waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial users that is discharged into sewers ...
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Waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial users that is discharged into sewersEx: Human waste, soaps, paints, oils
Storms intensify spread->wash off into drainage systems
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MicroorganismsViruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitesCan spread waterborne diseases via fecal-oral
transmission
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PathogensMicroorganisms that can cause diseaseCan cause diarrhea, schistosomiasis (disease
caused by parasitic worms), intestinal worms, and river blindness
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• Eliminates up to 99.99% of microorganisms– Drinking water: Chlorine- kills
microorganisms Filtration- removes particulate
matter• Collected and transported via a network
of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant
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Primarysolids are separated
Secondarydissolved biological matter is converted
into a solid mass by using water-borne bacteria
95% of the suspended molecules should be removed
Tertiarybiological solids are neutralized then
disposed, and treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically
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Mechanical treatment Influx (Influent) Removal of large objects Removal of sand and grit Primary Sedimentation
Biological treatmentTrickling bed filterActivated sludge
Chemical treatmentDisinfection
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Remove large objects Ex: sticks, rags, toilet paper, tampons
Raked screen Clog equipment in sewage treatment plant
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Typical materials that are removed during primary treatment include fats, oils, and greases (aka FOG) sand, gravels and rocks (aka grit) larger settleable solids including human waste floating materials
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Primary Sedimentation TankRemove grease, oilFecal solid settle, floating material rise to the
surfaceProduce a homologous liquid for later biological
treatmentFecal sludge are pumped to sludge treatment
plant
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Degrade biological content (dissolved organic matter) of the sewageEx: human waste, food waste, soaps,
detergent Added bacteria and protozoa into
sewage 3 different approaches
Fixed film systemSuspended film systemLagoon system
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1. Fixed Film Systems– grow microorganisms on substrates such as
rocks, sand or plastic – wastewater is spread over the substrate– Ex: Trickling filters, rotating biological contactors
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Trickling Filter BedsSpread wastewater over microorganismmade of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or
specially fabricated plastic mediaOptimize their thickness by insect or worm grazing
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2. Suspended Film Systems stir and suspend microorganisms in wastewater settled out as a sludge pumped back into the incoming wastewater Ex: Activated sludge, extended aeration
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Mixed community of microorganisms Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may
exist Biological floc is formed (bacteria and
protozoa)
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1. Aeration tank oxygen is introduced into the system
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2. Aeration source – ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into the tank – provided pure oxygen or compressed air
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3. Secondary clarifiers – activated-sludge solids separate from the
surrounding wastewater
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4. Activated sludge outflow line– Pump activated sludge back to the aeration tank
5. Effluent outflow line– discharged effluent into bay or tertiary treatment plant
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Sewage Treatment
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Remove disease-causing organisms from wastewater
3 different disinfection processChlorinationUV light radiationOzonation
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Most common Advantages: low cost & effective Disadvantages: chlorine residue could be harmful to
environment
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• Damage the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
• Advantages: no chemicals are used• water taste more natural• Disadvantages:
high maintenance
of the UV-lamp
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Oxidized most pathogenic microorganisms Advantages: safer than chlorination
fewer disinfection by-product Disadvantage: high cost
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Measures the number of coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters
Coliform lives in guts of most mammals Do not usually cause disease->used as
proxy for presence of other microorganisms that can cause diseaseWater should have a count of 0Swimming or “full body contact”-count
<200
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Not available in many developing nations
250 million cases of waterborne disease each year killing 5-100 million people
Children highly susceptibleDiarrheal disease->underweight,
mental/physical hanidcaps, vulnerable to other diseases
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Discharging too much into surface waters can cause eutrophication (decreases oxygen levels)Microorganisms metabolize organic wastes-
>use oxygen faster than it can reenter atmosphere
If water becomes anoxic, decomposition proceeds anaerobically, and releases noxic gases
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Increase in algae growth Increase in zooplankton
Even more eutrophicationOxygen depletionZooplankton and fish suffocate or are
poisoned by toxinsWater has a foul taste and odor
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***Focus on Phosphorus•Waste water treatment•Ban on Phosphorus containing detergents•Reduce use of fertilizers•Control agricultural runoff•Reduce use of phosphorus in animal feed ->less phosphorus in manure
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Sediments, heavy metals, xenobiotics (organic compounds that are synthesized by humans and are resistant to organic decay)Heavy metals->greatest threat: cancer,
damage to nervous system, birth defectsHighest concern: lead, mercury, cadmium,
and arsenic
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Point: directly discharged into a body of waterEx: Pipe or smokestackEx: GE and Hudson River->PCB’s
Nonpoint: not discharged from a specific pointEx: pesticides and herbicides
Leach through soil and contaminate ground water
Runoff from farms into other bodies of water
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