5/10/18Review of GED SciencePage 334

90 minute test 3 types of science:

Life Science Earth and Space Science Physical Science

2-short answer response questions (you will use your English skills)

The rest are multiple choice, etc.

What you need to know: Symbols Terms Graphics/tables/charts Understand the “Scientific

Method” How information is presented

scientifically

Terminology/vocab. Numerals and formats

Math (yuck) – Statistics and Probability

Materials: Calculator White board (small) Highlighter

Life Science – pp. 336-360 Cell structures Cell function Cell theory Cell life cycle Tables and Graphs – for example:

nutritional guides/facts/graphs (show energy amounts, which relate to cells)

Genetics

Genotype Heredity DNA Probability Independent (not affected by

probability) Phenotype Allele (ah-lee-uhl)

What does a DNA molecule look like?Where are all of the above on a DNA molecule?

Lesson 4: page 346/347 – All the body systems that effect the body

Lesson 5: page 349 – What is a hypothesis? What is a theory?

A hypothesis is an attempt to explain phenomena. It is a proposal, a guess used to understand and/or predict something. A theory is the result of testing a hypothesis and developing an explanation that is assumed to be true about something.

NOTICE: A THEORY IS ASSUMED TO BE TRUE, BUT IT IS NOT ACCEPTED AS FACT.

https://www.wikihow.com/Explain-the-Difference-Between-Theory%2C-Law%2C-and-a-Fact

**Evolution is a theory**Laws are indisputable – like Gravity

HEALTH AND DISEASE Survival of the fittest Natural Selection Darwin – Origin of the Species Types of major diseases

1. Malaria Even though this disease is more common in developing

countries in Southeast Asia, Middle East and some part of Africa and South America, many cases are reported every year from developed countries as well. This disease is caused by parasites and might prove dangerous if necessary precautions are not taken in time. The symptoms of Malaria are similar to flu and include muscles aches, fatigues, chills and fever etc.

2. Tetanus This is a bacterial disease which affects your central nervous

system. Like Diarrhea, it is not country or place specific. It is said to occur when your word gets contaminated with bacteria. Some of the most common symptoms of tetanus include spasms, stiff neck, fever, body pain. Tetanus is also called lock jaw. It’s a must that proper vaccination is done once the disease is confirmed.

3. Diarrhea Diarrhea is common in all parts of the world. In this, your bowel

movements are in abnormally liquid state. This disease usually spreads through contamination in food and water. Since it causes dehydration, you need to ensure that you take Imodium or similar substitute so as to maintain the water levels.

4. Hepatitis A&B Both of these diseases affect the functioning of liver. Advanced

cases of Hepatitis might cause death. Nausea, headaches as well as abdominal comfort are some common symptoms of these diseases. Its treatment is also long term and one has to undergo

a series of vaccinations spread over a period of few months to completely cure these diseases.

5. Typhoid Fever It affects your circulation of blood as well as infects the intestinal

tract of the human body. Typhoid is very common in some parts of Asia and Africa. It is contracted by food or water containing salmonella. Some of the most common symptoms of typhoid include loss of appetite, high fever and hoarse cough.

6. Yellow Fever Yellow Fever is another common disease that is caused by

mosquito. This disease is common in tropical regions of South America as well as Southern Africa. Backaches, headaches, fever and vomiting are some common signs. As it gets to an advanced stage, gum bleeding and blood in urine might appear. You need to avoid stagnation of water in your residing area and spray mosquito killers.

7. Meningitis This might prove to be a deadly disease if proper cure is not

taken in time. It affects the circulation of blood as well as the lining of the brain with the spinal cord. Meningitis usually appears if a person comes into contact with an infected individual. Nausea, headaches, stiff neck and headaches are few symptoms of this disease.

8. Cholera This is a bacterial disease shat targets your intestines. Found

commonly in Asian and African nations, it takes lots of lives each

year. Diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting are some of the common signs that appear when it occurs. You should boil your drinking water and should avoiding eating unwashed and uncooked food.

9. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Due to lack of awareness and unsafe sexual practices sexually

transited diseases or STDs are becoming very common these days. Even though the number of such cases are far larger in developing counties then the developed countries, these diseases takes a lot of lives each year even in developed countries like US and UK. AIDS, genital herpes, gonorrhea are some of the common STDs.

10. Common Cold This is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system of the

patient. Sneezing, coughing and running nose are some of the common symptoms of this disease. Even though it appears mild as compared to other diseases, but you will find it very surprising that a lot of people die throughout the world because of this disease each year.

Types of major vaccinationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_schedule#United_States

Vaccine Birth

1 month

2 mo.

4 mo.

6 mo.

9 mo.

12 mo.

15 mo.

18 mo.

19-23 mo

2-3 yrs

4–6 yrs

7-10 yrs

11–12 yrs

13-18 yrs

19–26 yrs

27-

59 yrs

60–64 yrs

≥65

yrs

Hepatitis B (HepB)

1st 2nd 3rd 3 doses

Rotavirus 1st 2n

d

Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus

DTaP

DTaP

DTaP DTaP DT

aPTdap

Td (every 10 years)

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

1st 2nd

3rd or 4th 1 or 3 doses

Pneumococcal

1st PCV

2nd

PCV

3rd PCV

4th PCV PPSV PP

SV

Polio vaccine, inactivated (IPV)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Influenza

Annual vaccination (IIV only) Annual vaccination (IIV or LAIV)

Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)

1st 2nd

1 or 2

doses

1 dose

Varicella (chickenpox)

1st 2nd

Addition of

shingles

vaccine

Hepatitis A 2-dose series

Meningococcus MCV

Dose 1

Booster at 16

1 or more doses

Human papillomavirus vaccine

3 doses

3 doses1

Short Answer Responses on the Science GED:1) A coherent response (logical and consistent)

2) Evidence is cited3) Reference to diagrams, charts,

etc.4) Ratio of Fact/Evidence/Citing to

Commentary (your own words) should be 1:1

This means you cite one fact for every one sentence of explanation.

(Note: for English Language Arts – it is a ration of 1:2 – one fact and two commentaries)

Lesson 7: EcosystemsDIFFERENT TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMSThere are essentially two kinds of

ecosystems; Aquatic and Terrestrial. Any

other sub-ecosystem falls under one of

these two headings.

Terrestrial (land) ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems can be found

anywhere apart from heavily saturated

places. They are broadly classed into:

The Forest Ecosystems

They are the ecosystems in which an abundance of flora, or plants, is seen so they have a big number of organisms

which live in relatively small space. Therefore, in forest ecosystems the density of living organisms is quite high. A

small change in this ecosystem could affect the whole balance, effectively bringing down the whole ecosystem. You

could see a fantastic diversity in the fauna of the ecosystems, too. They are further divided into:

Tropical evergreen forest: These are tropical forests that receive a mean rainfall of 80 for every 400 inches

annually. The forests are characterised by dense vegetation which comprises tall trees at different heights.

Each level is shelter to different types of animals.

Tropical deciduous forest: There, shrubs and dense bushes rule along with a broad selection of trees. The

type of forest is found in quite a few parts of the world while a large variety of fauna and flora are found

there.

Temperate evergreen forest: Those have quite a few number of trees as mosses and ferns make up for

them. Trees have developed spiked leaves in order to minimize transpiration.

Temperate deciduous forest: The forest is located in the moist temperate places that have sufficient

rainfall. Summers and winters are clearly defined and the trees shed the leaves during the winter months.

Taiga: Situated just before the arctic regions, the taiga is defined by evergreen conifers (pine cones). As

the temperature is below zero for almost half a year, the remainder of the months, it buzzes with migratory

birds and insects.

The Desert Ecosystem

Desert ecosystems are located in regions that receive an annual rainfall less than 25. They occupy about 17 percent

of all the land on our planet. Due to the extremely high temperature, low water availability and intense sunlight, fauna

and flora are scarce and poorly developed. The vegetation is mainly shrubs, bushes, few grasses and rare trees. The

stems and leaves of the plants are modified in order to conserve water as much as possible. The best known desert

ones are the succulents such as the spiny leaved cacti. The animal organisms include insects, birds, camels, reptiles

all of which are adapted to the desert (xeric) conditions.

The Grassland Ecosystem

Grasslands are located in both the tropical and temperate regions of the world though the ecosystems vary slightly.

The area mainly comprises grasses with a little number of trees and shrubs. The main vegetation includes grasses,

plants and legumes that belong to the composite family. A lot of grazing animals, insectivores and herbivores inhabit

the grasslands. The two main kinds of grasslands ecosystems are:

1. Savanna: The tropical grasslands are dry seasonally and have few individual trees. They support a large

number of predators and grazers.

2. Prairies: It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be

categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short grass prairies.

The Mountain Ecosystem

Mountain land provides a scattered and diverse array of habitats where a large number of animals and plants can be

found. At the higher altitudes, the harsh environmental conditions normally prevail, and only the treeless alpine

vegetation can survive. The animals that live there have thick fur coats for prevention from cold and hibernation in the

winter months. Lower slopes are commonly covered with coniferous forests.

Aquatic Ecosystems

The aquatic ecosystem is the ecosystem found in a body of water. It encompasses aquatic flora, fauna and water

properties, as well. There are two main types of aquatic ecosystem - Marine and Freshwater.

The Marine Ecosystem

Marine ecosystems are the biggest ecosystems, which cover around 71% of Earth's surface and contain 97% of out

planet's water. Water in Marine ecosystems features in high amounts minerals and salts dissolved in them. The

different divisions of the marine ecosystem are:

Oceanic: A relatively shallow part of oceans which lies on the continental shelf.

Profundal: deep or Bottom water.

Benthic Bottom substrates.

Inter-tidal: The place between low and high tides.

Estuaries

Coral reefs

Salt marshes

Hydrothermal vents where chemosynthetic bacteria make up the food base.

Many kinds of organisms live in marine ecosystems: the brown algae, corals, cephalopods, echinoderms,

dinoflagellates and sharks.

The Freshwater Ecosystem

Contrary to the Marine ecosystems, the freshwater ecosystem covers only 0.8% of Earth's surface and contains

0.009% of the total water. Three basic kinds of freshwater ecosystems exist:

Lentic: Slow-moving or till water like pools, lakes or ponds.

Lotic: Fast-moving water such as streams and rivers.

Wetlands: Places in which the soil is inundated or saturated for some lenghty period of time.

The ecosystems are habitats to reptiles, amphibians and around 41% of the world’s fish species. The faster moving

turbulent waters typically contain a greater concentrations of dissolved oxygen, supporting greater biodiversity than

slow moving waters in pools.

http://www.ecosystem.org/types-of-ecosystems

Reasoning in regard to scientific information = 1) prediction, leads to 2) conclusion