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Transportation through Time3rd-5th gradeGreen and Healthy School Focus Area: TransportationSubject areas addressed: history, math, and art

Essential Questions

a. How did transportation innovations affect people and the environment over time? b. What will transportation look like in the future?

Learning Outcomes

a. Students will be able to explain the effects of transportation on the environment.b. Students can list some ways to reduce their carbon footprint related to transportation.

Materials and Resources

a. Large cards with pictures and time frames of when that type of transportation was used. If you decide not to do large cards, you can add pictures to a PowerPoint. This might be an easier way for everyone to see if you are doing the lesson inside.

b. Video clips of how the transportation was used or what it sounds like. This gives students a better picture of each mode of transportation. If you don’t want to search for videos or sound clips of each one, have your students act out what mode of transportation they are and have them make noises of what it sounds like. Bring props so they can dress up to best represent the time period they are from. If you want to give each group time to research more about what they should wear or how their transportation was used, give them a website to go to with IPads to look at them more closely.

c. A hat to draw out small pieces of paper with hints on them describing a certain mode of transportation.

d. For the last section students will be drawing so provide worksheet (included in this lesson plan) and lots of crayons or colored pencils.

Standards

Wisconsin Standards for Technology and Engineering

TR1.a.1.e: Identify that transportation systems allow people and goods to be moved from place to place.

TR1.a.2.e: Identify the transportation modes used to move people and goods from one place to another in water, air or space and on land.

Next Generation Science Standards

4-ESS3-1: Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the environment.

Background

People get from one place to another in many different ways. The different options for travel are called modes of transportation. A student may ride a bus to school or a business professional may travel across the country in a plane. If traveling a short distance, a person can walk, ride a bike, or drive a vehicle. If traveling a great distance, the person may want to travel by vehicle, boat or plane. Transportation is not only used for moving humans from one location to another. People use different modes to deliver items as well. These items are called goods. Goods may be the food people eat, clothes they wear, or other products.

The way humans travel and transport goods have changed a lot over the years. In the late 1700’s steamboats were used to transport goods. Over the next two hundred years, steam-powered locomotives allowed for faster travel over land; different sized boats traveled the countries’ waterways, and roads traveled by horse drawn wagons. The early 1900’s brought the dawn of cars and use of airplanes. Here in the present, we still use many of these modes of transportation. We have developed many forms of vehicles, many types of aircraft, many types of watercraft, and so on. Transportation info:

Some people believe that humans evolved from apes. Studies were done by scientists looking at what is believed to be the closest living relative to humans: the Chimpanzee. They observed the way the chimpanzees gathered food resulted in them walking upright on two legs when they found a limited food source. Standing up on two legs allowed for their hands to open up and therefore were able to carry more food so they could out-compete other species for food (Wayman, 2012). Walking as we know it today started around 3,000,000 years ago. Walking alone everyday can help reduce body fat, lower blood pressure, and increase lipoprotein density. In order to stay fit many experts suggest that a person should walk at least 10,000 steps a day. However, the average person only walks about 5,900 steps a day in the United States. Most countries have a much higher average such as Australia where people walk on average 9,560 steps a day. The longest walk ever was completed by a man named Jean Beliveau who walked around the world through 64 countries 46,600 miles and it took him over 11 years to complete. Race walking has also been an official Olympic sport for over 90 years. The lengths of this Olympic sport of running can really vary from 1-mile races to as much as 95-mile races (51 Fun Facts about walking, 2015).

Imagine a time when taking a road trip did not mean stopping to get gas, but stopping to feed and rest your horse. If you lived in the early 17th century to early 20th century, you may have been one of these people riding around in horse drawn wagons. This mode of transportation started out with both pairs of wheels being the same size and the body of it above the axels. The design we all know is smaller wheels in front and body between axels. This allows for easier turns and movement. Horse drawn wagons were initially for carrying goods. They eventually became a mode of transportation for more upper class individuals as they could afford to drive them. The most popular was a light, four-wheeled carriage with or without a collapsible top. One could hire a coach for travel, but it could be very costly. Another common use of this transportation was firefighting wagons. Since wagons could not travel on snow, sleighs were developed (Transportation in America and the Carriage Age, 2012).

Continuing the transportation timeline are flat-bottom boats that were invented by John Finch in the 1900’s, which were forerunners of steam boats. The demand for flat-bottom boats, and later steam boats, grew because America kept was growing industrially. More and more products were being

manufactured with iron and steel. Steamboats were used to transport these goods with the Mississippi River being one of the main pathways; they would also transport foods, furs, and beverages. The boats were powered by coal that heated water to steam that was used to propel the boat forward. The boat could move 8 mph downstream and only 3 mph upstream but they could carry a lot of things. One interesting fact is that once the flat-bottom boat reached its destination the crew would often dismantle the boat, sell the wood, and then walk home. Boats today are more advanced and can haul much heavier loads (Transportation Background Information for Teachers and Parents, 1999).

Next in the timeline was the first working, full-scale railway steam locomotive was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by Richard Trevithick. The creation of trains drastically changed industry, because it allowed for human expansion and a way to travel on a daily basis. Trains can carry a lot of people; some modern trains can carry thousands of passengers. They also can carry substantial amounts of world goods very easily. Places that were once considered unreachable could now be traveled to, with little effort (History of Trains, 2015). Once trains were created in 1804, it took a while before trains became effective modes of transportation. For example one of the first trains lost a race to a horse, therefore traveling on train initially took a considerable amount of time. Now some trains, called bullet trains, can travel at speeds of just under 200 miles per hour.

With all of this development, people felt other transportation was slow and inadequate. However, the bicycle was inexpensive and could get you where you were going fairly quickly; as time went on bicycles became more popular. In the late 1800’s, there was even a bicycle club: the League of American Wheelman. In the 1960’s there was a reawakening of interest in cycling because it was a non-polluting, non-congesting means of transportation. Since the bicycle has been around for a long time the design of the bicycle has changed since it was first invented. The running machine was a two-wheel design and riders would push off with their feet to move. Then came the velocipede, also known as the bone shaker, which was made of a steel or wooden design. It got its name from riding on cobblestone roads and the rider would be shaken about by the design. Following that was the first design to be referred to as bicycle, or a high-wheeler. This design had large front wheels and was popular for those who could afford it. The downfall to this design was one would tumble forward if one would quickly stop. Men generally rode high wheelers, or bicycles, and women rode tricycles; this was because of the large garments women would wear. Continuing the evolution of the bicycle, chain was added on the back tire to help with the sudden stop issue. Workers used these for transportation as well as for leisure. Closely following this design was the bicycle messenger business, as well as the rise in popularity of bicycles for children. Then, the 1970 Earth Day brought a whole new spike for bicycle use. This spike occurred due to their limited use of natural resources, lack of air pollutant emissions, and minimal destruction to the environment (Mozer, n.d.).

Next is the famous automobile. The first car was actually invented in Germany in the early 1800’s by Carl Benz. However, in America the first car assembly line was created in 1908 by Henry Ford. His goal was to design a car for any average American to own. He called this the Model T. fuel-powered cars became popular in the U.S. in 1920, because the previous option was steam-driven automobiles which became expensive and hard to maintain (Brancheau, n.d.). The first fuel used in cars was seed oil and vegetable oil. However, cars today are very different and run on refined petroleum, either gas or diesel. Some even more modern cars are either hybrids or all electric, which is a better alternative for the environment since cars are the most common form of transportation in our everyday life in the United States (Transportation Background Information for Teachers and Parents).

Transportation was not limited to just terrestrial travel, but also aerial. The first plane was created by Wilbur and Orville Wright on December 17th 1903. However, the planes were not too successful initially. The first plane that was created at this time had only successfully flown four brief times; planes were not really used as a form of transportation until 1930. Today, planes are used for a variety of purposes including transportation, recreation, research, and military purposes. Planes are considered one of the fastest forms of transportation and continue to become an increasingly popular form of travel. Even though planes are increasing in popularity, the amount of turbulence that flights experience is also increasing due to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Because of the increases in plane use, airlines offer food during your flight, but interestingly enough it tastes different depending on at what elevation the plane is.

Based on the timeline previously listed, there has been a lot of work done to improve transportation over the years. The evolution of transportation has created more of an effect on the environment and has increased each person’s carbon footprint; a carbon footprint is the amount of carbon emissions a person contributes. Carbon emissions can come from the food we eat due to how it is produced and processed, methods of shelter used, and even transportation. Because of all of this, there has been a big demand for vehicles that do not run on pure gas. Now, there are vehicles that run on electricity or biodiesel. There has also been a move toward more individuals walking and riding bicycles to go from place to place. These things help reduce a person’s carbon footprint (The TerraPass Carbon Footprint Calculator).

Pros and cons to transportation:

Walking can be beneficial for many reasons. Walking protects and improves the environment for all living things and conservation of our natural resources. Allowing for walking in forest preserves and in other locations can bring money in that can be used to better serve and protect wildlife. Walking does not require any sort of fuel therefore there no carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. Not only is walking cutting down on pollution of the atmosphere but it also benefits human health. Although walking is very beneficial there are still some negatives that come with it. One is too much walking can cause things such as Plantar Fasciitis. This is when shock absorber and arch support tissue that runs from the heel bone to the ball of your foot tear, which causes the tissue to stiffen and result in foot pain. Another issue negative to walking too much is that it requires a lot of energy and results in an increase exposure to the elements of nature.

Another mode of transportation is horse-drawn wagons. They give an enjoyable experience to those riding in them and can be faster than some other animals. However, the rider must be prepared to take care of the horse. One example is that they must carry enough grain for the animal wherever they go. Also, the horse may not have as much stamina to travel long distances (Flora, 2007).

Steamboats are not as safe as other modes of transportation. The engines can gain too much pressure and explode. Steamboats are also not very sustainable. Today are made from a lot of steel and iron, which can involve a lot of energy to make and is probably made in a coal burning factory. The boats also burn coal and contribute to carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere worsening the impact of climate change. In the past, these boats were made out of wood which often added to deforestation if the trees were not harvested sustainably. Boats can also pollute waterways from oil leaks and disrupts aquatic wildlife habitat. As a positive, they are a very useful for shipping goods and have access to anywhere there are rivers (Steamboats of the 19th Century).

Trains are very beneficial because they can hold a lot of people and cargo. Trains also require less energy to keep move once they get going when compared to a car. Therefore, trains are more environmental friendly. Most modern trains run on electricity and do not emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Some of the negatives that are associated with trains are that even though many modern trains run on electricity it is expensive to completely cut out all trains that utilize fossil fuels to function. As a result, many trains today still run on diesel. Diesel is not good for the environment, so until all trains run on electricity they are still playing a major role in the pollution of the atmosphere.

When it comes to bicycles, there are a lot of good reasons to use them. Bicycles reduce our carbon footprint because they do not use fossil fuels to work. They also save the user money because it has no fuel cost. Bicycling has many health benefits too. They help boost heart health and help individuals relax. They even save on travel time if you live in urban areas with a lot of traffic. However, if you have to travel long distances to get around, a bicycle may not be efficient for travel time. Also, the initial purchase of equipment could be expensive. There is also the issue with hygiene if traveling a lot by bicycle. Bicycles can also be dangerous with 700 deaths and thousands of injuries in the United States each year (Dilthey, 2015; Cespedes, 2013; The Pros And Cons Of Travelling By Bicycle; Hatano, 2013).

Automobiles like the Model T., produced by Henry Ford, had stiff competition at first with gas-alternative vehicles. The cars’ body designs were similar but how they were run was different. Cars were being made that were steam powered and electric; one-fourth of the cars in 1900 were not gas powered. Steam-powered cars however were very loud and had many engine problems that were eventually overcome, but not in time to outcompete gas-powered cars which overtook the market by 1910. Electric cars did not make the cut either. They had advantages for being quiet and using clean energy, but the batteries were bulky and they only lasted 20 miles before they needed to be recharged. In only ten years, after cars became popular in 1920, gas consumption sky-rocketed. Burning gasoline with automobiles is a huge problem that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Today, cars contribute to 90% of the gasoline burned (Melosi, 2010).

Planes are considered to be the second safest form of transportation with the first being elevators. They can also hold large amounts of people; a double-deck plane can hold up to 853 people. Another advantage to planes is that they are the fastest form of transportation and can get people to their destination very quickly. Even though planes are a good way to travel around the world they also have negative effects on the environment. During takeoff, planes require a lot of energy which means lots of fuel is used up and more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. Air craft engines also emit heat, noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming. With the increasing amount of air travel in the world, air pollution is a growing problem and not much has been done to make planes more environmentally friendly.

Future Changes in Design

More people may be able and are interested to walk thanks to the increased amount of sidewalks and paths. Shoes are also being designed to reduce pain, be more supportive, and contour your feet to make walking more comfortable and enjoyable.

Even though bicycles are a green form of transportation, the manufacturing and disposal process may not be. The materials used are generally non-sustainable and materials do get wasted during production. Electric bicycles are not as sustainable as regular bikes, but they are cheaper and use less energy than cars. One interesting move in the bicycle world is bamboo bicycles. These would use

bamboo and carbon fiber frames which uses less energy to make (McCamy, 2015; Go Electric – Go Green).

Some passenger trains feature self-propelled carriages that can be joined with other units. These types of trains are more energy efficient but may require more maintenance than a single locomotive train. New technology such as magnetic levitation will provide faster, more environmental friendly and more efficient train travel in the future. Magnetic levitation propels trains forward using magnets, keeping the vehicle levitated but close to the track. Modern trains are able to carry more people and require less energy to run which helps reduce the overall air pollution (McCurry, 2015).

Horses are a fairly green form of transportation even though they produce manure that needs to be cleaned up. Excess manure results in excess nutrients in water resources from runoff which contributes to water pollution. Excess manure also emits some Methane which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. There have not been many changes to the design of the wagons or carriages. However, one can reduce the environmental impact of having a horse by changing up how they manage the horse manure. This could include manure management and water management (Shere, 2012).

Car manufacturers have a lot of inventions and technology to look into for the future. Great progress has already been made with electric and hybrid cars distributed and used all around the country. Improvements are being made to have longer battery life in these cars so they can travel farther before they need to be recharged. Other exciting possibilities include cars powered by hydrogen gas with the only emissions being water. Toyota has been testing their model for over 20 years and other car companies are experimenting with this as well. Different car technology is trying to use satellites to make a driverless car (Jezeera, 2015).

There are no short-term solutions to the problem but the International Air Transportation Association has set a goal of creating zero-emission airplanes within the next 50 years, meaning that airplanes would not produce greenhouse gases and contribute to climate change.

Activities

Part 1History Overview of TransportationProcedure

1. Opening: Answer the question, “If you could travel to California today, how would you like to get there?” Encourage them to think outside of the box with exciting, atypical ideas of how to get there, like a hot air balloon or a jet ski. Now give the students a chance to participate by asking them:

How did you get to school today? What do you call something that gets you from one place to another? Why is transportation so important to us?

As you can see, there are many modes of transportation. Today we are going to talk about the ones that are most commonly used. We will explain how they were used in the past and how they are used now.

2. Activity: a. Show the students large images of different forms of transportation and explain each

one as you go. (Pictures are included in Appendix A and information for each form of transportation is included in the background.) Start from the past and work to the present so they can see how transportation has progressed. After each image, play sound clips or a little video so they know what each one sounds like. (You can substitute this with a skit during the activity where the students will show us what the transportation sounds like and how it moves.) Before proceeding with this activity, make sure the children know what each type of transportation is, in what time period it was used, and how each one was used.

b. Once all of the types of transportation have been explained, provide hints written on small pieces of paper about one of the types of transportation in a hat and have each student draw one. (The hints for each form of transportation are included in Appendix B.) The room will be spilt up into sections with each section associated with a different mode of transportation; hang up signs around the room labeling the different sections of the room with a particular mode of transportation. The students will decide what mode of transportation is associated with the hint on their piece of paper and migrate toward that section in the room. Once they seem to be in the right spot check with each group to make sure. Then have them line up in the order of the oldest to newest form of transportation. You can also have a timeline with the specific dates set up on the board if that seems helpful. Explain that just because some transportation is not the most common anymore does not mean that we cannot still travel that way anymore!

Alternate activity: Have the students draw out a certain time period of transportation from the hat and meet with the other students who got the same one. Have the students think of a little skit to show the class how that transportation is used, how it moves, and how it sounds. Provide clothing, so they can dress up, and props that might be helpful such as floatation devices or air plane goggles. The class can then guess what they are trying to act out. After that, continue with having them line up by dates.

a. Timeline : Walking/3 million years ago, Horse Drawn Wagon/Early 17th Century, Boats/1800, Trains/1804, Bicycles/1870’s, Automobiles/1920, Planes/1930

3. Closure: Today we have looked at different types of transportation that are used and the history of their uses. We will continue this topic later looking at the effects of each form of transportation on the environment.

Part 2

Carbon Footprint/Math: Effects of different types of transportation on the Environment

Procedure

1. Opening: To start off the activity, we will have a discussion on some of the environmental issues that the world is facing today by asking the students questions such as, “how do they think they are helping the environment in their daily lives?” We will then bring up information about the effects of different types of transportation on the environment.

2. Activity: Once we are done discussing the effects of different transportation on the environment, we will pass out a worksheet. This worksheet will involve math problems relating to the different types of transportation and the amount of gasoline it takes to travel certain distances. This worksheet will make it really easy to compare the different types of transportation and their varying levels harm on the environment. It will also show some of the better ways to travel that cause less harm on the environment. We will allow for the students to work on this worksheet in groups and once everyone is done with the worksheet we will go over it in class to make sure that everyone knows how to get the right answer. (The worksheet and the correct answers to the questions are included in Appendix C.)

3. Closure: After we go over the worksheet in class, we will discuss some alternative ways to travel that cause less harm the environment. We will then ask the students the question, “How can you better help the environment?” Give them suggestions such as carpooling to school instead of driving separately and riding a bike to school.

Part 3Futuristic Super Cars!

Procedure

1. Opening: a. Go over different modes of transportation that have been used in the past and which

ones are used today; use images. Make sure to touch on changes that have been made throughout the timeline covered in the first activity, such as vehicles being powered either by gas or electric. Talk to students about what it requires to run each type of transportation.

b. Ask students to think about the modes of transportation they believe are the most green and ask them why they feel that way. Review any big points they may have missed. Then, ask them what their favorite type of transportation is and why. Follow up by asking, “is that a green mode of transportation?”

c. Go over some of the future ideas for transportation. Make sure to talk about the effect of each on the environment: show images if possible.

2. Activity: Ask the students to combine green ideas with the vehicles of their dreams. Have each student design their own futuristic vehicle. (Use the worksheet provided in Appendix D so they can draw out their design to present their design later.) Ask them to think about what makes it run and how it will affect the environment.

3. Closure: a. After students have finished brainstorming, ask them to present their designs.

b. Review the history of transportation and where it is going.

Assessment

After the initial lecture of transportation through history, we will hand the kids large pictures, each one having a different form of transportation on it, and have them stand in the order of oldest to newest. We will then teach about each mode of transportation’s carbon footprint and have the students again line up from lowest to highest carbon footprint. After we know the impacts of transportation we can have the kids use their imagination to envision their own form of transportation and draw a picture of their invention.

We will have some worksheets at the end of the day. First they will number, one through ten, the earliest to the latest modes of transportation. Then, there will be a matching activity with the type of transportation to its carbon footprint. Also, there will be two short answer questions asking how transportation affects the environment, and how can you reduce your carbon footprint. Math sheets with different problems based on carbon footprints and energy consumption will be an option as well.

DifferentiationThe activities included do not hinder students with physical disabilities. For those that may have

visual impairments, the instructor can use large PowerPoint slides as aids. If there are students with hearing impairments, the instructor should speak clearly and ask clarifying questions. The instructor may also want to include text on any PowerPoint presentations used. If there are students that cannot participate in hands-on activities, the instructor may want to change the format to small group work. If there are any students with difficulty learning or focusing, the instructor may want to personally interact more with those individuals or put students in groups with others they work well with.

References

"51 Fun Facts about walking.” Random Facts. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://facts.randomhistory.com/walking-facts.html>.

"72 Interesting Facts about Airplanes." Random Facts. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://facts.randomhistory.com/airplane-facts.html>.

“America on the Move/Transportation History.” National Museum of American History. Web. 14 Oct. 2015. <http://amhistory.si.edu/onthemove/themes/story_48_1.html>.

This source has information about transportation and how it has changed. This source was used for background information.

Brancheau, J., Wharton, A., & Kamalov, F. (n.d.). The history of the automobile. Received from <http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/systems/agentsheets/New-Vista/automobile/>.

Cespedes, A. (2013, May 29). Pros & Cons of Bicycling. Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/1003474-pros-cons-bicycling/>.

Dilthey, M. Pros & Cons of Bicycling. (n.d.). Web. 23 Nov. 2015. <http://livehealthy.chron.com/pros-cons-bicycling-1948.html>.

Flora, S. (2007). HORSES-MULES-OXEN. Web. 24 Nov. 2015. <http://www.oregonpioneers.com

/oxen.htm>.

Free Carbon Footprint Calculator | The Nature Conservancy. (n.d.). Web. 14 Oct. 2015. This source has information about carbon footprints. It was used for background information.

Go Electric – Go Green. (n.d.). Web. 24 Nov 2015. < http://www.batribike.com/info-faq/go-electric-go-green>.

The sources gave information on different designs of bicycles and their sustainability.

Hatano, C. (2013, September 30). The Pros & Cons of Bike Commuting in Boston. Web. 24 Nov. 2015. < http://www.thehubway.com/news/2013/09/30/the-pros-cons-of-bike-commuting-in-boston>.

This source helped with information on bicycles.

"History of Trains." Train History. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://www.trainhistory.net/>.

Jazeera, A., (2015). The cars of the future. Web. This was used in the background for the future of cars.

McCamy, L. (2015, April 27). How Green is Your Bike? Web. 23 Nov 2015. <https://momentummag.com/how-green-is-your-bicycle-manufacturing/>.

This source was used for information about the sustainability of bicycles.

McCurry, J. (2015, April 21). Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record with 600km/h test run. The Guardian. Retrieved from <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/21/japans-maglev-train-notches-up-new-world-speed-record-in-test-run>.

Melosi, M. V., (2010). The Automobile and the Environment in American History. Web. This was used in the background for advantages and disadvantages of automobiles.

Mozer, D. (n.d.). Bicycle History (& Human Powered Vehicle History). Web 24 Nov. 2015. <http://www.ibike.org/library/history-timeline.htm>.

Shere, A. (2012). Reducing the Environmental Impact of Horse Keeping. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California.

This source gave information about the sustainability of using a horse drawn wagon.)

“Steamboats of the 19th century”. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://www.sam.usace.army.mil

/Portals/46/docs/recreation/OP-O/montgomery/pdfs/10thand11th/ahistoryofsteam

boats.pdf>.

This was used in the background for advantages and disadvantages of steamboats.

"The Cars of the Future." - Al Jazeera English. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/techknow/2015/11/technology-cars-future-151106103747113.html>.

“The Pros And Cons Of Travelling By Bicycle.” (2013, April 14). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from <http://artofadventuring.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-travelling-by-bicycle/>.

This source helped with information about pros and cons of using a bicycle as transportation.

"The TerraPass Carbon Footprint Calculator." TerraPass Calculate Your Carbon Footprint Comments. Web. 2 Nov. 2015. <http://www.terrapass.com/carbon-footprint-calculator/?gclid=CIfElMq3pMkCFVQ2aQodstUMlg>.

“Transportation Background Information for Teachers and Parents.” Brain POP, 1999-2015. Web. 14, Oct. 2015. <http://educators.brainpop.com/lesson-plan/transportation-background-information-for-teachers-and-parents/?bp-jr-topic=transportation>. This source gives a description of modes of transportation and how it has changed over

time. It was helpful for background information.

“Transportation in America and the Carriage Age.” (2012). Web 24 Nov. 2015. <http://parkcityhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Teacher-Background-Information.pdf>. This source was used for information regarding horse drawn wagons for background

knowledge.

Wayman, Erin. "Becoming Human the evolution of Walking upright." History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian. 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/becoming-human-the-evolution-of-walking-upright-13837658/>.

Appendix A

Pictures of Transportation

Appendix B

Hints for Activity

Walking

Hint: Considered to be the most environmental friendly form of transportation.

Hint: This form of transportation can “heal” your brain and make you more creative.

Hint: For some people this form of transportation can treat depression.

Hint: This form of transportation can lower blood pressure and reduce body fat.

Horse Drawn Wagon

Hint: My sibling, the sleigh, is driven in the snow.

Hint: Modern design of me came about in the early 17th century.

Hint: Popular firefighting transportation of the late 1800’s to early 1900’s.

Hint: The fuel required is oats!

Hint: I’m also known as a coach.

Boats

Hint: This transportations main roadway in the US was the Mississippi.

Hint: This transportation uses coal to produce steam in order to move.

Hint: This transportation could move large amounts of cargo such as food and furs.

Hint: This transportation was often dismantled and sold its lumber once it reached its destination.

Hint: This became popular during the industrial revolution.

Trains

Hint: The first of this type of transportation was built in the United Kingdom.

Hint: When this form of transportation first came out it was very slow and lost in a race with a horse.

Hint: This form of transportation was extremely important during both world wars transporting troops and supplies around the United States.

Hint: Lost popularity due to a new form of transportation that became popular in the 1930’s.

Bicycles

Hint: Earth Day helped make this transportation resurge in popularity.

Hint: Some designs were called high-wheelers and bone-shakers.

Hint: Man powered machine.

Hint: Popularly used in the messenger business.

Hint: Women would use certain designs because of their large garments.

Vehicles

Hint: This transportation is the most common in our everyday lives today.

Hint: The Ford brand of this was invented by Henry Ford.

Hint: This transportation was first invented in Germany.

Hint: The first of these ran on hemp and vegetable oil.

Hint: This transportation became popular in the Early 1900’s in America.

Planes

Hint: Considered the second safest form of transportation.

Hint: The fastest form of transportation.

Hint: This form of transportation may cause your ears to pop.

Hint: Increases in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are having a major effect on this form of transportation.

Appendix C

Transportation Worksheet

Name:

Please show all of your work for the problems below!!!

1. A plane can fly 25 kilometers on one liter of gasoline. How many liters of gasoline would it take a plane to travel 625 miles?

2. You are traveling to a campground by car 210 kilometers away. A car can travel 20 kilometers on one liter of gasoline. How many liters of gasoline would you need to get to your destination?

3. You are planning a road trip and when you leave your car has 30 liters of gasoline. What is the furthest distance you can travel if a car travels roughly 20 kilometers a liter of gasoline?

4. The initial take off of a plane requires a lot of energy and takes roughly 2 liters of gas. When comparing cars (20 kilometers a liter of gas) verses planes (25 kilometers a liter of gas) which form of transportation can you travel the furthest on 11 liters of gas? Which one is the most environmentally friendly? Please take into account the gas required for a plane to take off.

OR

5. You are planning to travel from Stevens Point Wisconsin to Orlando Florida for a vacation. You find out that Orlando Florida is 2262 kilometers away. How many liters exactly of gas do you need to travel this far(Remember 20 kilometers for 1 liter of gas in cars)? How many gallons is this if one liter equals .26 gallons?

Transportation Worksheet Answer Key

1.25 liters of gasoline

2. 10.5 liters of gasoline

3. 600 kilometers

4. Planes 225 kilometers on 11 liters of gas while cars can travel 220 kilometers on 11 liters of gas therefore planes can travel the furthest on 11 liters of gas. Planes are the most environmentally friendly because it can travel further the cars on the same amount of fuel.

5. It would take exactly 113.1 liters of gas to travel from Stevens Point to Orlando Florida. This would be equal to 29.4 gallons of gasoline.

Appendix D

Future Transportation Worksheet

Name: Type of Transportation: