- Unit IV – - Unit IV – Prevention Measures Prevention Measures

for Unintentional for Unintentional IntroductionsIntroductions

Hitchhikers, Stowaways, Hitchhikers, Stowaways, ContaminantsContaminants

Randy G. WestbrooksRandy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. WestbrooksRebecca M. Westbrooks

Steven ManningSteven Manning

Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species ProgrammeProgramme

Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa

Unit ObjectivesUnit Objectives Understand, discuss, and provide Understand, discuss, and provide

examples of examples of IAS introductions by IAS introductions by Commercial ShippingCommercial Shipping

Understand, discuss, and provide Understand, discuss, and provide examples of examples of Aircraft related IAS Aircraft related IAS introductionsintroductions

Understand and discuss break Understand and discuss break bulk bulk shipments, intermodal containers, and shipments, intermodal containers, and other types of packaging as vectors of other types of packaging as vectors of IASIAS

Unit Session Outline and Unit Session Outline and AgendaAgenda

1300-1330. Session 1. 1300-1330. Session 1. Introduction of IAS through Commercial Shipping.Introduction of IAS through Commercial Shipping.

1300-1400. Session 2. 1300-1400. Session 2. Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.

1400-1430.1400-1430. Small Group Discussions. Small Group Discussions. 1430. Small Group Presentations.1430. Small Group Presentations. 1500-1530.1500-1530. Break. Break. 1530-1545. Class 1530-1545. Class Discussion - Unit 4 Lab Discussion - Unit 4 Lab

ExerciseExercise Visit to Dar es Salaam Airport (Wed. – 13 Visit to Dar es Salaam Airport (Wed. – 13

December).December). 1545-1600.1545-1600. Review of Major Concepts in Unit Review of Major Concepts in Unit

IV.IV. 1600-1630.1600-1630. Unit Four Evaluation. Unit Four Evaluation.

Introduction to Unintentional Introduction to Unintentional Introductions.Introductions.

Hitchhikers, Stowaways, ContaminantsHitchhikers, Stowaways, Contaminants – Organisms – Organisms Transported by Accident or ChanceTransported by Accident or Chance

Border ClearanceBorder Clearance – First Line of Defense Against – First Line of Defense Against Unintentionally Introduced IASUnintentionally Introduced IAS

PestPest OriginOrigin CommodityCommodity PathwayPathwayGypsy Gypsy MothMoth

JapanJapan VehicleVehicle Ocean Ocean FreightFreight

Black Black Carpenter Carpenter AntAnt

USAUSA Building Building MaterialsMaterials

Ocean Ocean FreightFreight

Giant Giant African African SnailSnail

Papua Papua New New GuineaGuinea

Empty Empty ContainerContainer

Ocean Ocean FreightFreight

Channeled Channeled Apple SnailApple Snail

Papua Papua New New GuineaGuinea

Empty Empty ContainerContainer

Ocean Ocean freightfreight

Honey BeeHoney Bee Papua Papua New New GuineaGuinea

Ship CraneShip Crane Ocean Ocean FreighterFreighter

Khapra Khapra BeetleBeetle

IranIran Wind ChimesWind Chimes Air – Air – BaggageBaggage

Quarantine Significant Hitchhikers – AQIS Quarantine Significant Hitchhikers – AQIS – 1995-2000– 1995-2000

Session 1. Unintentional Session 1. Unintentional Introductions Through Introductions Through Commercial Shipping.Commercial Shipping.

4.1.1. Ballast Water – Hull Fouling.4.1.1. Ballast Water – Hull Fouling. Natural Spread of Marine Natural Spread of Marine OrganismsOrganisms Currents, Floating Logs, DebrisCurrents, Floating Logs, Debris

Natural Barriers to Spread of Natural Barriers to Spread of Marine OrganismsMarine Organisms Temperature, Isolation of ContinentsTemperature, Isolation of Continents High Marine DiversityHigh Marine Diversity

Breach of Natural Barriers by Breach of Natural Barriers by Ocean Going ShipsOcean Going Ships Sailing ShipsSailing Ships

Solid Ballast (Soil, Sand, Rocks) – Solid Ballast (Soil, Sand, Rocks) – Major IAS PathwayMajor IAS Pathway

Modern ShipsModern Ships Water Ballast in TanksWater Ballast in Tanks

3-5 Billion Tons Water/Yr.3-5 Billion Tons Water/Yr. 7,000 Aquatic Species Moved Annually7,000 Aquatic Species Moved Annually

Ballast Water Exchange.Ballast Water Exchange.

Unloading

Cargo

Loading Ballast

Water at Source Port

Cargo Hold

Empty

Ballast Tanks Full

During Voyage

Cargo HoldFull

Ballast Tanks Empty During Voyage

Loading Cargo

Discharging Ballast Water

At Destination

Port

Four Major Threats to Four Major Threats to OceansOceans

Land Based Sources of Land Based Sources of Marine PollutionMarine Pollution

Overuse of Marine Overuse of Marine ResourcesResources

Physical Alter and Physical Alter and Destruction of Marine Destruction of Marine HabitatsHabitats

Aquatic Nuisance Aquatic Nuisance SpeciesSpecies In Ballast WaterIn Ballast Water Hull Fouling OrganismsHull Fouling Organisms

Empty Ballast Water Empty Ballast Water TankTank

Between 1989-2000, control Between 1989-2000, control costs for zebra mussel costs for zebra mussel ((Dreissena polymorphaDreissena polymorpha) in the ) in the United States (introduced United States (introduced to the Great Lakes in ballast to the Great Lakes in ballast water from eastern Europe water from eastern Europe in the mid-1980s), was in the mid-1980s), was about $1 billion. about $1 billion.

- ANS Factoid -- ANS Factoid -

4.1.1.1. Case Study – 4.1.1.1. Case Study – American Comb Jelly in the American Comb Jelly in the

Black and Caspian Seas.Black and Caspian Seas. 1990s – Depleted 1990s – Depleted

Plankton in Black Sea Plankton in Black Sea (Turkey)(Turkey) Fisheries CollapsedFisheries Collapsed

1999 – Detected in the 1999 – Detected in the Caspian Sea (Russia, Caspian Sea (Russia, Iran)Iran) Most Important Most Important

Sturgeon FisherySturgeon Fishery Caspian Caspian SeaSea

4.1.1.3. Chinese Mitten 4.1.1.3. Chinese Mitten Crab in CA.Crab in CA.

Burrowing Crab (From Burrowing Crab (From China)China)

Introduction to USAIntroduction to USA 1990s – San Francisco Bay, 1990s – San Francisco Bay,

DeltaDelta Ballast WaterBallast Water

ThreatThreat Native Invertebrates – Native Invertebrates –

Fresh/Brackish WatersFresh/Brackish Waters Commercial Fishing and Commercial Fishing and

Shrimping OperationsShrimping Operations Intermediate Host for Intermediate Host for

Oriental Lung FlukeOriental Lung Fluke

Strategies for Minimizing Strategies for Minimizing Spread of ANS by Ballast Spread of ANS by Ballast

Water.Water.

A. Mid-Ocean Exchange.

B. Discharge Ballast at Dock While Loading Cargo.

A. OR A. OR B. ?????B. ?????

Strategies for Minimizing ANS in Strategies for Minimizing ANS in Ballast Water.Ballast Water.

Mid-Ocean Ballast Mid-Ocean Ballast ExchangeExchange

In-Situ Biocides to In-Situ Biocides to Kill Organisms in Kill Organisms in TanksTanks

Ozone, Ultra-violet Ozone, Ultra-violet Light TreatmentsLight Treatments

4.1.3. Plane and Ship 4.1.3. Plane and Ship Garbage.Garbage.

Foot and Mouth Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks Disease Outbreaks – Many Traced to – Many Traced to Ship Garbage Fed Ship Garbage Fed to Livestock to Livestock

Garbage on Ships Garbage on Ships and Planes from and Planes from ForeignForeign Kept on BoardKept on Board Incinerated Incinerated

4.2. Aircraft Related 4.2. Aircraft Related Introductions.Introductions.

Major Pathway Major Pathway for Rapid Spreadfor Rapid Spread 21 Hours – 21 Hours –

Raleigh, NC to Raleigh, NC to Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, TNZTNZ

Aerosol Aerosol Treatments to Kill Treatments to Kill Hitchhiking Hitchhiking Insects – Insects – Mandatory upon Mandatory upon

Arrival in AUSArrival in AUS

4.2.1. Case Study – Brown 4.2.1. Case Study – Brown Tree Snake in the South Tree Snake in the South

PacificPacific BTSBTS – Native to Papua New Guinea – Native to Papua New Guinea 19471947 – Spread to Guam; Postwar – Spread to Guam; Postwar

Construction EquipmentConstruction Equipment 1950s1950s – Sighted Inland from Seaport – Sighted Inland from Seaport Late 1960sLate 1960s – Dispersed Throughout – Dispersed Throughout

IslandIsland Mid-1970sMid-1970s – Endemic Birds Found – Endemic Birds Found

DecliningDeclining BTS – 13,000 per Square MileBTS – 13,000 per Square Mile ExtinctionsExtinctions

2/3 Native Bats2/3 Native Bats 5/11 Native Lizards5/11 Native Lizards 9/12 Native Birds9/12 Native Birds

Electrical OutagesElectrical Outages Spread in Wheel Wells of AircraftSpread in Wheel Wells of Aircraft

Hawaii, other IslandsHawaii, other Islands

Guam Rail- 1965 – 50,000 Birds- 1985 – 50 Birds

Session 2 - Inspection of Session 2 - Inspection of Break Bulk Cargo and Break Bulk Cargo and Intermodal Containers.Intermodal Containers.

4.3.1. Inspection and Treatment of 4.3.1. Inspection and Treatment of Break Bulk Cargo.Break Bulk Cargo.

Offloaded from Ship Offloaded from Ship on Palletson Pallets

Stored in Warehouses Stored in Warehouses Until Released for Until Released for DeliveryDelivery

Inspection – Simple, Inspection – Simple, EfficientEfficient

Tent Fumigation – If Tent Fumigation – If NecessaryNecessary

Case Study – Snails on Case Study – Snails on WWII Tanks from Portugal.WWII Tanks from Portugal.

July, 1982 – Shipment July, 1982 – Shipment of WWII Army Tanks of WWII Army Tanks from Portugal from Portugal Imported Through Imported Through Charleston, SCCharleston, SC

All Tanks Infested All Tanks Infested with Snailswith Snails

Dock Perimeter Dock Perimeter SaltedSalted

Tanks Fumigated Tanks Fumigated with Methyl Bromidewith Methyl Bromide

4.3.3. Intermodal Containers – 4.3.3. Intermodal Containers – Modern Shipping Wonder – Bane Modern Shipping Wonder – Bane

of Port Inspection.of Port Inspection. ICs – Introduced ICs – Introduced

in 1950sin 1950s Streamlined Streamlined

Global ‘Door to Global ‘Door to Door’ ShippingDoor’ Shipping

Convenient – Convenient – Loading Dock Loading Dock InspectionInspection

Tailgate Tailgate Inspection – Inspection – Sometimes Sometimes Totally Totally Ineffective Ineffective

4.4. Commodity Packaging – 4.4. Commodity Packaging – as a Vector of IAS.as a Vector of IAS.

Solid Wood Packing – Primary Solid Wood Packing – Primary Shipping Material of ChoiceShipping Material of Choice Threat – Insects and Plant DiseasesThreat – Insects and Plant Diseases

ISPM __ISPM __ - IPPC Guidelines for - IPPC Guidelines for Regulating Wood Packaging Regulating Wood Packaging Material in International Trade. Material in International Trade. (2002). (2002).

Unprocessed Raw Wood Unprocessed Raw Wood Pallets, Dunnage, Crating, Packing Pallets, Dunnage, Crating, Packing

blocks, blocks, Drums, Skids Drums, Skids

Mandatory – Condition of Entry Mandatory – Condition of Entry TreatmentsTreatments Heat treatment, kiln drying, or Heat treatment, kiln drying, or

chemical pressure impregnation chemical pressure impregnation Minimum core temperature of 56Minimum core temperature of 56ooC C

(123(123ooF) for a minimum of 30 minutesF) for a minimum of 30 minutes Fumigation with methyl bromide Fumigation with methyl bromide

4.4.1.2. Case Study: Extruded Wire 4.4.1.2. Case Study: Extruded Wire Shipments from Ubisa, Spain – Shipments from Ubisa, Spain –

Charleston, S.C, 1981. Charleston, S.C, 1981.

Origin – Ubisa, SpainOrigin – Ubisa, Spain Mode of Entry: Mode of Entry:

ContainerizedContainerized Threat: Wood Threat: Wood

Bracing Infested with Bracing Infested with Wood Borers Wood Borers (Cerambycids)(Cerambycids)

Action: Fumigated Action: Fumigated with Methyl Bromidewith Methyl Bromide

4.4.1.1. Case Study: Asian Longhorned Beetle 4.4.1.1. Case Study: Asian Longhorned Beetle in the United States – Contaminant of Solid in the United States – Contaminant of Solid

Wood Packing. Wood Packing.

Origin – ChinaOrigin – China Threat – Hardwood TreesThreat – Hardwood Trees

Maple, Horse Chestnut, Maple, Horse Chestnut, Mulberry, Black Locust, Mulberry, Black Locust, Elm, Birch, Willow, Poplar, Elm, Birch, Willow, Poplar, Green AshGreen Ash

1996 – New York City1996 – New York City 1998 – Chicago1998 – Chicago Treatment – NoneTreatment – None

Trees Destroyed Trees Destroyed Probably Mode of EntryProbably Mode of Entry

Untreated Raw Wood Untreated Raw Wood Packing Packing

Major Concepts in Unit 4.Major Concepts in Unit 4. Means of conveyance can serve as IAS vectors. Means of conveyance can serve as IAS vectors. 3-5 Billion tons of water; 7,000 species of aquatic organisms 3-5 Billion tons of water; 7,000 species of aquatic organisms

are moved around the world each Year. are moved around the world each Year. Four greatest threats to Oceans – ANS, Marine Pollution, Over Four greatest threats to Oceans – ANS, Marine Pollution, Over

Use of Marine Resources, Destruction of Marine Habitat. Use of Marine Resources, Destruction of Marine Habitat. The most widely recommended strategy for minimizing the The most widely recommended strategy for minimizing the

introduction of IAS in ballast water is mid-oceanic ballast introduction of IAS in ballast water is mid-oceanic ballast exchange.exchange.

Over the past 150 years, numerous outbreaks of foot and Over the past 150 years, numerous outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in several countries have been traced back to mouth disease in several countries have been traced back to infected meat that was taken off ocean freighters at ports of infected meat that was taken off ocean freighters at ports of entry around the world.entry around the world.

Cargo aircraft serve as a major vector for the spread of all Cargo aircraft serve as a major vector for the spread of all types of IAS. Insects typically enter aircraft being loaded at types of IAS. Insects typically enter aircraft being loaded at random, but in greater numbers during the summer or rainy random, but in greater numbers during the summer or rainy season.season.

Major Concepts in Unit 4, Major Concepts in Unit 4, Contd.Contd.

Containerization helped to streamline the movement of cargo Containerization helped to streamline the movement of cargo through ports of entry. However, it has seriously complicated the through ports of entry. However, it has seriously complicated the inspection of imported cargo for hitchhiking IAS.inspection of imported cargo for hitchhiking IAS.

Raw, unprocessed wood, the primary material of choice for use as a Raw, unprocessed wood, the primary material of choice for use as a cargo packing material, is a high risk vector for spread of numerous cargo packing material, is a high risk vector for spread of numerous types of insect pests (e.g., wood boring insects, and bark beetles.types of insect pests (e.g., wood boring insects, and bark beetles.

(To be effective in addressing invasive species, you need to know (To be effective in addressing invasive species, you need to know what species are affected by IAS.what species are affected by IAS.

Targeted Education – Stevedores, Consignees, Final Users.Targeted Education – Stevedores, Consignees, Final Users.

Unit 4 – Lab Exercise.Unit 4 – Lab Exercise.1. Port of Entry Inspection (e.g., 1. Port of Entry Inspection (e.g.,

Ship Hull, Ballast Water Ship Hull, Ballast Water Sampling, Ship Hold, Dunnage, Sampling, Ship Hold, Dunnage, Aircraft, Break Bulk Cargo in Aircraft, Break Bulk Cargo in Warehouse, Retrograde Military Warehouse, Retrograde Military Vehicles for Soil Contamination Vehicles for Soil Contamination and Snails, Container Inspection, and Snails, Container Inspection, Baggage Inspection, etc.).Baggage Inspection, etc.).

2. Fill out the Following Port of 2. Fill out the Following Port of Entry Inspection and Treatment Entry Inspection and Treatment Record.Record.

DateDate

Port of Port of Entry, Entry, Country:Country:

Inspector:Inspector:

Cargo:Cargo:

Mode of Mode of TransportTransport

Country of Country of OriginOrigin

ExporterExporter

Pests Pests DetectedDetected

Treatment Treatment RequiredRequired

NotesNotes

Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species ProgrammeProgramme

Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa