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Test Bank for An Introduction to Social Psychology by Alcock for only 79 99

Complete downloadable file at:https://testbanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-An-Introduction-to-Social-Psychology-by-Alcock-for-only-79-99 1. The term that means a situation devised for participants in an experiment leads participants to

react naturally:a. experimental realismb. mundane realismc. double-blindd. extraneous variablee. quasi realism

2. Meta-analysis is:a. a process by which more than one researcher carefully reviews the same datab. the analysis that a journal editor carries out in order to see if a given research article fits in

with other research to be included in a given issuec. a statistical technique in which each of a number of studies of a phenomenon is treated as a

single observationd. a statistical technique whereby individual participants are treated as groupse. a technique which allows the researcher to establish the validity of a particular experimental

approach

3. Case studies:a. are an accurate method of obtaining experimental datab. are useful in stimulating research and theory, but not in arriving at reliable conclusions about

cause and effectc. are useful in helping the researcher arrive at conclusions about alternative explanations but

not in stimulating researchd. can be replicated in the laboratorye. are not liable to the research biases

4. In quasi-experiments:a. the researcher has no control over the independent variableb. the researcher can randomly assign participants to conditionsc. only correlational analyses are possibled. participants are assigned to conditionse. participants, rather than the experimenter, control the independent variable(s)

5. Which term does NOT belong with the others?

https://testbanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-An-Introduction-to-Social-Psychology-by-Alcock-for-only-79-99


a. correlationb. cause and effectc. experimental methodd. manipulated variablee. treatment effect

6. Experimenter effects can be minimized by:a. randomly assigning all participantsb. carefully controlling the independent variable(s)c. using an experimenter who is ‘blind’ to the hypothesisd. using reactive measures where possiblee. using an adequate and representative sample

7. All of the following are self-report measures except:a. surveysb. questionnairesc. telephone interviewsd. archival approache. structured interviews

8. Studies of the reactions of participants who have participated in research using deception have found:a. participants report that they do not mind being deceivedb. participants believe that deception is necessaryc. participants suffered long term negative effectsd. participants believe deception is not necessarye. none of the above

9. Which variable is the one which the experimenter sets out to study?a. the dependent variableb. the third variablec. the extraneous variabled. the independent variablee. the intervening variable

10. A researcher examines all published studies of research on the effects of violent films on laboratory measures of aggression and concludes that taken as a whole, these data support the hypothesis that media violence elicits aggression. This analysis would appear to be a:a. control group post hoc analysisb. weighted group statistical designc. meta-analysisd. multiple study quasi-experiment


e. longitudinal study

11. If you are interested in the effects of sleep deprivation on aggression and you vary the number of hours that different groups of participants go without sleep, the amount of aggression displayed is your:a. independent variableb. intervening variablec. experimental variabled. controlled variablee. dependent variable

12. An operational definition of fatigue might be:a. number of yawns in a five minute periodb. number of hours without sleepc. subject's rating of fatigue on a rating scaled. both a and be. all of the above

13. A control group post-test design:a. involves the repeated measure of participantsb. involves measuring two groups only once, after some event of interestc. allows for the control of the independent variabled. a and be. all of the above

14. Participants are told as fully as possible what will happen to them during the experiment. This is a necessary condition for:a. informed consentb. debriefingc. dehoaxingd. desensitizatione. none of the above

15. The major advantage of the field experiment over the laboratory experiment is that:a. participants are not aware that research is being conductedb. its procedure is non-reactivec. demand characteristics are absentd. there is no evaluation apprehensione. all of the above

16. Random assignment is necessary to:a. ensure mundane realism


b. allow correlational inferences to be drawnc. avoid the naturalistic fallacyd. control for pre-existing differences between different groups of participantse. eliminate experimenter effects

17. Participants watch a video in which they see a series of cards, each containing an incomplete word, e.g. S-Y.In one condition, the experimenter holding up the words is white, in the other, she is Asian.Participants in the latter condition were more likely to write down word completions consistent with the stereotype of Asian women, e.g. SHY. The dependent variable in this study is:a. the videob. the ethnicity of the experimenterc. the wordsd. activation of a stereotypee. word completions consistent with a stereotype

18.How would you describe this study?a. mundane realismb. psychological realismc. processes in the labd. valide. none of the above

19. A technique in which neither the experimenter nor the subject is aware of the group to which the subject belongs is known as:

a. single-blindb. double-blindc. matchingd. blind-foldinge. quasi-experimental

20.The Stanford Prison study described in Chapter 1 is an example of:a. double-blindb. use of experimental deceptionc. correlationald. simulatione. stimulation

21. Which of the following is a participant effect (bias) in research?a. double-blindb. demand characteristicsc. quasi-experimentald. mundane realism


e. external validity

22. To ensure that a difference between experimental and control groups is not due to differences prior to the experiment, what must we do?a. mundane realismb. eliminate demand characteristicsc. random assignment of participantsd. double-blinde. all of the above

23.Which of the following is an alternative to using deception in experiments?a. mundane realismb. role-playingc. random assignment of participantsd. survey methodse. all of the above

24.What is meant by the ‘file-drawer problem’ in research?a. participants unable to open a locked drawerb. pertinent studies that failed to find a significant effect are not publishedc. researchers file away data that reveal that their theory is wrongd. too many studies are published to fit into a filee. the experimenter cannot afford to purchase a computer

25.Heinrich et al (2010) characterize the population of research participants as WEIRD.What does that mean?a. wonderful, educated, intelligent, righteous, dominantb. western, educated, industrialized, rich, democraticc. western, educated, intelligent, rightwing (political), dominantd. warlike, elementary, industrious, rightwing, dominante. sexually deviant

26. _____ helps us organize the results of research.a. The scientific research methodb. A theoryc. A hypothesisd. Systematic observatione. An experiment

27. When an investigator uses data that was previously compiled for some other purpose by someone else, she is using the __________ method.a. self-report


b. observationalc. surveyd. correlationale. archival

28. The behaviourist perspective in social psychology emphasizes:a. that our beliefs, feelings and behaviour are influenced by external reinforcementb. the importance of how individuals construe their environmentc. the importance of individual participants d. the influence of personality on behavioure. the effect of behaviour on behaviour

29. If ‘drinking’ is equated with the number of bottles of beer consumed per hours, this is an example of:a. operational definitionb. observational methodc. biased samplingd. a definitive definitione. survey method

30.A measure is considered to be ________ if the same score can be replicated on different but similar occasions.a. validb. standardc. substandardd. reliablee. operational

31. Role play:a. is an alternative to deceptionb. is usually not very useful for research purposesc. tells us only how they think others would actd. provides less information than the researcher's intuition woulde. all of the above

32. Participants are informed after the experiment that they have been deceived and the purpose of the experiment is explained to them. This is called:a. informed consentb. desensitizationc. invasion of participants' privacyd. debriefinge. role play


33. External validity of research refers to the extent to which:a. the participant agrees with the findingsb. other experimenters also agree with the findingsc. the results are obtained in more than one studyd. the results can be generalized to situations outside the research settinge. all of the above

34. The idea that we need to look at factors within the individual in order to understand behaviour is a tenet of:a. the cognitive perspectiveb. behaviourismc. social modelling theoryd. social exchange theorye. reinforcement theory

35. Which of the following research methods may allow us to draw inferences about cause and effect?a. field studyb. correlational surveyc. self-reportd. archivale. experimental

36. To be able to define hypothetical constructs in a quantifiable way, we usually employ:a. mathematical modelsb. operational definitionsc. statistical analysesd. theoretical conceptse. experimental techniques

37. When studying complex social issues, it makes sense to use:a. qualitative methodsb. quantitative methodsc. both qualitative methods and quantitative methodsd. specific methodse. none of the above

38. The independent variable in a research study is:a. the resultb. the performance of the participantsc. the variable measured by the experimenter


d. the variable manipulated by the experimentere. a variable that stays constant

39. The tendency of participants in research to present themselves in the best light reflects:a. initial impression formationb. evaluation apprehensionc. self-consciousness monitoringd. open-ended questionse. none of the above

40. A measure is __________ if it measures what it is supposed to measure.a. reliableb. validc. operationald. effectivee. standard

41. Which of the following might not allow clear causal inferences?a. field studiesb. case studiesc. archival methodsd. non-experimental methods in generale. all of the above

42. Internal validity refers to:a. specificity in the datab. the extent to which the obtained effect is due to the independent variable(s)c. the applicability of the results to other situationsd. the fact that the experimental results can only be applied to a population, not an individuale. the amount of effort required to generate the data

43. One way to increase __________ is by doing a field experiment.a. internal validityb. reliabilityc. statistical significanced. subject participatione. externalvalidity

44. According to ethical guidelines, participants in research must:a. be randomly assignedb. not be volunteersc. be protected from harm


d. give their consente. both c and d

45. The most efficient way of ensuring representative sampling is through:a. mundane realismb. controlling for all possible extraneous variablesc. randomization techniquesd. electing representativese. statistical inference

46. Which of the following distinguishes the correlational method from experimentation?a. the correlational method uses fewer participantsb. no attempt is made to systematically manipulate one or more factors with the correlational

methodc. the correlational method enables researchers to study social attitudesd. the findings from the correlational method are more likely to be contaminated by the

researcher's valuese. both a and b

47. The advantage of the interview technique over the questionnaire approach is that:a. interview data can be collected easily and cheaplyb. it does not require the time and effort that must go into preparing questionnairesc. the researcher has the opportunity to seek clarification when responses are ambiguousd. the interviewer can reliably detect from the tone of the respondents whether they are lyinge. none of the above

48. Which of the following is an effort by psychology to deal with globalization?a. randomization of participantsb. field studiesc. non-reactive measuresd. cross-cultural researche. intensive interviews

49. What field of psychology allows us to gain insight into what is going on in the brain when individuals are engaged in social behaviour?a. cognitive psychologyb. neurosciencec. behaviourismd. both a and be. both a and c


50. A measure which can be used without participants being aware that a measurement is being made is called:a. a reactive measureb. an independent variablec. an artifactd. a non-reactive measuree. an extraneous variable

51. Which of the following is/are included in the ethical research codes of many countries?a. respect for the dignity of the personb. need for informed consentc. protection from harmd. need for privacye. all of the above

52. A longitudinal study:a. is a correlational approachb. involves measuring two or more variables on the same participants at various points in timec. can, with sophisticated statistical analysis, provide some degree of causal inferenced. both a and be. all of the above

53. What is the principle of informed consent about?a. debrief participants after the study as to what it was aboutb. telling participants before a study as fully as possible about what will happen to them during the studyc. assuring participants that their responses will be confidentiald. informing participants in research that their consent will be obtainede. the participant consents to being informed

54. The following is true about deception in research:a. it was not common prior to 1960b. it has increased since the 1960sc. as much as 75% of published social psychological research involves some deceptiond. both a and be. all of the above

55. The cognitive perspective in social psychology emphasizes:a. that most of human behaviour is learned through imitationb. that our beliefs and feelings are influenced by external reinforcementc. how individuals construe their environmentd. the small group approach to understanding behaviour


e. the importance of individual differences

56. Placing participants in a control group that is not given a potentially helpful drug creates:a. an ethical problemb. an intervention problemc. a research problemd. a statistical probleme. no problem

57. A reliable measure:a. produces the same score repeatedly with the same instrumentb. does not allow any interaction between the subject and the experimenterc. reflects the subject's underlying beliefsd. should only be used with mature participantse. measures what it is supposed to measure

58. Two aspects of debriefing are:a. dehoaxing and desensitizationb. dehoaxing and informed consentc. desensitization and decompressiond. dehoaxing and destroyinge. desensitization and decontamination

59. Most deception in social psychology:a. should be forbidden because it puts participants at serious riskb. is quite benignc. has not been shown to have any long-term negative consequencesd. is ethically permissible because participants have volunteerede. both b and c

60. If we are interested in generalizing results of our survey research, we must have a __________ sample.a. matchedb. representativec. larged. normale. all of the above

61. Generalizations drawn from experiments are limited bya. external validityb. internal validityc. correlational research


d. both a and be. both a and c

62. A simulation:a. is an alternative to deceptionb. requires participants to act and react to each otherc. has strong mundane realismd. evokes strong emotional responsese. all of the above

63. Care must be taken during data analysis, reporting and storage to ensure:a. confidentialityb. self esteemc. consentd. debriefinge. all of the above

64. What is true about deception in social psychological research?a. It was not common before 1960.b. It continues to increase.c. Over half of social psychological research uses deception.d. Its use mushroomed during the 1960s.e. All of the above are true.

65. To investigate how the average age at marriage has changed over the century, one would use:a. the archival approachb. case studiesc. a questionnaire studyd. a field studye. laboratory experiments

66. Which of the following has dominated the development of theories in social psychology?a. psychoanalytic conceptsb. biological theoriesc. behaviourismd. cognitive psychologye. c and d

67. An extraneous variable is:a. the variable that is manipulated by the researcherb. an unanticipated variable that affects the resultsc. the behavioural variable of interest


d. the experimental variablee. the one measured by the researcher

68.What is discursive research?a. experimental studies of discussion groupsb. study of how people use language to construct meaningc. longitudinal designs over timed. field experimentse. all of the above

69. Which of the following is not true of the archival approach?a. it is non-reactiveb. events which could not be studied by other means may be examinedc. large populations may be studied over an expanse of timed. it is a non-experimental methode. it allows the researcher to control the dependent variables

70. Ethics committees must be sensitive to:a. sexism in researchb. ageism in researchc. racism in researchd. deception in researche. all of the above

71. Asking people to describe in detail what the birth of their first child means to them would be an example of:a. structured interviewsb. discursive researchc. longitudinal researchd. field experimente. none of the above

72. Respecting people's right to privacy is not usually a problem in the following research:a. case studiesb. experimentsc. field experimentsd. field studiese. none of the above

73. Demand characteristics are:a. cues which give participants an idea about the hypothesis under investigationb. one type of subject effect


c. sometimes caused by differential behaviour of the experimenter toward different groups in the study

d. decreased when the subject is given a false explanation of the aim of the experimente. both a and b

74. A very important shortcoming of the field experiment is:a. its low external validityb. the difficulty of manipulating the independent variable(s)c. the greater difficulty of controlling extraneous variablesd. the reactivity of its measurese. the high risk of subject effects

75. Attitude is an example of:a. operational definitionb. non-reactive measurementc. hypothetical constructd. discursive measuremente. demand characteristic

76. A hypothetical construct is:a. a variable which is used temporarily as we sketch out a theory, but is later replaced by a real

constructb. a variable which is assumed to exist but cannot be directly measuredc. a variable which is still subject to dispute among researchersd. a variable which is used to generate a hypothesise. both a and c

77. Cues in an experiment that tell participants what behaviour is expected are referred to as:a. experimental biasesb. social desirabilityc. demand characteristicsd. experimenter effectse. experimental fallacies

78. Suppose that the local newspaper asks its readers to tear out a form from the paper, and indicate on it whether or not they are for or against allowing user fees to be imposed for medical services. Seventy-five percent of those who respond are against user fees. What can we conclude?a. Most people in your city are opposed to user feesb. Most readers of the newspaper are opposed to user feesc. The results are not interpretable because the sampling process is unrepresentatived. The findings apply only to readers of that newspapere. people who opposed user fees are newspaper readers


79. Which of the following is true of the correlational approach?a. the manipulation of independent variables is requiredb. the researcher can be certain of what causes whatc. it allows for the study of a large number of variables at the same timed. minimal attention is paid to relationships between variablese. the main variables are causally connected

80. When an investigator uses data that was previously compiled for some other purpose by someone else, she is using the __________ method.a. self-reportb. observationalc. surveyd. correlationale. archival

81. In research using questionnaires:a. the interviewer must ask leading questionsb. maintaining the participants' attention is never a problemc. the answers are never open-endedd. the results will be meaningless unless the sample of respondents is representative of the

population of intereste. both b and c

82. ‘On a hot day people walk less’. This statement expresses what kind of correlation?a. negativeb. zeroc. positived. directe. misdirected

83. In an experiment set up to study whether participants become more or less aggressive when they view either a violent or a non-violent film, what is the independent variable?a. the violence level of the filmsb. the participants' aggressionc. the participants' perceptions of violenced. the participants' gender and agee. the difference in aggression between the groups

84. Which of the following is not a problem in cross-cultural research?a. experimental situations may have different meanings in different cultures


b. participating in research may be a more profound or unusual experience for participants outside of North America and Western Europe

c. research methods may be difficult to adapt to different cultural contextsd. translations of materials and instructions can lead to changes in nuances of meaninge. all of the above

85. We say that two variables are negatively correlated when:a. the experiment is poorly designedb. as the score in one variable increases, the score in the other decreasesc. as the score in one variable decreases, the score in the other decreasesd. a low score in one variable is correlated with the score in the othere. none of the above

86. Theories in social psychology:a. lack testable hypothesesb. are developed justas theories in the physical sciencesc. are often based on a loosely related set of assumptionsd. are based exclusively on hypothetical constructse. are difficult to generalize to the real world

87. Social psychology is defined as how our thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced by the ________ presence of others.a. actualb. imaginedc. impliedd. all of abovee. only a and c

88. Random assignment of participants helps to assure that groups of participants:a. are generally similar prior to the experimental treatmentb. will differ initially but not laterc. will not know the hypothesis in advanced. are "blind" to the hypothesise. will all be affected by the independent variable once it is administered

89. In the experiment by Triplett (1898), considered the first in social psychology, what was the hypothesis?a. leaders must be consistent with their followersb. people tend to obey orders from authority figuresc. cyclists ride faster when paced by other cyclists than when cycling aloned. people in crowds develop a ‘group mind’e. social norms influence how we perceive objects and events


90. Regression analysis:a. is an extension of correlation analysisb. involves more than two variablesc. shows the relative importance of each variable in terms of the variable being examinedd. all of the abovee. none of the above

91. What is the advantage of the correlational method over the experimental method? The correlational method:a. is the one in which participants can be randomly assignedb. better detects causesc. overcomes third variable problemsd. is more useful in studying stability of behaviour over timee. both a and b

92. Evaluation apprehension:a. can be minimized by using nonreactive measuresb. is likely to be a factor in any research situation in which participants think their behaviour is

being observedc. causes participants to present themselves in a socially desirable mannerd. all of the abovee. none of the above

93. In terms of the history and current development of social psychology, Moghaddam defines three ‘worlds’.They are:a. USA, other industrialized nations, developing nationsb. the West, Oriental nations, Islamic nationsc. USA, Europe, rest of the worldd. industrialized nations, Latin America, Asiae. West, East, South

94. It consists of shared schemas, social norms and ways of looking at the world.What is it?a. societyb. culturec. intimate coupled. sports teame. all of the above

95. Lewindescribe an approach to research in which the researcher obtains data about a problem, feeds those data into the relevant group or institution to effect change, measures the change and then repeats the process.He called it:


a. applied researchb. pioneering researchc. action researchd. useful researche. useless research

96. _____ method is best at getting an in-depth understanding of an individual instance of a phenomenon.a. The self-reportb. The archivalc. The correlationald. The case studye. The field study

97. A major disadvantage of laboratory research is:a. its lack of internal validityb. its lack of control over extraneous variablesc. the inability to assign participants randomlyd. the difficulty of generalizing results from the laboratory to the real worlde. all of the above

98. A group of persons chosen to be representative of a larger population is known as:a. a subject poolb. a samplec. a subject variabled. a cohorte. a cross-section

99. Which of the following would be an example of qualitative research?a. focus groupsb. laboratory researchc. structured questionnairesd. longitudinal researche. archival data

100. An experimenter wants to study the effects of new and more restrictive gun control laws on attitudes towards hunting. Six months prior to the enactment of the new legislation, a sample of citizens is interviewed with respect of attitudes about the appropriateness of allowing people to kill animals for sport and about the justification for allowing hunters to own powerful weapons. The same people are interviewed with respect to these same themes six months after enactment of the legislation. This research would seem to be an example of which of the following methods?a. case study


b. control group post-test designc. field experimentd. closed questionnaire studye. single group pre-test/post-test design

Answers

1. A2. C3. B4. A5. A6. C7. D8. E9. A10. C11. E12. E13. B14. A15. E16. D17. D18. B19. B20. D21. B22. C23. B24. B25. B26. B27. E28. A29. A30. D31. E32. D33. D34. A35. E


36. B37. C38. D39. B40. B41. E42. B43. E44. E45. C46. B47. C48. D49. D50. D51. E52. E53. B54. E55. C56. A57. A58. A59. E60. B61. D62. E63. A64. E65. A66. E67. B68. B69. E70. E71. B72. A73. E74. C75. C76. B77. C


78. C79. C80. E81. D82. A83. A84. E85. B86. C87. D88. A89. E90. C91. D92. D93. A94. B95. C96. D97. D98. B99. A100. B

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