SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

MATERIAL ANALYSED

All the material analysed for the present work is listed below. The order in which the species are

presented s the same as they appear in the main body of the text.

Abbreviations: ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (Philadelphia, USA);

BEG, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas (Austin, USA); FS, Frank Swinnen,

private collection (Belgium); MNHM, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris, France);

NHMUK, Natural History Museum (London, UK); NMS, National Museum of Scotland

(Edinburgh, UK); NHMW, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Vienna, Austria); PRI,

Paleontological Research Institution (Ithaca, USA); RMNH, Naturalis Biodiversity Center

(former Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie; Leiden, The Netherlands); SMNS, Staatliches

Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (Stuttgart, Germany); SSS-IFSM, Stichting Schepsel Schelp,

International Fossil Shell Museum (Utrecht, The Netherlands); UCMP, University of California

Museum of Paleontology (Berkeley, USA); USNM, National Museum of Natural History,

Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., USA).

Hemiauricula edentula (Férussac, 1821): Type material: MNHN.F.A52951 (syntype, old nr.

MNHN IM-2000-5069; Valognes; Férussac coll.). Additional material: MNHN.F.A52492, 7

shells (Cauvigny, Fercourt [Lutetian]; Pacaud coll.); MNHN.F.A52493, 1 shell (Cauvigny,

Fercourt [Lutetian]; Braillon coll.); MNHN.F.A52494, 1 shell (Cauvigny, Fercourt [Lutetian];

Faullummel coll.); MNHN.F.A52495, 6 shells (Villiers-Saint-Frédéric, Butte Saint-Léonard

[Lutetian]; Faullummel coll.); MNHN.F.A.52496, 1 shell (Chaumont-en-Vexin, Carrière de la

Laiterie [Lutetian]; Faullummel coll.); MNHN.F.A.52497, 7 shells (Thiverval-Grignon, Parc de

l'Institut National Agronomique [Lutetian]; Faullummel coll.); MNHN.F.A52498, 1 shell

(Thiverval-Grignon, Parc de l'Institut National Agronomique [Lutetian]; Margerie coll. nº 5094);

MNHN.F.A.52499, 2 shells (les Groux [Lutetian]; Schtrock coll.); MNHN.F.B.68031, 1 shell

(Liancourt [Lutetian]); MNHN.F.B.68671, 2 shells (Ully-St-Georges, Laluet [Lutetian]; Lhomme

[Louis] coll.); SSS-IFSM 8402, 1 shell (Chaumont-en-Vexin [Lutetian]; Hessel coll. 1997); SSS-

IFSM 8619, 6 shells (Cauvigny [Lutetian]; Hessel coll. 1979); SSS-IFSM 8620, 1 shell (Ully-St-

Georges [Lutetian]; Hessel coll. 1979); SSS-IFSM 8621, 5 shells (Villiers-Saint-Frédéric

[Lutetian]; Hessel coll. 1981); SSS-IFSM 9553, 1 shell (Saint-Gobain [Cuisian]; Hessel coll.

1985); SSS-IFSM 45014, 9 shells (Cauvigny [Lutetian]; Hessel coll. 2001).

Nucleopsis subvaricatus (Conrad, 1860): Type material: ANSP 30692 (lectotype; designated by

Palmer, 1937), ANSP 30693, 2 shells (paralectotypes). Additional material: USNM MO 497440,

1 shell (El Zacate [Priabonian]; Gardner coll.); PRI 3373, 1 shell (Monroe County [Middle

Eocene, Claiborne Group]; G.D. Harris coll.); PRI 3374, 1 shell; Monroe County [Middle

Eocene, Claiborne Group]; G.D. Harris coll.); PRI 56643, 3 shells (Clarke County [Middle

Eocene, Upper Claiborne Group, Cook Mountain Formation]; G.D. Harris & K.V.W. Palmer

coll.); PRI 56650, 5 shells (Monroe County [Middle Eocene, Claiborne Group]; G.D. Harris &

K.V.W. Palmer coll.).

Rapturella globulina (Forbes, 1844): RMNH.MOL.30520 (1 shell; Tydeman Cape Verde

Islands Exp. 1982; CANCAP-VI, Sta. 6.122, SW of Santo Antão, 17º00’N 25º21’W, 646 m

depth; van Veen coll., 18/vi/1982); FS unnumbered (1 shell; Cruzeiro Seplat Madeira Exp. 1992;

Sta. 195, 191 m depth).

Type material unknown (cf. Hernández et al., 2011). Forbe’s material should be deposited either

in the NHMUK or NMS (cf. Dance, 1966), but could not be located by the staff of either

institution.

Rapturella ryani n. sp.: Type material: ANSP 312562 (holotype; off Alligator Reef Light, 183 m

depth, Lower Florida Keys, USA; donated by J. Moore, 1965).

Globiconcha formosa (Cragin, 1893): From the two specimens in Cragin’s original material, we

define here as lectotype the specimen figured by this author and used in the original description.

Type material: BEG 19727 (lectotype, defined herein; 2.5 miles east of Benbrook, Texas, USA;

Cretaceous; J.A. Taff coll.), BEG 21690 (paralectotype). Additional material: Mexico: Baja

California, Punta China, UCMP 33739, 1 shell (Early Cretaceous, Formation Alisitos [Aptian–

Albian]).

? Globiconcha sp.: NHMW 1980/0030/0033, 1 shell (Gosau, Upper Austria [“Sandkalkbank”];

Cretaceous, Late Santonian); NHMW 1980/0030/0034, 1 shell (Gosau, Upper Austria

[“Sandkalkbank”]; Cretaceous, Late Santonian).

Ringicula lata (Conrad, 1865): Type material: ANSP 30695 (syntype; Alabama[?], USA; Early

Eocene).

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES

Here is presented a taxonomic treatment of all species that have been historically classified in

Hemiauricula (in Liocarenus, more precisely) or Nucleopsis, but that are deemed to belong to

non-Acteonidae genera after our revision or are of uncertain affiliation.

Superfamily ACTEONOIDEA d’Orbigny, 1843

Family ACTEONIDAE d’Orbigny, 1843

Hemiauricula Deshayes, 1853

? Hemiauricula sp.

?Liocarenus (Liocarenus) sp.—Cossmann, 1895: 55.

Remarks: Cossmann (1895) mentioned some fragmentary material from Uchaux (Provence-

Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France), that could belong to Liocarenus, but did not figure it. The

whereabouts of this material is unknown, but by its much earlier age (Cretaceous, Turonian), it

would be a distinct species from the then known H. conovuliformis and H. hilarionis, and likely

would not belong to Hemiauricula. It could, however, be related to the Cretaceous species of

Hamlinia Böhm, 1900 or Globiconcha d’Orbigny, 1842 (see below).

Family CYLINDROBULLINIDAE Wenz, 1938

Hamlinia Böhm, 1900

Type species: Natica olivae Fraas, 1878, by monotypy. Syria; Cretaceous

(Cenomanian/Turonian).

Hamlinia eliai (Shalem, 1928) n. comb.

(Fig. S1A–D)

Acera [sic] eliai Shalem, 1928: 99; pl. 5, figs. 38a–h (Jerusalem, Israel; Cretaceous,

Cenomanian; type material whereabouts unknown). Blanckenhorn, 1934: 275; pl. 14, figs. 200a–

b.

Liocarenus (Liocarenus) formosum—Allison, 1955: 429 (in part).

Measurements: H = 7.0–7.4 mm, D = 5.0–6.2 mm (Shalem, 1928; Blanckenhorn, 1934).

Remarks: Hamlinia eliai was described from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Jerusalem

(Shalem, 1928) and remains known only from this locality (Blanckenhorn, 1934). Unfortunately,

no material of this species was found for the present study, so the discussion presented here is

based on the descriptions and figures from the literature.

The original classification of this species in Akera O.F. Müller, 1776 (Anaspidea, Akeridae) is

not correct and perhaps resulted from the occurrence of true Akera fossils in the Cretaceous of

Syria and Jordan that might have misled the author: respectively, A. siliciosa Whitfield, 1891 and

A. modjibensis Blanckenhorn, 1927. Later, Allison (1955) considered this species a synonymy of

Globiconcha formosa (then assigned to Liocarenus; see below), from the Cretaceous (Albian) of

the USA, but the distinct shell shape and proportions of H. eliai indicates that it is a distinct

taxon (see the entry of G. formosa below).

Based on the specimens figured by Shalem (1928) and Blanckenhorn (1934), A. eliai seems to

superficially conform to the genus Hemiauricula by its overall shell shape and especially by the

aperture shape. The spire, however, seems to be less conical and acuminated and the teleoconch

sculpture is absent (or was not reported by previous authors). The low spire, with few whorls,

and the well-developed callus (Blanckenhorn, 1934) conform very well to Hamlinia, a

monotypic genus from the Cretaceous of Syria and Lebanon (Böhm, 1900). Hamlinia eliai can

be distinguished from the type species H. olivae by its slightly lower and less acuminated spire

and by a more ovate overall shell profile. Nevertheless, the shell features of H. eliai can be seen

in the conchological variation of H. olivae presented by Böhm (1900); whether H. eliai is a

synonym of H. olivae is a matter to be revisited when further specimens of H. eliai become

available.

Interestingly, Shalem (1928) mentioned a specimen with sinister coiling, but unfortunately, he

did not figure it.

Globiconcha d’Orbigny, 1842

Type species: Globiconcha rotundata d’Orbigny, 1842, by monotypy. France; Cretaceous

(Cenomanian).

Globiconcha formosa (Cragin, 1893) n. comb.

(Fig. S1E–H)

Cylindrites formosus Cragin, 1893: 223; pl. 42, fig. 4 (2.5 miles east of Benbrook, Texas, USA;

Cretaceous; lectotype BEG 19727 [herein designated; J.A. Taff coll.], Fig. S1E–G, H = 14.9 mm,

D = 10.2 mm; paralectotype BEG 21690, Fig. S1H, H = 11.9 mm, D = 10.2 mm). Adkins, 1928:

195.

Tylostoma? formosum—Stanton, 1947: 68; pl. 52, figs. 6, 8. Akers & Akers, 1997: 150; fig. 142.

Liocarenus (Liocarenus) formosum—Allison, 1955: 429; pl. 44, fig. 13. Akers & Akers, 1997:

257; fig. 274. (All as formosum.)

Diagnosis: Shell small, ~4¼ whorls; spire low, ~1/5 of shell length. Aperture elongate tear-drop

shaped, narrow; h/H = 0.65. Peristome greatly thickened. Columellar region straight, short.

Callus well-marked.

Description: Shell ovate-conical, ~4¼ whorls, imperforate; shell width ~2/3 of shell length.

Protoconch rounded; transition to teleoconch unclear. Teleoconch with faint vestiges of sculpture

by spiral threads. Suture deep, well-marked. Spire low, ~1/5 of shell length. Whorl profile

slightly convex. Last whorl rounded; final portion greatly increasing distance with previous

suture mark. Aperture tear-drop shaped, narrow, elongated; aperture height ~2/3 of shell length.

Columellar region greatly thickened, straight, short. Callus well-marked.

Distribution: USA: Texas (Benbrook, in Tarrant County; possibly also in Travis County,

according to Akers and Akers 1997). Mexico: Baja California (Punta China). Age: Cretaceous

(Aptian–Albian).

Remarks: Globiconcha formosa was assigned to the genus Hemiauricula (then Liocarenus) by

Allison (1955) due to its overall shell shape. However, placement in Globiconcha is more

appropriate for the following reasons: (1) the shell of G. formosa is rounder, with a shorter spire

and the last whorl greatly increases in distance from the previous suture mark on its final portion,

resulting in a more bulging profile of the penultimate whorl immediately above the aperture. (2)

The two diagnostic folds on the columella reported by Cragin (1893), not characteristic of the

genus, seem to actually be an artefact of excavation of the matrix in the holotype’s aperture (Fig.

S1F). (3) Furthermore, Allison (1955) stated that the diagnostic shell sculpture of Hemiauricula

is not present in G. formosa, which is true; however, the holotype does bear faint marking of

teleoconch sculpture: a few spiral threads in the umbilical region.

This type of sculpture, alongside the round shell profile, the bulging penultimate whorl and the

shape of the columellar region of the aperture (thickened, straight and short), are all diagnostic of

the genus Globiconcha, known from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian to “Senonian”) of Europe

(Zilch, 1959). Globiconcha formosa can be distinguished from the type species G. rotundata by a

narrower shell and a lower spire; from G. ovum (Dujardin, 1835) by its taller and broader spire

and less sickle-shaped aperture; from G. fleuriausa d’Orbigny, 1842 by its more elongated

aperture, lower spire and suture more perpendicular to columellar axis. Finally, G. formosa can

be easily diagnosed from its congeners by its smaller size (circa half the shell length of the three

aforementioned species). Other species usually assigned to the genus (e.g., G. elongata

d’Orbigny, 1850; G. incerta Thomas & Péron in Péron, 1889; G. marrotiana d’Orbigny, 1842)

remain of doubtful affiliation and can reach shell lengths of 6–10 cm.

This is not the first record of the genus from the Americas, but the previous records from the

USA (e.g. Hill, 1889; Stanton, 1947) and especially from Brazil (Andrade & Felix, 2012) are not

properly documented and figured and are in need of revision.

? Globiconcha sp.

(Fig. S1I–J)

Liocarenus sp.—Kollmann, 1980: 207; pl. 4, figs. 38–39.

Description: Shell ovate, imperforate; D/H = 0.8; h/H = 0.65. Teleoconch with faint vestiges of

sculpture by spiral threads. Suture well-marked. Spire low. Whorl profile slightly convex. Last

whorl rounded. Aperture elongate tear-drop shaped, narrow. Peristome greatly thickened,

forming varix-like structure. Columellar region short. Callus well-marked.

Remarks: These poorly preserved specimens come from the Cretaceous (Late Santonian) of

Gossau, Upper Austria: Gosau (from the so-called “Sandkalkbank” facies). They conform well to

the genus Globiconcha, but identification beyond genus level is presently not feasible.

Nevertheless, the greatly thickened varix-like lip and apparent spiral sculpture is reminiscent of

Ringiculidae, and, more specifically, of the genus Avellana d’Orbigny, 1842, known from the late

Early to the Late Cretaceous of Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania (Zilch, 1959). Nevertheless,

the lack of apertural lamella and teeth precludes a classification in this genus.

The specimens of Liocarenus sp. reported from the Cretaceous of France (Kollmann & Odin,

2001) likely belong to Globiconcha too, but unfortunately the material could not be located.

Superfamily RINGICULOIDEA Philippi, 1853

Family RINGICULIDAE Philippi, 1853

Ringicula Deshayes, 1838

Type species: Auricula ringens Lamarck, 1804. France – Eocene.

Ringicula lata (Conrad, 1865) n. comb.

(Fig. S1K–M)

Actaeon (Nucleopsis) latus Conrad, 1865a: 34 (Alabama[?], USA; Early Eocene; syntype ANSP

30695, Fig. S1K–M, H = 15.4 mm, D = 11.1 mm).

Tornatellaea lata—Conrad, 1865b: 145. Conrad, 1865c: 212; pl. 20, fig. 13. Conrad, 1866: 9.

Tornatellaea bella—Palmer, 1937: 501 (in part).

Diagnosis: Spire narrow, step-like, short, ~1/4 of shell length. Suture nearly perpendicular to

shell axis. Teleoconch sculptured by spiral striae. Peristome thickened. Columellar region with

two nearly perpendicular folds close to parietal region.

Description: Shell conical-globose; ~5 whorls; D/H = 0.75; h/H = 0.65. Spire very narrow, step-

like. Protoconch rounded. Teleoconch sculptured by spiral threads, coarser near the peristome.

Suture well-marked, nearly perpendicular to columellar axis. Whorl profile slightly convex.

Aperture oval-elongated. Peristome thickened, reflexed. Columellar region with two nearly

perpendicular folds close to parietal region.

Remarks: Despite originally giving the type locality as Alabama (Conrad, 1965a), the author

soon afterwards lists the locality as uncertain, but still gives the age as Eocene (Conrad, 1865c).

The present species was first included in the genus Nucleopsis, but Conrad himself later

reassigned it to Tornatellaea Conrad, 1860 (Conrad, 1865b). Palmer (1937) synonymized it with

T. bella Conrad, 1860, but examination of the type material of the latter species (Fig. S1N–O)

shows this to not be the case as the shells of these species greatly differ: the shell of R. lata is

much broader, with a more rounded profile, a shorter and more truncated spire and a

proportionately larger body whorl.

Moreover, the present species shows an affinity with the genus Ringicula, as marked by its

overall rounded shell profile, the two columellar folds, the very thickened and reflexed peristome

and the spiral markings on the external portion of the lip.

Ringicula has circa 80 species, both Recent and fossil, distributed worldwide (Bouchet & Gofas,

2015), and likely spanning back to the Mesozoic, with uncertain records from the Callovian stage

of the Jurassic and the Valanginian stage of the Cretaceous (Gründel & Nützel, 2012). Despite

Ringiculidae being usually classified in a distinct superfamily (Ringiculoidea) from Acteonidae

(Acteonoidea; Bouchet et al., 2005), the fossil record seems to point to a close relationship

between these two families (Gründel & Nützel, 2012).

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

ADKINS, W.S. 1928. Handbook of Texas Cretaceous Fossils. University of Texas, Austin.

ALLISON, E.C. 1955. Middle Cretaceous Gastropoda from Punta China, Baja California,

Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 29: 400–432.

ANDRADE, E.J. & FELIX I.L.C. 2012. Gastrópodos marinhos do Turoniano (Cretáceo

Superior) da Bacia de Sergipe. Cadernos de Geociências, 9: 103–111.

CONRAD, T.A. 1865c. Descriptions of new Eocene shells, and references with figures to

published species. American Journal of Conchology, 1: 210–212.

BLANCKENHORN, M. 1927. Die fossilen Gastropoden und Scaphopoden der Kreide von

Syrien-Palästina. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 69: 111–186.

BLANCKENHORN, M. 1934. Die Bivalven der Kreideformation von Syrien-Palaestina. Nebst

einem ergänzenden Anhang über Brachiopoden, Gastropoden und Pteropoden und einem

Überblick über die gesamte Molluskenfauna. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 81: 21–302.

BÖHM, J. 1900. Ueber cretaceische Gastropoden vom Libanon und vom Karmel. Zeitschrift der

Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 52: 189-219.

BOUCHET, P. & GOFAS, S. 2015. Ringicula Deshayes, 1838. Accessed through: World

Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?

p=taxdetails&id=138437 on 2015-03-26

DANCE, P. 1966. Shell Collecting: An Illustrated History. University of California Press,

Oakland.

HILL, R.T. 1889. A preliminary annotated check list of the Cretaceous invertebrate fossils of

Texas, accompanied by a short description of the lithology and stratigraphy of the system.

Fourth annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 4: 1–57.

KOLLMANN, H.A. 1980. Gastropoden aus der Sandkalkbank (Hochmoosschichten,

Obeestanton) des Beckens von Gosau (OÖ.). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in

Wien Serie B, 83: 197–213.

KOLLMANN, H.A. & ODIN, G.S. 2001. Gastropods from the Upper Cretaceous geological site

at Tercis les Bains (SW France). Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 19:

437–451.

STANTON, T.W. 1947. Studies of some Comanche pelecypods and gastropods. United States

Geological Survey Professional Paper, 211: 1–256.

WHITFIELD, R.P. 1891. Observations on some Cretaceous fossils from the Beyruth district.

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 3: 381–441.

FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure S1. A–B. Hamlinia eliai, original illustrations of Shalem (1928; 99, pl. 5, figs. 38b–c,

respectively) (H = 7.4 mm, according to Shalem, 1928). C–D. Hamlinia eliai, original

illustrations of Blanckenhorn (1934; 275, pl. 14, figs. 200a–b, respectively) (H ~ 7.1 mm,

according to Blanckenhorn, 1934). E–G. Globiconcha formosa, lectotype BEG 19727 (H = 14.9

mm). Images are a courtesy of the University of Texas. E. Apical view. F. Apertural view. G.

Ventral view. H. Globiconcha formosa, paralectotype BEG 21690 (H = 11.9 mm). Image is a

courtesy of the University of Texas. I–J. ?Globiconcha sp., NHMW 1980/0030/0033 (H = 18.7

mm). Images are a courtesy of the NHMW. I. Apertural view. J. Ventral view. K–M. Ringicula

lata, syntype ANSP 30695 (H = 15.4 mm). K. Apertural view. L. Lateral view. M. Ventral view.

N–O. Tornatellaea bella, holotype ANSP 30691 (H =12.5 mm). N. Apertural view. O. Lateral

view.