US – EOC REVIEW SUMMARY

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: ____

Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan was the initial strategy devised by 1. ______________________ leaders to put down the

rebellion by the Confederacy in 1861. In April 1861 General Winfield Scott came up with the plan, which was basically to blockade the saltwater ports of the South and to stop all commerce on the Mississippi River, so no cotton could be

exported, and no war supplies could be imported. This was designed to “strangle” the South.

1. Fill in the blank: Confederate or Union 2. What was the main objective of the plan? ____

A. To attack and bring under control a few key Southern cities B. To disrupt Southern supply lines by controlling railroad junctions in the SouthC. To sign treaties with Britain and France to prevent them from assisting the South.D. To suffocate the South by controlling the Mississippi River and the southern ports

Sectional Issues of Civil WarA tariff is a tax on imports. It is designed to raise revenue for the country and to protect American jobs.

-South disliked the tariff that favored the Northeast yet punished the cotton producers. The westerners were split on tariff issue- they favored protection of hemp industry but suffered in other areas.

-Western Land was a divisive issue as well. The Westerners wanted land cheap and easy, but the North and South saw the western land as an asset for revenue.

-Slavery was the most divisive issue of the time, but little controversy existed due to a balance of slave and free states being added through 1820. The constitutional compromise of the "peculiar institution" worked for decades.

3. Explain “peculiar institution.” The Union’s advantages over the South:

Population size: The North had a population of 22 million (23 states) versus the South’s 9 million (4. __ states). Northern forces totaled 2,100,000, compared to the South’s paltry 800,000.Greater wartime funding: Both the North and South sold war bonds, but the North also instituted an income tax and had more effective tax collection. The Northern economy also fared better during the war, suffering only moderate inflation, while the Southern economy collapsed from severe inflation (prices in the South rose more than 300 percent annually).More advanced industry: The North held more than 90 percent of the nation’s industrial plants and could easily produce heavy artillery weapons. The North also had 70 percent of the nation’s railroad tracks and could therefore effectively transport arms and food to distant troops. The South, on the other hand, had to import arms until it could build an industrial base, could not afford supplies, and could not efficiently ship food and equipment to its troops.More abundant food resources: Northern agriculture was geared toward grain, whereas the South specialized in the growing of inedible cash crops like cotton, tobacco, and indigo.

The Confederacy’s advantages over the North:Geography: The Confederacy was fighting for independence at home, while the Union was entering enemy territory. Whereas the North would have to ship men and supplies long distances and occupy conquered territory, the South could maintain an arc of defense by moving its men around very little.Military tradition and morale: The South had a stronger military tradition and more experienced military leaders. During the war, fewer Southern troops defected than Northern troops, suggesting a higher morale among Confederate forces.

4. Fill in the blank: ___

5. In which area did the South have an advantage over the North in the Civil War? ___A. Food production B. Industrial capacityC. Civilian leadershipD. Military leadership

Civil Rights Act of 1866The Civil Rights Act of 1866 extended all the following liberties to black Americans including the right to testify

against whites, the right to serve on juries and the right to enter into legal contracts. These were important rights for Freedmen, but unfortunately, many Southern states ignored them due to the passage of Jim Crow laws.

6. Explain Jim Crow laws.

Ulysses S. GrantAbe Lincoln had a terrible time trying to find the right man to lead the 7. ___________ Army. He finally chose

Grant after many other options were explored. Grant was known as the “Butcher” because he was prone to “use up his men” in battle if it meant winning. On March 4, 1869, Grant became the eighteenth President of the United States. Overall, the greatest general the nation had ever seen soon became one of its worst Presidents. Grant's motto, "Let us have peace," was supported by no policy initiatives to give it teeth. Furthermore, Grant expressed little desire to make policy or enforce it over the will of the American people. Thus, when considering his Presidency, it is important to make the distinction between what Grant himself did and what his administration did–as Grant rarely had much knowledge of what the people under him were doing.

7. Fill in the blank: _______________8. Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant on April 9th, 1865? ____

A. Appomattox, VirginiaB. Richmond, VirginiaC. Gettysburg, PennsylvaniaD. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

9. Grant's face is on which denomination of U.S. currency? ____A. $2B. $20C. $50D. $100

Abraham LincolnAlways regarded as one of our greatest presidents. His election in 10. ________ was the event which led the

southern states to secede. In the electoral college Lincoln did not carry a single southern state yet he easily won the election. The states in the South could see the writing on the wall, they would never be able to elect a candidate from the South because the North had a greater 11. _____________________, hence, more electoral votes.

10. What year was Lincoln elected? 11. Fill in the blank: __________________

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans was the name given to a faction in the U.S. Congress which advocated emancipation of slaves

before and during the Civil War and insisted on harsh penalties for the South following the war, during the period of Reconstruction. Two prominent leaders of the Radical Republicans were Thaddeus Stevens, a congressman from Pennsylvania, and Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts. The agenda of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War included opposition to Abraham Lincoln's plans for the post-war South. Thinking Lincoln's ideas were far too lenient, the Radical Republicans backed the Wade-Davis Bill, which advocated more stringent rules for admitting states back into the Union. After the Civil War the Radical Republicans were outraged by the policies of President Andrew Johnson. Opposition to Johnson included overriding presidential vetoes of legislation and eventually organizing his impeachment.

12. What is the ten-percent plan?13. President Andrew Johnson was the ___________ King.

Carpetbaggers & ScalawagsDuring and immediately after the Civil War, many northerners headed to the

southern states, driven by hopes of economic gain, a desire to work on behalf of the newly emancipated slaves or a combination of both. These “carpetbaggers”–whom many in the South viewed as opportunists looking to exploit and profit from the region’s misfortunes–supported the 14. __________ Party and would play a central role in shaping new southern governments during Reconstruction. In addition to carpetbaggers and freed African Americans, most of Republican support in the South came from white southerners who for various reasons saw more of an advantage in backing the policies of Reconstruction than in opposing them. Critics referred derisively to these southerners as “scalawags.”

14. Which party did Carpetbaggers support?15. Is this person in the cartoon a Carpetbagger or a scalawag? What makes

you think that?16. Are they shown in a positive or negative light? How can you tell?

14th AmendmentThe 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868 during the Reconstruction era. It, along with

the 13th and 15th amendments are collectively known as the Reconstruction amendments. However, of those three, the 14th is the most complicated and the one that has had the more unforeseen effects. Its broad goal was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act passed in 1866 would remain valid ensuring that "all persons born in the United States...excluding Indians not taxed...." were citizens and were to be given "full and equal benefit of all laws." (Quotes from the Civil Rights Act of 1866) However, it went beyond the provisions of the Civil Rights Act in many ways.Four principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were:

State and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed.

No state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of citizens. No person could be deprived of life, liberty or property without "due process of law." No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."

17. Before the former Confederate states could be readmitted to the Union, the Congressional plan for Reconstruction required them to ____

A. Ratify the Fourteenth AmendmentB. Imprison all Confederate soldiersC. Provide 40 acres of land to all freedmenD. Help rebuild Northern industries

19th Amendment Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to

vote—a right known as women’s suffrage. At the time the U.S. was founded, its female citizens did not share all the same rights as men, including the right to vote. It was not until 1848 that the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, organized by abolitionists 18. ____________________ (1815-1902) and Lucretia Mott (1793-1880). Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women’s rights movement. Stanton and Mott, along with 19. __________________________ (1820-1906) and other activists, formed organizations that raised public awareness and lobbied the government to grant voting rights to women. After a 70-year battle, these groups finally emerged victorious with the passage of the 19th Amendment.

18. Fill in the blank: _________________________19. Fill in the blank: _________________________20. Which President passed the 19th Amendment?

Settlement HousesThe settlement house, an approach to social reform with roots in the late 19th century and the Progressive

Movement, was a method for serving the poor in 21. _______________ areas by living among them and serving them directly. As the residents of settlement houses learned effective methods of helping, they then worked to transfer long-term responsibility for the programs to government agencies. Settlement house workers, in their work to find more effective solutions to poverty and injustice, also pioneered the profession of social work. The best-known settlement house is perhaps Hull House in Chicago, founded in 1889 by Jane Adams with her friend Ellen Starr. Lillian Wald and the Henry Street Settlement in New York is also well known. Other settlement houses, like Both of these houses were staffed primarily by 22. _______________, and both resulted in many reforms with long-lasting effect and many programs that exist today.

21. Fill in the blank: Rural or Urban22. Fill in the blank: Immigrants or Women23. What was the goal of the services offered by the settlement houses? ____

A. To increase the social mobility of immigrants.B. To prohibit discrimination based on religious beliefs.C. To decrease the number of immigrants working in factories. D. To encourage immigrants to continue living in ethnic neighborhoods.

Jim Crow LawsAny of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of the formal Reconstruction

period in 1877 and the beginning of a strong civil rights movement in the 1950s. From the late 1870s, Southern state legislatures, no longer controlled by carpetbaggers and freedmen, passed laws requiring the separation of whites from “persons of color” in public transportation and schools. Generally, anyone of ascertainable or strongly suspected black ancestry in any degree was for this purpose a “person of color”; the pre-Civil War distinction favoring those whose ancestry was known to be mixed—particularly the half-French “free persons of color” in Louisiana—was abandoned. The segregation principle was extended to parks, cemeteries, theaters, and restaurants in an effort to prevent any contact between blacks and whites as equals.

24. What Supreme Court case legalized “separate but equal”?

Nadir of Race RelationsThe "nadir of American race relations" was the period in the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism was worse was worse than in any other period after the Civil War. During this period, African Americans lost many civil rights gains made during Reconstruction. Anti-black violence, lynchings, segregation, legal racial discrimination, and expressions of white supremacy increased. This was a time of sharecropping.

25. What is sharecropping? What was the objective? What did it do instead?

Indian ReservationAn American Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the Department of

the Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs. There are about 310 Indian reservations in the United States, meaning not all the country's 550-plus recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations, while others have none. Usually the land set aside for Native Americans was land that no other Americans saw fit to live on.

26. How did the U.S. governments change its policy toward Native American land during the 1850s? ____A. It created new treaties that defined specific boundaries for each tribe. B. It started forbidding settlers from claiming any land on the Great Plains.C. It began to allow Native Americans to hunt on their traditional lands.D. It began to designate all land in the Great Plains as reservation land.

27. Which contract was broken causing all Sioux Indians to be killed? ____A. Fort Laramie TreatyB. Dawes ActC. Homestead ActD. Morrill Act

Westward ExpansionAfter the War of 1812, much of America's attention turned to exploration and settlement of its territory to the

West, which had been greatly enlarged by the 27. __________________________. Families of pioneers swept westward and founded new communities throughout what is now the Midwest, and between 1816 and 1821, six new states were admitted to the Union. The land boom was fed by encouragement from the federal government and the actions of land speculators, who bought up large tracts of land to sell it in parcels to farmers at exorbitant prices. These farmers did not mind high prices and high interest on loans due to the growing success of American agricultural products. Most western farmers became cash croppers who sometimes neglected subsistence farming to focus on marketable commodities. Soon the farmers' dependence on distant markets caught up with them, however, as the state bank system that had sprung up to support speculation collapsed, dragging agricultural prices and land values down with it. Many western settlers suffered greatly during the Panic of 1819, but most survived and continued the conquest of the West. A major aspect of the conquest of the West was the removal of the Indians who dwelled there. Under the leadership of President 28. ________________________, the Indians who remained East of the Mississippi were cruelly and violently driven from their homes and concentrated in reservations in what is now Oklahoma. The US Army crushed any resistance to removal. With the West cleared of this obstacle, westerners focused on developing new methods of transporting their goods to market. The canal and railroad systems, which grew up in the North, facilitated a much larger volume of trade and manufacturing while reducing costs a great deal. Great cities sprang up throughout the North and Northwest, bolstered by the improvement in transportation. After the Midwest had been substantially developed, the national focus turned toward the far west. The territory of Texas, controlled by the 28. _______________________, was settled by Americans, who eventually undertook the Texas Rebellion in efforts to win independence. When the United States admitted Texas to the Union in 1845, the Mexican government was outraged, and from 1846 to 1848, the two-nations squared off in the Mexican War. With a resounding victory, the United States gained control of Texas, New Mexico, and California. The Oregon territory was annexed in 1846 as well, and the US controlled the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

28. Fill in the blank: Thomas Jefferson executed the ________________________________ from France. 29. Fill in the blank: President ____________________30. Fill in the blank: French or Spanish 31. What was the belief that the United States’ destiny was to expand to the Pacific Ocean?

A. Lewis and Clark TheoryB. Monroe DoctrineC. Missouri CompromiseD. Manifest Destiny

Homestead Act The United States Government had a LOT of land and after the Civil War, they wanted to encourage people to

move west. Hence, the Homestead Act was passed which allowed people to acquire land on the 31. ________________ at very little cost to them. There were a few rules, however. People interested in Homesteading first had to file their intentions at the nearest Land Office. A brief check for previous ownership claims was made for the plot of land in question, usually described by its survey coordinates. The prospective homesteader paid a filing fee of $10 to claim the land temporarily, as well as a $2 commission to the land agent. With application and receipt in hand, the homesteader

then returned to the land to begin the process of building a home and farming the land, both requirements for "proving" up at the end of five years. When all requirements had been completed and the homesteader was ready the take legal possession, the homesteader found two neighbors or friends willing to vouch for the truth of his or her statements about the land's improvements and sign the "proof" document. After successful completion of this final form and payment of a $6 fee, the homesteader received the patent for the land, signed with the name of the current President of the United States. This paper was often proudly displayed on a cabin wall and represented the culmination of hard work and determination.

32. Fill in the blank: _____________________33. The purpose of the Homestead Act was to help develop the _________.

ImmigrationAmerica has long been a place that many people from other counties have seen as a land of great opportunity. As

a result, America is a land filled with immigrants. The 1920s unfolded at the tail end of the greatest wave of immigration in American History. Between 1880 and 1920, more than 25 million foreigners arrived on American shores, transforming the country. The immigrant surge of the late 19th and early 20th century was distinctive in its size, its demographics, and its impact upon American culture and society. More than 80% of the arrivals after 1890 were so-called "New Immigrants," natives of Southern and Eastern Europe, culturally and ethnically perceived to be quite different from the Germans and Brits who had embodied the bulk of the immigration into the United States in earlier periods. Italians, Poles, Jews, and Slavs—ethnic groups came in large numbers.

34. What are the five (5) benefits that

immigrants might receive in America?35. What is Uncle Sam doing atop the plank?36. What attitude about immigration does this cartoon present?

Sherman Anti-Trust ActBy the late 1800‘s businesses were growing larger and larger. Some, like Standard Oil, controlled the entire market. These companies are known as monopolies, or trusts. A monopoly is bad for the public. It means little competition, higher prices and poor product quality. The Sherman Act authorized the federal government to institute proceedings

against trusts in order to dissolve them, but Supreme Court rulings prevented federal authorities from using the act for some years. Because of President Theodore Roosevelt's "trust-busting" campaigns, the Sherman Act began to be invoked with some success, and in 1904 the Supreme Court upheld the government in its suit for dissolution of the Northern Securities Company. The act was further employed by President Taft in 1911 against the Standard Oil trust and the American Tobacco Company.

37. Why did reformers consider the practice of patronage to be a bad idea? ____A. It stopped the two-party political system from being effective. B. It allowed government leaders to increase tariffs on foreign goods. C. It prevented the most qualified people from getting civil service jobs. D. It encouraged businesses to take kick bands from large construction projects

38. The Federal government’s lack of regulation on big businesses is known as… ____A. AnarchyB. Laissez FaireC. Social DarwinismD. Vertical Integration

Chinese Exclusion ActThe Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law

restricting immigration into the United States. Those on the West Coast were especially prone to attribute declining wages and economic ills on the despised Chinese workers. Although the Chinese composed only .002 percent of the nation’s population, Congress passed the exclusion act to satisfy worker demands and assuage prevalent concerns about maintaining white “racial purity.”

39. What was the stereotype of Chinese immigrants that came to make them forbidden?

40. Where did most Chinese immigrants tend to work?

Vertical IntegrationDifferent methods were used to achieve business success and domination by different people. Examples would be

Andrew Carnegie (the man who built US Steel into the largest company in the world) used vertical integration, controlling every step in the process of manufacturing a product, it would dominate the market. Vertical integration saves costs allowing the owner to sell his product cheaper than those who are not Integrated. It also avoids the middleman.

Others such as John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) used horizontal integration. The process of controlling all of an entire market. Such as buying out every steel producer there is. Horizontal integration eliminates the competition giving the producer a monopoly.41. Describe how a monopoly uses vertical Integration. 42. Describe how a monopoly uses horizontal integration.

Gentlemen’s AgreementThe Gentlemen’s Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by

President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. A treaty with Japan in 1894 had assured free immigration, but as the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility. A gentlemen’s agreement refers to an understanding between two people or groups that is understood, not necessarily written down.

43. President Theodore Roosevelt reached the Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907, with the goal of… ____A. Banning Asians from owning farmland.

B. Encouraging Chinese immigration to the United States.C. Slowing the immigration of Japanese laborers.D. Ending all Japanese immigration to the United States.

Child Labor In 1900, 44. ___ percent of all American workers were under the age of 16. The educational reformers of the mid-nineteenth century convinced many among the native-born population that primary school education was a necessity for both personal fulfillment and the advancement of the nation. This led several states to establish a minimum wage for labor and minimal requirements for school attendance. These laws had many loopholes, however, and were in place in only some states where they were laxly enforced. In addition, the influx of immigrants, beginning with the Irish in the 1840s and continuing after 1880 with groups from southern and eastern Europe, provided a new pool of child workers. Many of these immigrants came from a rural background, and they had much the same attitude toward child labor as Americans had in the eighteenth century. The new supply of child workers was matched by a tremendous expansion of American industry in the last quarter of the nineteenth century that increased the jobs suitable for children. The two factors led to a rise in the percentage of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significantly understates the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were employed in 1900. In southern cotton mills, 25 percent of the employees were below the age of fifteen, with half of these children below age twelve. In addition, the horrendous conditions of work for many child laborers brought the issue to public attention. Determined efforts to regulate or eliminate child labor have been a feature of social reform in the United States since 1900. The leaders in this effort were the National Child Labor Committee, organized in 1904, and the many state child labor committees. These organizations, gradualist in philosophy and thus prepared to accept what was achievable even if not theoretically sufficient, employed flexible tactics and could withstand the frustration of defeats and slow progress. The committees pioneered the techniques of mass political action, including investigations by experts, the widespread use of photography to dramatize the poor conditions of children at work, pamphlets, leaflets, and mass mailings to reach the public, and sophisticated lobbying. Despite these activities, success depended heavily on the political climate in the nation as well as developments that reduced the need or desirability of child labor. During the period from 1902 to 1915, child labor committees emphasized reform through state legislatures. Many laws restricting child labor were passed as part of the progressive reform movement of this period. But the gaps that remained, particularly in the southern states, led to a decision to work for a federal child labor law. Congress passed such laws in 1916 and 1918, but the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional.

44. What percent of all American workers were under the age of 16 in the 1900s?45. True or False: The attendance policy for students was well enforced in the early 1900s. 46. What were the working conditions for children typically?

The Rise of Political MachinesWilliam Marcy “Boss” Tweed was the most notorious man who ran New York City. As a boy, Tweed was a volunteer with a local fire company, at a time when private fire companies were important neighborhood organizations. Tweed, as a young man, gave up the chair business and devoted all his time to politics, working his way up in the Tammany organization. This organization ran politics in New York for over 80 years. Tweed eventually became the Grand Sachem of Tammany, this was the

most powerful title of the strongest political organization ion the city. It wielded immense influence over the administration of New York City. In the early 1870‘s Tweed and his “ring” demanded payoffs from contractors who did business with the city, and it was estimated that Tweed personally amassed millions of dollars.The Tweed Ring was so brazen that it invited its own downfall. Tweed was eventually prosecuted and died in prison. But the Tammany organization continued, and its political influence endured under the leadership of new Grand Sachems.

47. How does the cartoon illustrate the idea of pass-the-buck?48. Which figure is most likely Boss Tweed? Why would you think this?49. How does this cartoon illustrate a political machine at work?

MuckrakersThe print revolution enabled publications to increase their subscriptions dramatically by the early 1900‘s. What

appeared in print was now more powerful than ever. Writing to Congress in hopes of correcting abuses was slow and often produced zero results. Publishing a series of articles had a much more immediate impact. Collectively called muckrakers, a brave cadre of reporters exposed injustices so grave they made the blood of the average American run cold.50. List an example of a Muckraker, their piece of work, and its effect.

Big StickBig Stick ideology, Big Stick diplomacy, or Big Stick policy refers to President 51. ____________________ foreign

policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick." Roosevelt attributed the term to a West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far," but the claim that it originated in West Africa has been disputed. The idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. The area most affected by this policy was Latin America, as Roosevelt saw the United States as an imperialist power that had every right to interfere with affairs in Central America, South America and the islands of the Caribbean.

51. Fill in the blank: _________________________52. Wherever American business goes, American ______________________ follows.

Spanish American War, Florida Tampa was placed in a unique position of importance in the summer of 1898 as thirty thousand U.S. Army troops converged on our area on their way to aid Cuba in its fight for independence from 53. ____________. As a result, the Spanish-American War put Tampa on the map for the first time in history. In addition to its geographical location and its deep-water port, the choice of our city as a point of embarkation was directly related to Henry B. Plant - his railroad line, his ships, his luxurious Tampa Bay Hotel, and his lobbying.

53. Which country was Cuba fight for their independence from?54. Remember the _____________55. Instead of attacking Spain in Cuba, America attacked Spain in the __________________ and later annexed it.

Neutrality As World War I erupted in Europe, President 56. __________________ formally proclaims the neutrality of the United States a position that a vast majority of Americans favored, on August 4, 1914. Wilson's initial hope that America could be "impartial in thought as well as in action" was soon compromised by Germany's attempted quarantine of the British Isles. Britain was one of America's closest trading partners, and tension arose between the United States and Germany when several U.S. ships traveling to Britain were damaged or sunk by German mines.

56. Fill in the blank: President: ____________________Lusitania

On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, which primarily ferried people and goods across the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Great Britain, was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sunk. Of the 1,959 people on board, 1,198 died, including 128 Americans.

57. What was the effects of the sinking of the Lusitania?

Yellow PressThis newspaper technique was first used by Joseph Pulitzer, writer for the New York World. Colored comics were used to capture the reader's eye. This technique was featured in the "Yellow Kid", hence the name "yellow journalism". Since Pulitzer used this to sell papers, anything that is used to sell more papers, even if it does not involve factual reporting.

58. Research an example of one of Pulitzers articles considered to be Yellow Press and describe it.

Yellow FeverFor the men leading the Panama Canal project in 1904, challenges of building the canal were exacerbated by the

infectious diseases that ran rampant in the hot, wet Panamanian climate. By 1906, more than 85% of the canal workers had been hospitalized. The threat of yellow fever created panic and made the site undesirable and feared by employees. Malaria was no better -- someone who fell ill usually required a stay in the hospital, and recovery did not ensure immunity. During canal construction, tens of thousands of workers fell ill with yellow fever or malaria.

59. What was the purpose of the Panama Canal?

Sussex PledgeThe Sussex Pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to their

entry into WW I. Early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships – but not passenger ships – to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this avowed restriction, a French cross-channel passenger ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning on March 24, 1916; the ship was severely damaged and about 50 lives were lost. Although no U.S. citizens were killed in this attack, it prompted President Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing, on May 4, 1916, the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy. The primary elements of this undertaking were. Passenger ships would not be targeted; Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship; Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.

60. True or False: The Sussex Pledge being broken was one of the causes of the U.S. joining the war.

Espionage ActEnforced largely by A. Mitchell Palmer, the United States attorney general under President Woodrow Wilson the

Espionage Act essentially made it a crime for any person to convey information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces prosecution of the war effort or to promote the success of the country's enemies. The Espionage Act was reinforced by the Sedition Act of the following year, which imposed similarly harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war; insulting or abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution or the military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; or advocating, teaching or defending any of these acts. Both pieces of legislation were aimed at socialists, pacifists, and other anti-war activists during World War I and were used to punishing effect in the years immediately following the war, during a period characterized by the fear of communist influence and communist infiltration into American society.

61. What were the possible punishments for the crimes outlined in the Espionage Act?

African Americans in World War IDespite institutionalized prejudice, hundreds of thousands of African Americans fought in the U.S. military during

World War I. Even as most African Americans did not reap the benefits of American democracy—so central to the

rhetoric of World War I—many still chose to support a nation that denied them full citizenship. Late in 1917, the War Department created two all-black infantry divisions. The 93rd Infantry Division received unanimous praise for its performance in combat, fighting as part of France’s 4th Army.

62. True or False: This is the first war that African Americans have fought in.

Fourteen PointsMore than anything else, Woodrow Wilson saw himself as a diplomat. He had already rouged out the concept of the Fourteen Points to Congress and the American people months before the armistice. These were presented at the meeting for the Versailles Treaty at the end of the Great War. Points one through five attempted to eliminate the immediate causes of the war: imperialism, trade restrictions, arms races, secret treaties, and disregard of nationalist tendencies. Points six through 13 attempted to restore territories occupied during the war and set post-war boundaries, also based on national self-determination. In the 14th Point, Wilson envisioned a global organization to protect states and prevent future wars.

63. One of Wilson’s points was self-determination. What is that and what is its effect?

League of NationsThe League of Nations came into being after the end of World War I. The League of Nation's task was simple - to ensure that war never broke out again. After the turmoil caused by the Versailles Treaty many looked to the League to bring stability to the world. The country, whose president, Woodrow Wilson, had dreamt up the idea of the League - America - refused to join it. As America was the world’s most powerful nation, this was a serious blow to the prestige of the League. Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919. Russia was also not allowed to join as in 1917 she had a communist government. Such a country could not be allowed to take its place in the League. Therefore, three of the world’s most powerful nations (potentially for Russia and Germany) played no part in supporting the League. The two most powerful members were Britain and France - both had suffered financially and militarily during the war - and neither was enthusiastic to get involved in disputes that did not affect western Europe. Therefore, the League had a fine ideal - to end war for good. However, if an aggressor nation was determined enough to ignore the League’s verbal warnings, all the League could do was enforce economic sanctions and hope that these worked as it had no chance or enforcing its decisions using military might.

64. Why did the US not join the League of Nations?65. What was the main problem with the League of Nations?

Booker T. Washington Born into slavery in Virginia in the mid-to-late 1850s, Booker T. Washington put himself through school and became a teacher. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 66. ________________ (now known as Tuskegee University), which grew immensely and focused on training African Americans in 67. ___________________ pursuits. A political adviser and writer, Washington clashed with intellectual W.E.B. Dubois over the best avenues for racial uplift.

66. What state is Tuskegee University in?67. Fill in the blank: Agricultural or industrial

W.E.B DuboisIn 1895, Du Bois became the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in the subject of history from Harvard University. He eventually concluded that the only effective strategy against racism was agitation. He challenged the dominant ideology of black accommodation as preached and practiced by Booker T. Washington, then the most influential black man in America. Washington urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and elevate themselves through hard work and economic gain to win the respect of whites. Although the Niagara Movement faltered, it was the forerunner of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was founded in 1909.

68. What is the goal of the NAACP?

69. What was the Niagara Movement?

Home Front WWIDuring the twentieth century, women's roles in the world wars became indispensable. In many countries, the need for male participation in the First World War was seen as almost necessary, as unprecedented numbers of men were wounded and killed. The home front of the United States in WWI saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions and money needed to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in April 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems that the British and other Allies had to solve on their home fronts. Thus, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months, then efficiency took control. The war came in the midst of the Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, the federal government (and states as well) set up a multitude of temporary agencies to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy and society into the production of munitions and food necessary for the war, as well as the production of ideas necessary to motivate the people. In 1917 the administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for World War I.

70. What is conscription?

Jazz Age The Jazz Age was a feature of the 1920s when jazz music and dance became popular. This occurred particularly in the United States, but also in Britain, France and elsewhere. Jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes during the period, and its influence on pop culture continued long afterwards. Jazz music originated mainly in 71. ___________, and is/was a fusion of African and European music. The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the phenomenon referred to as the Roaring Twenties. The term "Jazz Age" was coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The birth of jazz music is generally credited to African Americans. The spread of jazz was encouraged by the introduction of large-scale radio broadcasts in 1922. With the women’s suffrage at its peak in the 1920s and the entrance of the flapper. women began to make a statement within society and the Jazz Age was not immune to these new ideals. With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment. Ideas like equality and free sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize during this period.

71. Fill in the blank: What state did Jazz music originate mainly?

Economic BoomThe 1920s was a decade that began on January 1, 1920 and ended on December 31, 1929. It is sometimes referred to as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age when speaking about the Canada, USA, or the UK. In Europe, the decade is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age Twenties" because of the economic boom following WWI.Since the end of the 20th century, the economic strength during the 1920s has drawn close comparison with the 1950s and 1990s, especially in the United States of America. These three decades are regarded as periods of economic prosperity, which lasted throughout nearly each entire decade.

Tariffs The Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922 was a law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods. The Roaring Twenties brought a period of sustained economic prosperity with an end to the Great Depression; the prosperity ended in late 1929, and the tariff was revised in 1930.

72. Why was much of the Economic Boom a façade?Fundamentalism

A movement in American Protestantism that arose in the early part of the 20th century in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record. It holds as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming. This arose in contrast to Darwinism,

the Jazz Age, and the focus of advertising and selling all things that were “new”.

73. True or False: Fundamentalist took the Bible literally.

Harlem RenaissanceOriginally called the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a literary and intellectual flowering that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 1930s. Critic and teacher Alain Locke described it as a "spiritual coming of age" in which the black community was able to seize upon its "first chances for group expression and self-determination." With racism still rampant and economic opportunities scarce, creative expression was one of the few avenues available to African Americans in the early twentieth century. Chiefly —the birth of jazz is generally considered a separate movement—the Harlem Renaissance, according to Locke, transformed "social disillusionment to race pride."

74. Describe an influential figure from the Harlem Renaissance.

Lend Lease ActEnacted by Congress in 1941 the Lend-Lease Act empowered the president to sell, transfer, lend, or lease war supplies—such as equipment, food, and weapons—to American allies during World War II. In exchange for the valuable assistance provided under the Lend-Lease Act (55 Stat. 31 [1941]), the Allies were to comply with the terms set by the president for repayment. The Office of Lend-Lease Administration was created pursuant to the act to oversee the implementation of the program, but this function was later transferred to the State Department.

Cash and CarryThe cash-and-carry policy was a WWII policy under Franklin Roosevelt before the United States formally got involved in 1941 after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. It allowed the sale of material to belligerent countries, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport and paid immediately in cash. Its purpose was to instill a sense of neutrality between the United States and European countries while still giving aid to Britain. Before this policy, it was illegal to sell anything or loan money to belligerent countries. Because the US was rebounding from the Great Depression, this policy also helped to create more manufacturing jobs.

75. Explain FDR’s argument for passing the Lend and Lease, and Cash and Carry Acts.

HolocaustThe word “Holocaust,” from the Greek words “holos” (whole) and “kaustos” (burned), was historically used to

describe a sacrificial offering burned on an altar. Since 1945, the word has taken on a new and horrible meaning: the mass murder of some 6 million European Jews (as well as members of some other persecuted groups) the German Nazi regime during the Second World War. To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler’s “final solution”–now known as the Holocaust–came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland.

76. What are examples of “members of some other persecuted groups?77. What is anti-Semitism?

Home Front World War IIWhen the U.S. joined WWII everyday life across the country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and clothing were

rationed. Communities conducted scrap metal drives. To help build the armaments necessary to win the war, women found employment as electricians, welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of the fighting overseas. And, while popular entertainment served to demonize the nation’s enemies, it also was viewed as an escapist outlet that allowed Americans brief respites from war worries.

78. What event caused the U.S. to join the war? 79. What happened to Japanese Americans?

Nuremberg Trials

Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was never brought to trial. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.80. Why was Hitler never brought to trial?81. Being found guilty of crimes against humanity, defeated the excuse that soldiers were just ___________________.

Hiroshima and NagasakiOn August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb

over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.”

82. What were the names of the two atomic bombs?83. What were the arguments for and against dropping the atomic bombs?

Cuban Missile Crisis During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and

military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President 84. _______________________ notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. The president also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from 85. __________________.

84. President __________________________85. Fill in the blank: ________________

Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the

economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of ‘restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.’ The plan is named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. The plan was also a way for the United States to reach out to European countries to stop the spread of 86. _________________________.

86. Fill in the blank: ____________________

Korean WarOn June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People’s Army

poured across the 87. ________________, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea’s behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. After some early back-and-forth, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and or even 88. _________________, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War ended. In all,

some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war.

87. Fill in the blank: __________________88. What other communist country was the U.S. cautious about going to war with?89. True or False: The Korean peninsula still divided.

IndochinaIndochina, also called (until 1950) French Indochina, the three states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia formerly associated with 90._____________, first within its empire. The term Indochina refers to the intermingling of Indian and Chinese influences in the culture of the region. This was an area where the treat of the spread of Communism forced the United States to become involved.

90. What imperialistic empire previously ruled Indochina?

Cold WarGrowing out of post-World War II tensions between the two nations, the Cold War rivalry between the United

States and the 91.____________________ that lasted for much of the second half of the 20th century resulted in mutual suspicions, heightened tensions and a series of international incidents that brought the world’s superpowers to the brink of disaster. While there was rarely an armed conflict between these two superpowers, there was a constant struggle by each country to constantly outdo each other.

91. The Cold War was between the United States and the ___________________________.

VietnamizationUpon taking office in 1969, U.S. President 92. ___________________________ (1913-94) introduced a new

strategy called Vietnamization that was aimed at ending American involvement in the Vietnam War (1954-75) by transferring all military responsibilities to South Vietnam. The increasingly unpopular war had created deep divisions in American society. Nixon believed his Vietnamization strategy, which involved building up South Vietnam’s military strength in order to facilitate a gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops, would prepare the South Vietnamese to take responsibility for their own defense against a Communist takeover and allow the U.S. to leave the conflict with its honor intact. In 1973, the U.S. negotiated a treaty with the North Vietnamese, withdrew American combat troops and declared the Vietnamization process complete. However, in 1975, South Vietnam fell to Communist forces. The Vietnam War divided the country into two different sections. The sections were the people who wanted war and the ones who didn't. The ones who wanted war were known as the "Hawks." The ones who didn't want war were known as the "Doves." The hawks believed that due to the aggression of North Vietnamese it forced us into the war.

92. President _________________________Black Panthers

U.S. African-American militant party, founded (1966) in Oakland, Calif., by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Originally aimed at armed self-defense against the local police, the party grew to espouse violent revolution as the only means of achieving black liberation. The Black Panthers called on African Americans to arm themselves for the liberation struggle. In the late 1960s party members became involved in a series of violent confrontations with the police (resulting in deaths on both sides) and in a series of court cases, some resulting from direct shoot-outs with the police and some from independent charges.

93. True or False: The Blank Panthers supported Martin Luther King Jr.

Freedom ridesOn May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a

series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. The Freedom Riders, who were recruited by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a U.S. civil rights group, departed from Washington, D.C., and attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South. African-American Freedom

Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters, and vice versa. The group encountered tremendous violence from white protestors along the route, but also drew international attention to their cause. Over the next few months, several hundred Freedom Riders engaged in similar actions. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide.

94. What policy were the Freedom Riders protesting?

Rosa ParksBy refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a 95. __________________________________, city bus in 1955,

black seamstress Rosa Parks (1913—2005) helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United States. The leaders of the local black community organized a bus boycott that began the day Parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws. Led by a young Rev. 96. ______________________________, the boycott lasted more than a year—during which Parks not coincidentally lost her job—and ended only when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional. Over the next half-century, Parks became a nationally recognized symbol of dignity and strength in the struggle to end entrenched racial segregation.

95. Fill in the blank: __________________________________96. Fill in the blank: __________________________________

Gideon v. WainwrightYou have the right to an attorney thanks to this case. In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves. The case began with the 1961 arrest of Clarence Earl Gideon. Gideon was charged with breaking and entering a Panama City, Florida, pool hall and stealing money from the hall's vending machines. At trial, Gideon, who could not afford a lawyer himself, requested that an attorney be appointed to represent him. He was told by the judge that Florida only provided attorneys to indigent defendants charged with crimes that might result in the death penalty if they were found guilty.

97. True or False: Gideon was accused of the crime because he was a young, black man. 98. Which amendment does this supreme court case relate to?

Little Rock 9Little Rock Nine were a group of African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by the governor. They then attended after the intervention of President 99. ______________, who sent in the 101st Airborne Division of the US Army to escort them to class. The Supreme Court issued its historic 100. _______________________________ on May 17, 1954. The decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation.

99. President: __________________100. Which Supreme Court Case?

WatergateEarly in the morning of June 17, 1972, several burglars were arrested inside the office of the Democratic National

Committee (DNC), located in the Watergate building in Washington, D.C. This was no ordinary robbery: The prowlers were connected to President 101. ______________________ reelection campaign, and they had been caught while attempting to wiretap phones and steal secret documents. While historians are not sure whether he knew about the Watergate espionage operation before it happened, he took steps to cover it up afterwards, raising “hush money” for the burglars, trying to stop the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from investigating the crime, destroying evidence, and firing uncooperative staff members. In August 1974, after his role in the Watergate conspiracy had finally become known, the president 102 _______________________. His successor, Gerald Ford, immediately pardoned him for all the crimes he “committed or may have committed” while in office. Although Nixon was never prosecuted, the Watergate scandal changed American politics forever, leading many Americans to question their leadership and think more critically about the presidency.

101. President: ______________________________102. Fill in the blank: be impeached or resigned.

ApartheidThis refers to legalized, institutionalized racial segregation in a country. This happened in 103. _______________.

After the National Party gained power in 1948, its all-white government immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid. Under apartheid, nonwhites (most the population) would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited. Despite strong and consistent opposition to apartheid, its laws remained in effect for the better part of 50 years. In 1991, the government of President F.W. de Klerk began to repeal most of the legislation that provided the basis for apartheid.

103. Fill in the blank: South Africa

GlasnostThe declared public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. This was the beginning of the end for the Soviet Union as it had existed for decades in what is now Russia. This would bring a startling end to the Cold War.

104. Why does the cartoonist show the hammer and sickle broken into 15 pieces?

105.How does Gorbachev seem to feel about what has happen? Why do you think he feels this way?

Great SocietyGreat Society, in U.S. history, term for the domestic policies of

President 106. __________________. In his first State of the Union message, he called for a war on poverty and the creation of a "Great Society," a prosperous nation that had overcome racial divisions. To this end, he proposed an expansion in the federal government's role in domestic policy. During his administration, Congress enacted two major civil-rights acts (1964 and 1965), the Economic Opportunity Act (1964), and two education acts (1965). In addition, legislation was passed that created the Job Corps, Operation Head Start, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), Medicaid, and Medicare. Although the Great Society program made significant contributions to the protection of civil rights and the expansion of social programs, critics increasingly complained that the antipoverty programs were ineffective and wasteful. The economic and political costs of the escalation of the Vietnam War, as well as the costs of these programs themselves, soon overtook his domestic initiatives.

106. President _______________________107. What does the Prize Cow represent?108. What would tax payers money be used on?

Terrorism

With the increased amount of globalization, and that we exist in a world and an economy that is reliant upon other countries and other cultures, in the 21st Century we have seen an increased level of terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes. It can have an ideology that is religious, political, economic, or ideological.

109. What is globalization? 110. Why?