,'j,

P,O, 10' (l-CaCO,) Fe,03/' (l-CaCO,)40 100 200 300 400 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

<. -<Jn<, ,< \

----~...J

'I

'" /> I ~

"< I '<,

g" -er\.. I..-> I ~

.> I «'11 ---{ I

____ r--,

< " I .............

t---<l ( g; ,

-~....( I .

( I \j----/

\ '81 \( 11

---------'

~~~~ -- ~ ::L _______~~:- a I .. _- - -- -

-- -- -

~~-"

<J "

-If - -- '-'-- --- :- -- -

NIO 10'

MnO, 103 (l-CaCO,) Core 70MnO, 10] (l-CaCO,) NIO 10'

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 2 4Oem

<QJ ~\

"-)

,

Ii -~ " ----z 100~",

/." >-(/.~ -

~- g' 200

,

~ "'t,:-.

........... '-.. ------i 300, --------l

/1/

111'/[ ~I - I400

10 12

+-------'(\+-----1/

20 .0 60 80 0 20

NlOC 10' (l-CaC

C 10' (l-CaCO,) N 10'

Fe,O,'j,

(l-CaCO,)

N 10' P,O, 10' Fe,03'!,

20 40 60

CaCO,'j,wBH

100

500

400

200

400

300

300

cm0 _3 4 C c 9 I I g I r n p 0,------,---,----,---,--,---,----,

CaC03'1,

H B W C 10'

emOp o 10 20 40

l

100

1-

200

H B W CaCO, 010 C 10'

emO 5 6 I 1 n p

100

200 -

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

N 10' P,O, 10'

II

,.,cL,6 I B

~ C:::::l-

-----......;

---<j1\y),..

I\I"1/I \

Y\:

X

:":..--

I

---(----f-

~i

!

~~ i

I~ I,

1

--7 I

~ i

~I

[I

i------' I

MnO,103

20 30 40 50

PI<,

\I

/-,

I\

<,-,

I/-,/'

I

\

\\I

/

/11<,

/

/1\j

I\

a:;:.--""

~..........

.--

---{J

<,

/

q

R~c-------1

t=j------

f-------{f--)

I

10

Core 71

Oem

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

-l..-<"

<C.../-:;:

l.....«<,...--

~~

~,'---...---

~"-.,;

\l/~

(

«'<./,

<.£

<,/

~

§~

~~>

~>

~--7---1

----j~

f

Fe,O, 0'0 MnO, 10] N,O 10'

200

Core 72

300

500

800

900

100

700

600

r-t-r-t-r-t-r-r-r- 0 cm

1000

~ 7 ~ ~

~ ~- ----; ~ 1100- - r---/

t, ---..J

1,~

-

~1200

R ------'

=r~/ 1300

=1 ~.......

~./ n ./ 1400

M =2J

00 6 10 30 40,-----,-----,----r-, ~ - ~

p,o 10'100 200 300 ~-=1 --..,

'"\..

<,./

, (

1/<I

-S)

~h

'"K-----Q

=ti~=<::=:=]1

~I

=t=:(----{J

~I>

<.1

------t I

£I.I

~i

~

=iJ<l

>~ u,

.:::~I

1)1I\J

\.V(

;::>.»

:

N 10'20 40 60 80

C 10'~o 60 80

H B W CaCO,olo56 IQ np 010 20

100

500

800

700

200

400

300

600

900

1100

cmO

1200

1300

1000

1400

200

300

400

600

700

Core 73

500

800

900

1300

1200

100

1100

1000

80 cm

N,O·lO'

:;:.

~_.J

V

"~

'"'>>

<1<!

(.

oo::::::r-«"'

8:;;.

pr:(<A->

C{

~,/

-H

R-L

<,

~'"'II

.->

~..

...-c'"~

.-,/

>K

)

~~l-------l~

<

k

MnO, 10'10 20 30 ~O

--.~

=<I"-

»"'1-'-l.,

~

<........

-~

=S:;(i

./'\./_:>

~./]I

.».>

l....l-I.......l---:

'.,J

<C(

-<I~

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..........--l:...l..-,..-'

<:......

~r-----',>8 -H

I

"e -,

1j:

,

Fe 0, ./e",

2 ~ 6 8

</'

[<'(\

"J>

,I~

t------<-'I

i?f------1f---

~f---

<,

<

.....::c:::: I

III>

11

,

1<

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=:-

~~

~

Er

I

K .-"-<1

~~.......

< ::::?-

r------J ()

S/'")')

::::=a

ti ---f3-,

t3 ~~

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<;~

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EZ.........

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./ <,

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<:( \L~ -=::::c:

.................._...-

< .........

~

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K ,>-==x:::::r:

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»:">") - .......................

~/'

/'r-- >-8 ~

;> ""j>

~I..L.,-

,...;<, r(

Ff<,

...-f"'1

< -!o-

<I"""--......

B W CaCO,./. C·10' N 10' P,O, 10'o pOlO 40 60 80 20 40 60 40 60 80 100 120 ,.a

H

200

800

900

100

400

700

600

300

500

" 1000"'I'I

," 1100

11

"

1200I'11

I

'11

l'1300

~:'"

,~,",

frill,q

;',.

•

H B w CaCO,·/. C la'C 10'

(l-CaCO,) N 10'N 10'

(l-CaCO,) p,o, 10'P,O, 10'

(l-CaCO,)

Fe,OJ·!'(l-CaCOJ)

Fe,O,./.

MnO,lO'(l-CaCO,) Core 74

MnO, 10'

...... :> n<J:::..fIt<(,

"-)

./\L.

-e:::::I:

'C"I

'Q~

........ '-.

LTT----<,

"""'=("

<..<:::::

'-- ......~

,--

L.l..-rI

....;:::="-l...

-;.

-r:':Q-/

I-

:>

,/

~'-,

,/

.>""Z<

>-~

<C<(

-=:::c;;,:

'7

~-~~

\J......<r

700

200

900

400

1300

600

300

1200

800

500

1100

1000

100

300 cm

2010

, ,">,

,

,," ,,

,,,,,

",

,,,,,,,

,,(,

\

,J,

f-' ,I-

,rI

KII,, ,

1--\, ,

,,

t:i ,,, ,

, ,,

,,, ,

,>

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"•\•,II,,·,,

III•III

•,•• ,,

", ,

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,,,,

,, ,)

,,,,

",,(,

,,,,,

","

",

r-t,-

, ,

",II,IIIIIII,,

lJ ,,,,

f- ""-I ,-

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,,,

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r--------l,,

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, ,,.,,,,,

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,I,,,,

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~~~

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.. .-.: - --" -- -

-~

----j , ,

"

-

100 120 0806040

-....

'\.LJ......,.--

<I<,

<:::

k~

-=:::t::

<......

jl.L.<:::

K~-,--

<(""

<T~-:::-

'Cd...-'

~4:(J

)

.»A

_?"<

~

<:1:1...-:::::JI

......~<f

<Cl

L-l-

:::c:L. I:::::?

~<Lr1

c:Ct:=4IJ

":: >'\...

c::t::.

rTT~

2020

(

100 200 300200 400 600 800

'-L..l. J -r4

'"</1

~K,<

t...~

~r--------t.KH

~.r

:;;:ILL

""C",...-

-FIT-Ft

:>l':::;..

CI~"'J --~

~

~....:s-

F(

~--~

RJ

1008060402080 100 06040

l...l...»I

""(<..../.....,

«<

)

-:

~.....,

/r

<,/ --<,

./>

-ICC./'i

<«\

>(

4.,

<

<l(

<t1 -..,\...

<f

400

600

100

200

500

900

300

700

800

1100

cm 0 2 3

1000

1200

1300

"

i'i

I'f

<'-

<;

~~~ 3""\ '--.

-er~~

'--.

-= =-

---I

.........

-< c.~

~7>

;::::;- ::>

-~ /":>- .>

< ?f-----<

=\-I---

f-------;(

~--=c____

-,-/ ,..--'i'-I

~;>

=±:::::

~-

,~/

Si-----------/' L

"l.. -=:::I:..

~ -<[

700

500

200

300

600

800

400

100

10Oem

NIO 10' Core 75

[l-CaCO])

--i ,

\1 .'.,'

"

l,

- " -, ,

----,)-, .- --4-. .., - - -' -

'I

"

-)'.

- -{.

i "

'r' -';-

~. '1"

~--~ --"- -- -.. -' .- - "

-( - --,

" ,-, ,

--,\1. "

f >-".:-'--- ,-. -- · -T' -----

-..--~ , -_...--

-1 .' "

·- , .'.' --r-t ,

--j

,.,-, ,

1 "

l\ " -, , -, ,- ,

-

1 ", .- -

.' .'_0

" '. · '- - .

302010

MnO, 10]

(l-CaCO])

MnO,lOJ

]\<-k

~ 1:'.

"- _.......

'. z».'

, /!,,,,,I,,,

,

r-l "

"e

.'",,

~:, ,J

, -,

/ .' - "

F.'

I,.,.'

,,

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~-,..."

", ,

<<,

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Fe,OJ'I,

Fe,OJ'lo (l-CaCO])

1\ -.

-- .JIr-h

H

I-, ,

~1

'1" ~:i-,

">J/

- <I-c -l-', -,

: :.r-

):'1>

\,;

,,{,

,<

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- .'

~.. .:;: - '.

, ..-I ~'

-{ (,

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," ,

" ,, .'

.' .'

,,, ,

II P,O, 10'

\ (l-CaCOJ)I

P'Or' 10'o 20 0 100 200 0

N 10'(l-CaCO])

60 100 140 1BO2020

N 10'

~"'(

e----~(

K)

-----''----,

-;L

r- ----1 -.,i>-I

--<-- ~ I I

=1 ~.--

~~ 0>l-r-t <,

f--

f--,<'-.

('

FZ.>

7'"-I ,.-

r----:::? <r-11

f--

i«.Hf--

An ~/--+-( I....f--

~r-

H >

bt,-1

f--

t---i ZJ1-1

~

C 10'(l-CaCOJ)

200 '00 600 BOOso

C 10''0 602060 eo 100

CaCO, 'I.

')(j

\

H\

<))

!

~1.)

1<

)

u'1

~'1}

\

r

<

~)

()-,

B We e e c e e e a I

100

800

200

300

500

700

600

400

H

em 0 23

cm

llQO

500

700

1300

1200

1000

600

800

900

<:-.

400

200

300

100

MnO, 10'(l-CaCO,) Core 76

MnO,10'

I- Il-iI---<

~\c~;.f-----1 \

~lf---

I--------( t1-""'; ,

:I- I

I- I

h jI- "t~

o 10 20 30

~~1---/

~1-------;;~,

.~p

§'~,;

{ \

I-­~

~

f--

f-- \

f----­

f-----~

e-----. :

=Hf..--\L-)~i

f-- )

r---7 lH:-/ J

.'-;

I

,

Fe,O,'/­(l-CaCO.)

Fe,O,'/'

.-l---"~

+---():+--41

-,---",',I

.1..-__---'.-" -

r--<r!l-. "r'-l (

I ::)

-l----{i+----1\+--~!-l--~.)

-1---1li-!---II'-1---lI}

P,O, 10'(I-Ca CO,)

~o 60 80 100 120 140 I

-u..."'<C'"

<(

..-:::-'I

<L.<

;>./

....-1

-:>4-->

I<<,t"

~

""'I -......

1:::::0e:t

«:<...-<1.

<,....::::t:

,-_c-"

<T<:::e::

<::(

/'I

~I,

~~

~rf--')I---

~wbf--

r---;;:;.

Hf--'

~"

P,O, 10'o 20 ~o 60 80 100 120 uo

~

-----!C......ocr1c--

<I..l-..-,/

<<

......-

""..>./-<,

.>.»

(

'-/'

(

~ --::::.-.-

«:"\

><J..<J:

<:::J.-----[~

~'" 1

--PC~

<7,(

--I---

1--1

1--1

~

Core 77H B W CaCO, 'I, C 10' t'-I 10'

200

400

500

600

300

700

Oem

1100

900

800

100

1200

1000

1300

u~

;::::>

::::::==

; ;-

-:=:?-e:Cl. J.

~-nr---<:- <

::::::= I

...,...---:=-'--S

.-,:::-::::r-

~

-:::=

(~~-'7

.-J

~

-JI~

L..J.-=:::c

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<./

.>.>:?~

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A

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<i"-/>

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<- >

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H

p,o, 10' I Fe,O, 'I, MnO, 10'20 40 60 80 I 100 120 10 0 10 20 30,

'----~)

-RI

1-,/

\/'

\

'\\1------"'->-~

(

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I

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r--1--r--

B-

---j

~

f--

r--I--r--r--

lOOt-

400

500

700

900

200

800

600

300

1100

O2 3 c e 9 I I I n p 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 40 00 80

em L-

1300

1200

1000

600

500

300

Oem

200

100

Core 85

800

400

700

1000

900

\

"/

J<,

»«

..-I

R/ .......

/

'"R/----'

r---)-----.

~

~~

§§''---4--.j--'-----cj----J

200

100

-

f--­f--

-

-

---

------,

-;~

Core 83

MnO, 10'

I

10 20 30 0

~------,--r-­j-----j

t--

~I

N,O 10'

,---------, 0 em

'---------'----'----'----'- 300

Fe,O,'j,

IIi

(I II,

ii

I /I III \.I /I rt )

11 (

fi------cI+-----'

~

Hr'--~-.--;L-Irv-

t-~rk~!

I

II

:

I

P,O, 10'

MnO,10'16 18 20 22 2' 26 28

-"'---U I

1-e:c:::r I"-

IT~

I

"""11

........,

iI

60 BO 100 120 Jr-----------

---< I

I-ec::::r::

20 4080

N 10'<0 6020

P,O, 10'

I,)

(

.-'~

/

)

~/

H)

)

==4~

-,/'

JJ)

Rt=i

J

F1(~

80

N 10'

60

C 10'<0

W CaCO,'j,9 r I 0 10

CaCO,"j,

B W C 10'

8

, I

c c 9 I

H3 <

200

300

H

100

0 3 <em

100

200

800

900

300

500

600

400

700

emO

1000 I

H B W CaCO, 'I, C 10' N 10' P,O,lO' MnO,lO]Core 86

700

200

500

300

400

800

1000

600

900

100

-e:1" I

a 10 P 14 16

II

I >I ,..,.

~II

~ I

<

\<

)\

i1I

,I

/-h------/-,....-~

......

_/+i--~---~<::r:/::J

«

60402060403 9'

100

300

200

700

500

800

900

600

400

cm 0

1000

1000

200

500

400

600

700

800

100

300

900

Core 87

1410 12

MnO, la'

I_r--r--

r~--:::::r

~~-'--.

<-c:

I

-(\1....

("c-"

M(1

1

"./

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l-r-

1

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P,O, la' Fe,O, 0[0

'0 60 BD 100

:1 f----~

~h

i H

f----

f----

f----

:117

(

f-..J 10'

f----- --/

-------<<:

---~r

100 20 40 60 BD 100 20<::::L" ,-------------==--r---,-,

+-------~,__.....J>

/'

}«->

»<J.

---'("

--=-::C~

\<

........ '--.

I!»

<1~

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---'"./1(

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./(

<:::1/1""'-.l

<l>

»4..-r

\.-:(

.--') I

H 8 W CaCO, °10 C la'

800

200

300

400

500

700

600

900

cm 0 3 4 c .9 ,I 9 , I n pOlO 20 40 60 BD

1000

1

~fifI'ii

I1L

H

O3 4 5

cm

100

Bc c 9 I I

CaCO, 0[0

W C 10'I J n pOlO 20 40 20

N 10'40 60 BD

P,O, 10'100 200

F'lJ"-I

(

/,

MnO, 10'10 10 20

Np 10'6

Core 88

100

200

600

500

300

800

700

900

400

100

20la

Core 89MnO,lO]

'-----=---"-----' 1000

la(

I\

)I

-

1\(\

/./

)

--'\\<-<-r(

-~

iJ~

I

<

<I

I~,O, 10'\00 200 300

I--

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<q~

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ffi

60 20n pOlO 20 40

W CaCO]'I, C 10'B

100

400

H

800

900

300

200

500

700

600

cm 0 3 4 5

1000

400

200

700

300

600

800

1200

Oem

1100

500

900

100

1000

1400

1300

1500

10

MnO, 10' Core 91

MnO, 10' (l-CaCO,)

r-- ,f----' ~

,I-- "f----' \

I-- \\

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f-\,,

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\\-

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\

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III,II

I,I,

I,II\\

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f----- II

I-- II

I-- II

c- II

C- II

IC- I

Ir- \

c- \\

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,,

t,\

\

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III

I

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\.J

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Fe,O,./.

Fe,OJ ./. (l-CaCO,)8 0

~ ,c- ,,c- ,

(c- \

c- \

c- \\

c-\

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c-c- I

I

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I.I

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,III,II,

I,

~,

"IIIIII

P,O,lO'

P,O,lO' (l-CaCO,)0 20 .0 20 '0 60 '0 lOO 120 1.0

c-

~,,~

I-----<L1c-

/l

~ -4il 'r

..::::r

i .....-Q'Cl

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f ~-\,=:(,-, --::.-

I I

N 10'(l-CaCO,)

100 200 300

....).<

<.---<"'"

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~'-~ '-

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..-

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f---j

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ts~

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~~~~

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20

N 10'o200 400

C 10'(l-CaCOJ)

6040

C 10'20

~>

k---<«=:::»

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hi.»~~

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I

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60 80

<

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1+---------,.1'/<J.

1+- --<1,)

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f-- ­f-- ­

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f-- ­

f-- ­f-- ­

f-- -

200

100

400

600

700

500

300 -

800 =1f---lf- -

-

f-- ­

f- -

emO

f- -

900 f-- ­

f- ­

f-- ---I

f-- ­

f- -f-- ­

f- ­

f-- ­

f-- ---I

f- ~

1100 f-- -

1000

1500 f- ~ I

t:::=:: =:j _ c---1j,l---LJ i=====-z..LJ

f-- ~ ~

f-- ---I ---I

1200 f-- -----' --'

f-- ~ -.;

f- - ­

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1300 f-- - -

f- - ­f- - ­

f- -J ~

f-- - -

1400 f- - -f-- - -

f-- - -

f- - -

f-- - -

I\

-:Ij

'II

\,,11I

j

J'

i1I

{

Core 93

500

300

200

100

400

Oem

600

700

800

1200

1400

900

1100

1300

1000

1500

141210

MnO,lO'MnO, 10' (I-Ca CO,)

o

~ ""

f-- ·II

f-- ,J

t---1 <,~,f--

~, ·f--I,"f-- " .

f--I <f-- ..

~. ,H ,.\ ..

~,

"----'~

~ · "~~f-'

.- ,

-,.,

-i~

/-

,~

ti - " -::.....: ---;> -.[f

. ' · -, ~-

-,

r--- lt-- \.l---j

8 ')

~'''- --~

- - -. -~ .~~., -1---7 .. ~ · -, - --

f- "

R <,,. .. .. .... _-r-'1-' - .. - -- . -t---7 .. - . ~- - - .. - .-f- r'f-

,f- , ..

~

f- r-' ::.I-- ,.f-' ,

~,

I- ~

"- ·•~ , ,--, ,,

~ I: · --::--') · · ·

",

f-~ -- -c- -.

'- - .-f-' ~

j/".

~.

~ ·r ,.' ~~

4 - - . -. ·h .~

~ -'--J --· - :...~

. ."

.-'. - - · -~ -- :.

f- . .' .f- " ~

~

r- , , ~

-1==f- --. - -- · - .'I"~f- - · .,

\""'f- ..I- .... .f- ,1-

..: ..'. ..

I--;'"

I-- ~.

~

Fe,O,'I,

Fe,O,'I, (l-CaCO,)

L; ".,f-

,,I

h f

H,

/H

,~

f- " ~...f-- '.I---' )

r---,.,

,,I-- .~

~

~

f- )

I <\r- ,

f--1 f<

~-, ,

),t'.,

IIIJ

"~ ~ :::r-( ~~.--

I--'~~

~;.

I

(,.",,(~

1/r-i "tJ

.~~

~

I,f--

~'~> ,

~~

~ ~,

f- 1

r- '",~

f-;-

~'f- I

f- k'-<t- ,t- ",f-

t

f- ·.t- •,-j

r:1I\\.

1

1,II,

~. ,

-:. '. ~

~.

I

-)..~ ,

- ,,

~~.'

/'~

" ~ ~.~

'-

~,

1 .' 0... '.r-- ~

~"

IJ

,,

·.:1 (

I,1

~.'

~, ,~

If--) I

I

S ,II·I

BO 100

I~I (I 'I-.

l.rI<C.

I '":/\

I <: 1..__

1. ...,..-,-­--;.

1<

1<11<1:~

p,o, 10'·(l-CaCO,)

1<'I >I

<:':<

20 40 60

I ~

-e:;::[ J\

LL:r,-I )I \..

)+--+I~<e."""

P,o, 10'N 10'

(l-(aCO,)100 200 30030

N 10'10

( 10'(1-CaCO,)

200 400 600o

<~-<l - ~~

[~>~

I <B

><:r:

<,

--~~I-------<~

f-----<

E~t/

<::

t-\[s: ......

~KK3>RI

>

=z:J~

:>

=\<...

;:>-<C....

3lir--z~

so60

( 10'4020

<1""1

~--(I -:::::-i .::.l... l.".1

;>:>

~I <

~...,..:.

-----....

~~?~

<<T

\

<f<:(

"-.rr~--

F£~

~«

->

~>

<

~

;><::r:..-<

)\

~<C

~

80 100

(aCO,'I,60

"-I,)}

)«

~(

<1

I<l

- "-

i<i::T1'r

4.-«

()

<

<'7<.

I

~<,

<t-----<r

<../1.....

l....<r

)A''l....

I)

)

I~

/'\

\

<......

<t)I'\

~-r-----

wH2 3 ace ceg

200

900

400

500

800

600

100

700

300

1100

crn O

1200

1300

1400

1000

1500

500

400

300

800

200

900

600

700

100

8 0 em

N,O 10' Core 95

NIO 10' (l-CaCO,)

.'>

I.'

'.

· >"

· -" -",

c'. '.

- >~

) " . -~

'. " :>

~r

c .'" .~.

'. ".

~. ' . ., -. -. - -. .-.'

'-,- .'

, .·.., ,

:."

10 20 0

MnO, 10'(l-CaCO,)

MnO, 10'

/ .'.

""'.··,'I,

b" ,:1

,'.~'»,,

1l

..."

"r:

")

" ·~,

"(I,,

)

"-»

",.,

(,

", -:.,·""'.

-»:,-,..,)

c .,~

".' >

(,\I .

10

Fe,O,'!,

(l-CaCOJ)

H \.. .JH

_:1-~-

\ J)---l

e-------7 - "'I

~~---- :~:::- .- -- .

.:>

.~:

::F'.: ...- ....f->

I-- -::"

f----< «.'.

~ ."".-h · 0'

H }

l- -:H .'

,'. ,

H -'::... "

H <: .. ''. . '-f--- - -. .

· .. . .'

R ".,

" '. ,

~,~ .:

f-- "

. ·" ·0 =.\~\-

,,,

.'

--e: - '. -."

~'. , '. .· . "

_. -a ,....

-:'. -- . .- . .

~-, -. · ". "

"., ., ~

~.' ·

.: .: -~

- "-

~, ,-

.'.- -- - "

· ------- - ."-- ,

1,0,10'(l-CaCO,)

20 4 60 80

J';:}

./

I <)

kl~t

l...1i'--

t-------z:t./

Ill..1,.-

t------4-~

1--:<II '1I '--,

"-.I-=-

11-':7

k'-<

L--;:::>-

--0.:...,r-

:::-<:,

K~.d

:-

N 10'(l-CaCO,) P,O, 10'

100 200 300 400 0 20

N 10'20 40

C 10'(l-CaCOJ)C 10'

20 40 60

~-

<«

-r>

<::1

~)

(

"r-----<""--

~,-;:::::

~

1

~rz

~<

<<:

-=---:

g

c e 80 100 0

W CaCO,'!,BH13 14 15 16

r-r-' --

r--~

- '---

500

700

800

300

400

600

900

I

Ii

emO:,1

1 100)\j',i'j

200

i

I,"

~,,/!'1

j

800

300

200

700

900

500

Oem

400

Core 96

600

100

10

MnO,103

(l-CaCO,)MnO,103

~ .1--,

- --~ t .C-l--

,,

I,

I,I,

"I,I,

,IIIIIII,,

I

-- I

I- ,

I

- I,-

,I,,,I,

I

,I,

I,,I,,

~

,,I-- ,,,i- ,,c-

"~I,

c- II

Ii- I

C- I

I

i-

I--,I,

I-- \,I--

\

I-- II\

~

Fe,O,'I,

Fe,03 '1 0 (1-CaC03)

r -I-- <,I-- {- -I- '-I-- \

-,I-- JI-- I

II

I--

I-- II

I

II,

IIIIIII,,

,,,,

\\\\

\\\\\

II

I

I(

\

\\

\II,,

I,,\\,,,,

I,I,,

,-',I,

" ,\I,

:,I

,,,

80 06040

P,O,lO'

(l-CaCO,)20

>11~

~(1

>"----..)

\ I

::::>>

<:t -,4.....

('"

-:.;=;~

.A"'"'-)1

4...-(<,/

><I.

)

\}

~-=::c:::

I~.»----- .....sf

400 0 0 0200 300

N 10'(1-CaC03) P,O, to-

100

<::C:".--rI,<l --/"

:: :>>'l--.<:'"-

~-.. ,.<i.

-cC-<,

./=><,

~-r

<l

---«>

-<:(

-<1--------.---«

t....../-,'\

==>f';::.,..~

;:::;:::::}

60

N 10'800

(

<..

<

--I

(f

C 10'(1-CaC03)

<

200 400 600

+--..,..".-><

+---rr/

~

+------<:::::-?

-----

10080

C 10'6040100 202 3

H

100

500

800

400

200

700

600

300

emO 1

900

<iJ1

;>

:::...<,

...q--'--'---

L"1e--~

-1<-;

..............

<1>

'-L.......--

<1

~

-::::::r:::-

<CC-<re--.....,

J~

'\

=:;{/l

......r(

>

200

400

700

900

800

600

300

100

500

8 Oem

tAnO,lO]

(l-CaCOJ) Core 97

MnO,10'

--i ,,,

~

- , ,

--\ " -------'

--I . - .-.-·----1 '."- - ,

"- "'-< ,,- ;>

·,-<~

- ,,- ,,,- ,,,- ,

r-,"r-

1,

t-r-

c-c-r- '~c- ,.c--- ... , ,- .'- ,-

.::-- ,

,,,- , ,- .,-- ,-- .'- //--j ,-j

,,,-- \

-; ,,- ,

"'--- ",-- -,-, <---'

,

·'---,

o6

Fe,OJ'{,

(l-CaCOJ)

,"-----'

-----1 \,- ,----, ,-----1 ,,

=1,

'. -- -. -."

"

"-4"---( ,,

--1

----l ,,,

---\,. -,'.- ~

~.,-

"," »("

»I'

I

----1

-----1,"--1

,,,

.~

----} ,---< r

I------) •,----j \

I

~L. '. .- .- .

- -:- ",.- I'

,

- ."

--} "

",

~ .' -. -. -.-

.' .'.- .-"

~'. .,

-,"

---{ ",- ,- <-- "

"----'

Fe,OJ '{,120 0100

P,O, 10'

(l-CaCOJ)40 60 802020

~~

JI--"

"'"c--.'d'--1

- <,<-1 -<~

-<

----<:(( <:::J:

<

- <:[

«1 (r-:'

<(

)

<.H -~

(

<I:<J.

f---'

.......<,

-z(<~ -=:'"'I'

---r--) - ",.

-, r--

I t<r1~ ~--'

--.-......

~4...

-:1~»

P,O, 10'N 10'

(l-CaCOJ)120 160 200 ~4080

<,r1->-

-r<J..

LL-...--~~

......-;>

~~

~.--<"/

"rI..;;

~ I.-'~ I-« i

I/L. !

ri! I

-=::r T -.,

+----<::;::j--,-:­-

60

N 10'20 40

C 10'(l-CaCOJ)

200 400 600r---------=.,..--,

120 010060 80

C 10'402080 100 0

CaCOJO{OwBe c e2 3

H

100

500

800

600

400

700

900

300

200

emO 1

900

700

400

500

300

1000

200

600

800

100

300 em

20

MnO,lO'(l-CaCO,) Core 98

MnO,lOJ

/

r

!"

r-;> '. '...'.~

.'H "

n...

\

'. ".1- ' .7 ."

:;~

., .-

,

-, -· '. '. -..-..-.-- "

-:"•• >

:

::

-{

'\ -" -, ,c-; _.-.'

.,,,

·1·>

;,

'.

~ -;.- .>

(

,.<,

··~

' ..0'."

l1

/- \ .

10 n

Fe,O, °10

(l-CaCO,)

.~,

--»:t .c".

"

- ;

I,i

..:..

>

~,")-. .-:

-'.>

(

:

~<'.', --..

.'-{ >..-

'.

~/)

J-. -.....

\

~..'- '.

.' ..- ---

<~.----->

['-'

~ -" <,

~ (

<

H \\

~~l

.><'.>

R~'. -,

r~ :

f----"-.. -

R>

(I---,

>"

<

P,O, 10'l(l-CaCO,20 .0 0

/>

<)

./

~

./)

./

PI:r-----z

»<<»

=!;:::>

<l<<.

~

Ktl~~-----" .......

<

.:I

+-------\~ I

sn­J==Qlt

<I

P,O,lO'120 160 200 0 20

1'\1 10'(l-CaCO,)

80

N 10'20 40

:: ..

C to­(l-CaCO,)

120 160 20080

.. ,

\f~'.-'....... -- -- -- -- -- --

1'- -- -- --- .-

:~..S:- -- ..'

-' ---I»:

=:- ~- -- -- -- --~.," ....

__ _ 10

... - -- -: :~--

.0

C 10'60 80

CaCOJolowc 9 I J

BaCe 9

H3 •

300

200

400

100

700

500

900

800

600

emO

1000

P,o, 0'Core 99

100

10

MnO,lO'

(l-CaCO,)MnO,lOJ

.,----------===-r--,---,-, 0 cm)

-'.~,

J<L

.-:7'f::l

80

N 10'(l-CaCO,)

.080

N 10'.0 6020

..---,

I I

J1t

~

20 .0 200

C 10'C 10' (l-CaCO,)w CaCO,olo

20 40 60 80

III~J I IIQJ I

BH

100

emO

700

500

900

600

1000

300

400

800

Core 100

200

100

lB Oem

MnO, 10'(l-CaCO,)

10 12 14 16

MnO,lO'

T-=--r

- -c:~T-

--=";'; ..... ..

~rr-l

--.J.

+----d~

:>-I...l,•• -.-=~-: -

=i'.

- --~--' .

..- .."~ -

"--t-~-~ -- - -- -~

-- =>,- ~

, - -'

........., ,-- ..<

L.-

-- , -- ., == ..,-

~.- -~,--- -- ", - "'''' -. -. --

rzm- -- --

~,...-- - - -

rr:"'"-. =;. -- --

r-----qJ~- " ., -',................

~

- ,.~ ,-

--

~, -- -.t..... c ; -- .-

10

l

) l

+-----{{ ~{

I

Fe,O,-l:

(l-CaCO,)

Fe,O,%

\

+-------<[<1

A+----J7'1(

»)

+--------<1/

+-__~\l.l(

........ ,"1-------=«-1 '.

+---<.J~

« ,+---Lf'-l )

//

60-,--------,-,----,

l

JlON 10'(l-CaCO,) P,O, 10'N 10'

C 10'(l-CaCO,)CaCO, '{o C 10'w

c e 9 ,I n .---0---,--2,-0--,---,--, -'----01 ..,_~----,,60 40 60 80 100 60 BD

H B

200-

100

300

800

500

600

400

900

700

cm 0

1000

H- $ ITI> -

i7 -/- ...........,-

- ,....------ e- -------z:t..- e-

O ~- ,- e- ----\- , r ~--" r-'

,- e-3~- r- .......

-- e- r---,:::: .....- ,

~~ e-I-- ,I-- r-r-I--

I--

I-- ) c-l-- f.<: HI--

~I--

r- ,~rI-- e- -[{r- e-I=<I-- ,

r-- , +--

~I-- , .:c".<,

I-- e-

~r- ,t!~"- r- -\

t-r-r- e-I-- r;::

<;~/

r- 1'-- 7r--r'

9I-- e-I-- 1"-j-- j-

I-- Hr- H

I-- e-~?' ~I-- e-

I-- ,~ -

;- r- ~r- r- I--,

=t~I-- l-r- IZI-- r- .>I-- t-:

Cs:l ~~ r-- r-~ t::: ~-

700

900

600

200

500

300

800

1000

400

100

=iJ~,,,

<j:1

<J)>

<tk~:

i'

)

./,

\'

,/),

<: :>< --

RC,,..

'1\,,..I'

R.{>!

§;Q'-.

./1,~l'

<pqr:/l,

<

Fe,O,'I, MnO,lO' NIOlO'(i-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) Core 101

N 10' P,O, 10' Fe,O, 'I, MnO, 10' N,O 10'60 80 100 120 20 40 10 0 to 20 30100 40

-r---------:::,....--,

C 10'40 60 8020 40 20

CaCO, 'I,H B W2 3 9 I I I n

200

300

100

600

400

800

500

700

900

cm 0

1000

j'

}le.'

H B W CaCO, 'I, C 10' N 10'

Fe,O, 'I,(l-CaCO,)

P,O, 10' Fe,O, 'I, MnO 10'

MnO, 10'

(l-CaCO,)

Core 103

cmO

100

3 e 9 I 40 60 80 100 10 12 14

100

900

700

1000

800

200

300

600

400

500

100

Core 105

10 12

MnO, la'(l-CaCO,)MnO,'10'

2

~~'

- - - -""",....r;:- --:r-:: ~ -'1-- -

~r=::-::::, -

f---J,

e:!'\.' - . =-..::- -. --

_.,-:"C:r-;". - ': ..

~~'"

f----i}~~ """'- ::

[~~ -

....~ --

I... .

....... ...... -- --""" - - .. -_ ....

~.'.

~ ,,t-- ,,f--j

t-- '>,1-----'.."::';:

....:::.: -- .I.

~.... ","

I--"

~, ,-

....'. . -<, ". ': ;:..- -

S~., -

f-- ,.f-- ,

r- ~ -"" -1--,--- --.

67'.- ..-

p,o, la' Fe,O,°/°'(l-CaCOJ) (l-CaCO,)

P,O, 10' Fe,OJ °/0

,

N 10"(l-CaCC J)

60 80 100 10 140 160

I --=::::,....-

)-->') ,

't,,-; ->-

-'"-I-"Ill;- >-

c.-,)

~

/~»J"i......

....,

c:e.::«

"'), ......

I'":::J

[[-"""""'->J)

.»:::::

{lI

.»<,~~

~<t.:<C

\fI

:

N 10'80 100 12060

Il.....J..-l.....

«<

A'

Zl~.

~I~".

~

/J~

-......... ......

r:)

If

"./

I/-,

.....,.-

~;,e-r-

R~

...........

R~~

....-J"'\

)

./~

~

<

..-

)

-::==-""-7

<-

C 10'(l-CaCOJ)

<

<

40 60 80 100

<

20

+-__---{r-

~

+---.,..,;::::

"

40 60

C 10'20

".- <I..

~ /r"

~ )

>'------'<,

> -c

'" ;>> (""

~ <~

<,

<, <.- <!

~ ->~

~ :::?'-<ff---'-

~~ -{(

~-''\

....... (

re \

r<f

)~

~ .-, <<

'><, ~

t------</I

~ -r-) II

),/ \.

=s: <.tr

~......--<>

-\ <

=;[~

---5"f

B W CaCOJo/oH

100

400

800

500

600

700

300

200

cm 0

)Ii

,""

900

!I;11:,. 1000i.

.;1:1

t!l,~t

\.,I'

'I,~

~

'!i1"~

~'

"i:~\I

Ii'1\

/1t1:'f

(,

I

'It

400

200

700

900

300

800

600

500

100

1000

»

,,I,IIII,II,I

,iI,I,I

,,

20 40 0 50 -,-4_---r-r-n_,----,1O ....-----__-r-r- 0 cm

P,O, 10' Fe,O'/' MnO, 10]

(l-CaCO]) (l-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) Core 106

P,O, 10' Fe,O,'/. MnO, 10])0'

(l-C~CO')120 140 P60 180

N 10'so 100

..'

\ :

H ::Kt

-..-,<

I+---='1 -. --

1+----{ri'", ,------rr--/ ," J,.., ( c1+---+(, I

"'- '. -- -../ .'

1+---(--< ..'1+----,,,1 ;

,,'. I

1-1-__---==<.~ ., -- o. I

I+-----'l~rr .' ~~ .' !...:::: E? .:.

, '---c:::-r;~?r.:?: ~.,.., .....~:L....d' :: .., ~

--.::- '. --I+-1-(--:=-ll .• "::

'- -. "

~ .,,'I~ ,~---

" -"_-::1 ..-1+------".'«""",.1 •

C 10'(l-CaCO,)C 10'

S:. -. _..I+----<tr;;, .' •

20

-

-

--

-

-

H

-

--r--

-

~

r-~

,­r­r--­r­r­r­r­t­r­t­r--­r­H

Hrt-r­

t­r­r--­r--­r-

B W CaCO]·/.

'H

H

500

900

400

100

800

200

600

700

300

cmO

1000

CONTENTS

Page

2. BERRIT, G. R., and ROTSOHI, H.: Chemical Analyses of

Cores from the Central and West Equatorial Pacific .. 51

Printed in Sweden

June 1956

GOTEBORG

ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG

1956

PRICE SW. KR. 15:-