ldquoThis was the most flattering setup that we had so therefore it was

banned ldquo

Synonymy of result adverbials

Marta Andersson English Language Department

Stockholm University

What motivates the use of seemingly synonymous forms

Corpus-driven study of lexical and functional synonymy of five function words synonymous at a broader level and exhibiting both meaning and function differences at the narrower level

so thus therefore hence then

written section of the BNC

Syntacticdistributional constraints

rsquoSorsquo ndash it can occur only S2-initial

In June 1946 however a referendum indicated that more than half of the Italian people wanted a republic so Umberto left Italy

He was able to expand his studies in the way that was ultimately to produce Capital his main theoretical work

The Commons by its elected status associates the people with the government and makes a major contribution to legitimacy a concept essential for government by consent

thereforeso

thusso

Corpus-driven study of lexical and functional synonymy of five function words synonymous at a broader level and exhibiting both meaning and function differences at the narrower level

so thus therefore hence then

written section of the BNC

Syntacticdistributional constraints

rsquoSorsquo ndash it can occur only S2-initial

In June 1946 however a referendum indicated that more than half of the Italian people wanted a republic so Umberto left Italy

He was able to expand his studies in the way that was ultimately to produce Capital his main theoretical work

The Commons by its elected status associates the people with the government and makes a major contribution to legitimacy a concept essential for government by consent

thereforeso

thusso

Syntacticdistributional constraints

rsquoSorsquo ndash it can occur only S2-initial

In June 1946 however a referendum indicated that more than half of the Italian people wanted a republic so Umberto left Italy

He was able to expand his studies in the way that was ultimately to produce Capital his main theoretical work

The Commons by its elected status associates the people with the government and makes a major contribution to legitimacy a concept essential for government by consent

thereforeso

thusso

Meaning differences

He thereupon immediately wrote to Kingsway Motors informing

them of the situation and claiming the return of his purchase

price A week later Miss A completed her payments under her

hire-purchase agreement and in doing so fed title down the

line of purchasers The process of feeding stopped at

Kingsway Motors who thus became owners of the car

21411 hits

bull 1 [THEREFORE] [BE] 1395

bull 2 [THEREFORE] [HAVE] 451

bull 3 [THEREFORE] [DO] 128

bull 4 [THEREFORE] [NEED] 114

bull 5 [THEREFORE] [CAN] 92-41could

bull 6[THEREFORE] [SEEM] 85

bull 7 [THEREFORE] [REQUIRE] 62

bull 8 [THEREFORE] [MAKE] 61

bull 9 [THEREFORE] [DECIDE] 59

bull 10 [THEREFORE] [SHOULD] 49

20141 hits

bull [THUS] [BE] 521

bull 2 [THUS] [HAVE] 228

bull 3 [THUS] [BECOME] 215

bull 4 [THUS] [MAKE] 165

bull 5 [THUS] [PROVIDE] 171

bull 6 [THUS] [GIVE] 105

bull 7 [THUS] [REDUCE] 97

bull 8 [THUS] [CREATE] 87

bull 9 [THUS] [ALLOW] 84

bull 10 [THUS] [AVOID] 56

Therefore ndash for this reasonbecause of that

Elena would regard anything called the Central London Polytechnic as an institution of the same rank and thereforeas a result worthy of her

Thereforeas a result try to arrive at the venue a day early

Hence

By nightfall I have discovered that before they thought of using money the Finns used to use squirrels as currency hence the splendid Finnish joke about trying to put a squirrel in a slot machine

21411 hits

bull 1 [THEREFORE] [BE] 1395

bull 2 [THEREFORE] [HAVE] 451

bull 3 [THEREFORE] [DO] 128

bull 4 [THEREFORE] [NEED] 114

bull 5 [THEREFORE] [CAN] 92-41could

bull 6[THEREFORE] [SEEM] 85

bull 7 [THEREFORE] [REQUIRE] 62

bull 8 [THEREFORE] [MAKE] 61

bull 9 [THEREFORE] [DECIDE] 59

bull 10 [THEREFORE] [SHOULD] 49

20141 hits

bull [THUS] [BE] 521

bull 2 [THUS] [HAVE] 228

bull 3 [THUS] [BECOME] 215

bull 4 [THUS] [MAKE] 165

bull 5 [THUS] [PROVIDE] 171

bull 6 [THUS] [GIVE] 105

bull 7 [THUS] [REDUCE] 97

bull 8 [THUS] [CREATE] 87

bull 9 [THUS] [ALLOW] 84

bull 10 [THUS] [AVOID] 56

Therefore ndash for this reasonbecause of that

Elena would regard anything called the Central London Polytechnic as an institution of the same rank and thereforeas a result worthy of her

Thereforeas a result try to arrive at the venue a day early

Hence

By nightfall I have discovered that before they thought of using money the Finns used to use squirrels as currency hence the splendid Finnish joke about trying to put a squirrel in a slot machine

Therefore ndash for this reasonbecause of that

Elena would regard anything called the Central London Polytechnic as an institution of the same rank and thereforeas a result worthy of her

Thereforeas a result try to arrive at the venue a day early

Hence

By nightfall I have discovered that before they thought of using money the Finns used to use squirrels as currency hence the splendid Finnish joke about trying to put a squirrel in a slot machine

Hence

By nightfall I have discovered that before they thought of using money the Finns used to use squirrels as currency hence the splendid Finnish joke about trying to put a squirrel in a slot machine

Away) from here from this place to a distance ca

1290 Hence might they see the full array of either host

From this as a source or origin ca 1597

As an inference from this fact or circumstance from these premises or data for this reason therefore ca 1586

From hence therefore we may conclude that the size in these animals is not sufficient to make a distinction among

them (OED)

English hence Polish stąd

Distribution

Sentence initial

Hence 189

Thus 212

Therefore 45

Sentence-medial - linking to the

preceding sentence(s)clause

Hence 14 (236)

Thus 140 (114)

Therefore 240 (215)

The case of rdquoifhellipthenrdquo

If you cannot find someone to conduct a mock interview then leave a tape-recorder on while you practice some of your more important answers

No cases of rdquoifhellipthereforehencethusrdquo scarce examples of rdquoifhellipsordquo

Distribution

Sentence initial

Hence 189

Thus 212

Therefore 45

Sentence-medial - linking to the

preceding sentence(s)clause

Hence 14 (236)

Thus 140 (114)

Therefore 240 (215)

The case of rdquoifhellipthenrdquo

If you cannot find someone to conduct a mock interview then leave a tape-recorder on while you practice some of your more important answers

No cases of rdquoifhellipthereforehencethusrdquo scarce examples of rdquoifhellipsordquo

The case of rdquoifhellipthenrdquo

If you cannot find someone to conduct a mock interview then leave a tape-recorder on while you practice some of your more important answers

No cases of rdquoifhellipthereforehencethusrdquo scarce examples of rdquoifhellipsordquo

Vaguness of rdquothenrdquohellip

bull Bridget made a sympathetic comment and then went off to busy herself with another chore

bull I only had twenty four hours notice and then I sat up all night learning a speech

Domain speaker involvement andhellip

He passed the exam so he worked hard

He passed the exam thereforehencethus he worked hard

He passed the exam thenso thentherefore he must have worked hard

Internal causation

speaker involvem

ent

bull After all the newspapers are brimming with reports of horrendous attacks on women so the risk must be considerable

bull Yet we felt we should give this fellow a chance sothereforehencethus my wife put it in a box and set it on top of the Aga

bull He is a big man with two Rottweiler dogs sothen you dont argue

Volitionas a result

Speech-act

Speakerrsquos conclusio

n

bull After all the newspapers are brimming with reports of horrendous attacks on women so the risk must be considerable

bull Yet we felt we should give this fellow a chance sothereforehencethus my wife put it in a box and set it on top of the Aga

bull He is a big man with two Rottweiler dogs sothen you dont argue

Volitionas a result

Speech-act

Speakerrsquos conclusio

n

0

-15

5

35

Academic prose

General fiction [then]

Prepared speeches

Face-to-face conversation

Dimension 1- involved vs informative

Biber Conrad Reppen 1998

[hence therefore thus]

[so]

Is the synonymy of semantically rdquothinrdquo function words rampant or does it contribute to nuanced and

stylistically advanced communication

Existing or anticipated high interest rates may in fact depress share prices and hence call prices thus permitting the investor to buy the option contracts at very favourable prices

They called the bank and the real estate agent thus decreasing the risk that somebody else will buy the house

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
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• Slide 7
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• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16

Is the synonymy of semantically rdquothinrdquo function words rampant or does it contribute to nuanced and

stylistically advanced communication

Existing or anticipated high interest rates may in fact depress share prices and hence call prices thus permitting the investor to buy the option contracts at very favourable prices

They called the bank and the real estate agent thus decreasing the risk that somebody else will buy the house

• Slide 1
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16