Прикладная Гидрогеология tomsk polytechnic university tomsk, russian...
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Applied Hydrogeology
Прикладная Гидрогеология
Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk, Russian Federation
Spring Semester 2014
Yoram Eckstein, Ph.D.Fulbright Professor 2013/2014
Useful linkshttp://www.onlineconversion.com/http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/basics.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs.htmlhttp://
ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/techniques.htmlhttp://water.usgs.gov/ogw/CRT/
Applied Hydrogeology
II. Hydrologic Cycle
Qualitative Hydrologic Cycle
Phase diagram of water
The Hydrologic Equation
inflow = outflow ± change in storage
The principle of mass conservation
Qin = Qout ± ΔS non-steady state ortransient conditions
if ΔS = 0 steady state conditions
Fluxes in Global Hydrologic Cycle
Storage in Global Hydrologic Cycle (in %)
Inventory of the World's water reservoirs
RESERVOIRVOLUME (cubic
kilometres)PERCENTAGE OF
TOTAL
Oceans 1,370,000,000 97.25
Glaciers and Ice Sheets 29,000,000 2.05
Ground-water 9,565,000 0.685
Lakes 125,000 0.01
Rivers 1,700 0.0001
Atmosphere 13,000 0.001
Biosphere 600 0.00001
TOTAL 1,408,705,300 100
Inventory of the World's water reservoirs
Global values for the major fluxes between reservoirs.
RESERVOIRS PROCESSFLUX (cubic
kilometres per year)
OCEANS-ATMOSPHERE Evaporation 400,000
Precipitation 370,000
LAND MASSES - ATMOSPHERE
Evaporation 60,000
Precipitation 90,000
LAND MASSES - OCEANS
Runoff 30,000
Approximate residence time of water found in various reservoirs.
Res ervoir Approximate Res idence Time Oceans 2500 years Lakes 100 years Sha llow Ground-wate r 200 years Deep Ground-wate r 10,000 years Glacie rs 40 years Seasona l Snow Cover 0.4 year Soil Mois ture 0.2 year Atmosphere 8 days Rivers 16 days
Approximate residence time of water in the Caspian Sea.
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of
“fossil” ground-
water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer - the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of
“fossil” ground-
water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of
“fossil” ground-
water
Methods of measurements
Evaporation
http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/chapters/english/original/WMO168_Ed2008_Vol_I_Ch4_Up2008_en.pdf
http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/14359/1/wmoevap_271008.pdf
Methods of
measurementsPan-Evaporation
Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation, and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry, sunny days; and is greatly reduced when clouds block the sun and when air is cool, calm, and humid. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need.
Methods of
measurementsPan-Evaporation
An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". In Europe, India and South Africa, a Symon's Pan (or sometimes Symon's Tank) is used. Often the evaporation pans are automated with water level sensors and a small weather station is located nearby.
Methods of
measurementsEvapo-Transpiration
Transpiration: The release of water from plant leaves
Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants. Precipitation is the source of all water.
Evapo-Transpiration
Weighing lysimeters
Evapo-Transpiration
Precipitation
Methods of measurements
Precipitation
Methods of measurements
Methods of measurementsdry precipitation
Precipitation over a river basin
cm/time
What is the total volume of water that fell over the basin during the specified time period?
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
cm/time
If the rain gauge network would be of uniform density i.e. each gauge would be representative of the same area, then a simple arithmetic average of point-rainfall data for each station would be sufficient to determine the effective uniform depth of precipitation over the drainage basin area.
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
Isohyetal method
Isohyets – interpolated contour lines
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
Isohyetal method
Effective uniform depth of precipitation = EUDP
𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷=∑𝒊=𝟎
𝒏
(𝑰 𝒊 ∗ 𝑨𝒊 )
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
Construction of Thiessenpolygons
(1) triangulation
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
Construction of Thiessenpolygons
(2) bisecting the laterals of
each triangle
Precipitation over a river drainage basin
Construction of Thiessen polygons (3) Connecting the bisector into a
network of polygons
𝑬𝑼𝑫𝑷=∑𝒊=𝟏
𝒏
( 𝑰 𝒊∗ 𝑨𝒊 )
http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub162/pub162-h4.0.pdf
Reading assignment
Watershed = drainage basin
Major drainage basin
Sub-basin (minor drainage basin)
Watershed = drainage basin
Stream gauging
𝑸=∑𝒊=𝟏
𝒏
𝒒𝒊
Effluent (or gaining) stream – typical in humid climate zones
Perennial (effluent) stream hydrograph
Influent (or losing) stream – typical in arid climate zones
Ephemeral (influent) stream hydrograph
Stream – gaining during rainy season (e.g., monsoon) and loosing during dry season
Intermittent stream hydrograph
Storm hydrograph components
Storm hydrograph components
Direct precipitation on the stream channel
Storm hydrograph components
Surface overland flow
Storm hydrograph components
Interflow and throughflow
Storm hydrograph components
Baseflow
Baseflow recession on stream hydrograph
Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream
ktoeQQ
Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream
3.21tQV o
tp Vtp – total potential ground-water dischargeQo – baseflow discharge rate at the
beginning of recessiont1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo
Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream
3.21tQV o
tp Vtp – total potential ground-water dischargeQo – baseflow discharge rate at the
beginning of recessiont1 – time during which Qo0.1 Qo
The volume of potential baseflow, Vt, remaining at some time , t, after the beginning of baseflow recession may be estimated by:
110 tt
tpt
VV
Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream
The difference between the remaining potential ground-water discharge at the end of a given baseflow recession and the total potential ground-water discharge at the beginning of the next recession represents the recharge that takes place between the two recessions.