Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did industrialization change how goods were produced?

What combination of factors were necessary in order for industrialization to take place?

What “fueled” (both literally and metaphorically) the Ind. Rev.?

How did factories change the nature of labor itself?

Where did factories (and the IR start) and where/how did the factory system spread in this time period?

What was the Second Industrial Revolution? How did it affect the role of science in larger society?

Industrialization changed the increased the efficiency of the production of goods as well as increasing the quality of goods. This occurred with the introduction of simple new machinery and changes in the organization of the workplace. Goods were increasingly produced in a workplace using machinery, rather than at home by hand.

Geographic location (access to ocean ports and rivers, isolated); availability of coal, iron and timber; increase in population; urbanization; improved agricultural productivity (crop rotation, enclosure movement, seed drill, horse drawn and iron plow); legal protection of private property, rivers and canals (used to transport goods); access to foreign resources and raw materials; and the accumulation of capital (resulting in higher wages)

The invention of machines such as the steam engine (invented in 1781 by James Watt; used as an energy source; allowed factories to move away from rivers and hydro-electricity) and the internal combustion engine (invented in 1791 by John Barber; used to produce the first car motors), made it possible to gain access to new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels (coal and oil). Fossil Fuels were essential to the industrial rev. because they provided a relatively cheap source of energy. The invention of other machines such as the spinning jenny, flying shuttle, spinning mule, and water frame helped to drive the IR. Colonialism also fueled the rev because it provided access to more raw materials.

The factory system (replaced putting-out/domestic system) concentrated labor in one area, which led to the specialization of labor (cooperation of individuals who perform specific tasks and roles). This allowed for more efficient production of goods with a higher quality.

Factories (and the IR) started in Northwestern Europe (mainly Britain) and spread to the continent in 1815 as a result of the Napoleonic wars (Europe, the United States, Russia, and Japan). It spread thanks to western reforms, Britain’s globalization and trade contacts, and the competitive nature of nations on a global scale; as well as increase in transportation tech. In Japan the Bank of Japan and the iwakura mission encouraged the spread.

The 2 nd IR took place in the second half of the 19th century (1860-1914). It involved new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and machinery

Steel - new technology allowed it to be produced cheaply, Germans led steel production by 1900’s, emergence of huge corporations (Krupp, Schneider-Creusot, US Steel Corporation), helped with success of railroads

Chemicals - increased use of synthetic substances (ex. Fertilizer and explosives);

steam engine fossil fuels internal

combustion engine

factory system specialization of

labor

2nd IR Steel Chemicals Electricity

new drugs, insecticides & plastic reached the market. Electricity - Michael Faraday was first to demonstrate principle of electromagnetic

induction; by 1850 simple generators were being produced; Thomas Edison invented incandescent light bulbs, fuses, sockets, and switches, circuit breakers; Nikola Tesla invented methods to transmit power effectively over long distances

Science - provided explanation and reasoning to things religion could not; encouraged studies in scientific field (drugs, vaccines, medicine)

How did the Ind Rev influence world trade overall?

What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?

As industrial production rose what happened to handicraft industries such as the cotton textile industry in India?

What “new” markets did industrialized states look for/create for their exports?

How did industrialization lead to the development of extensive mining centers?

The IR caused the development of new patterns of global trade and production and it also integrated the global economy. The need for raw materials and new markets led to the growth of export economies worldwide.

At the beginning of the period smaller countries continued to be exploited by larger countries for their raw materials in a continuation of mercantilist policies. Cash crops such as cotton (from India, Egypt, & U.S.), rubber (originally from S. America but spread to India and S.E. Asia), palm oil (used as industrial lubricant, mainly from W. and Central Africa), guano (used for fertilizer, from S. America and Caribbean), wheat, and meat were commonly exported to industrialized areas. The countries that exported these products typically had an economy that focused solely on the exportation of these goods. They would use the profits from the cash crops to then buy finished materials from the Industrialized areas.

Handicraft industry workers were displaced by new mechanization. This led to a decline in the handicraft industry. As large factories established monopolies, the handicraft businesses slowly came to a halt. For example, the cotton textile industry in India became increasingly dependent on machine-run factories instead of handspun goods made by the Indian peoples. The British would import raw cotton from India and them sell the finished product back to them at ridiculously high prices.

Industrialized states looked everywhere for new markets to sell their finished goods. An example of this would be the British trying to open up Chinese ports in order to access their markets. This led to the Opium wars (British exported opium to China, China tries to stop importing it, leads to conflict + beginning of war, British win & gain access to Chinese ports and markets). The U.S.’s Matthew Perry also opened up trade with Japan for the west.

The need for metals for industrial production as well as the global demand for gold, silver, and diamonds led to the development of extensive mining centers. Once diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State in S. Africa, entrepreneurs like Cecil Rhodes (a very influential man who exploited natives and dreamed of building a Cape to Cairo Railway stretching from Cape Town, S. Africa to Cairo, Egypt to transport mined riches) and

At first a continuation of mercantilism

Cash crops such as cotton, rubber, palm oil as well as guano, wheat, and meat

Opium Wars

Cecil Rhodes and South African diamond mines as well as gold mines

Copper mines in

prospectors moved in which led to increased Boer/British tensions. This eventually led to the Boer Wars. Gold was also discovered in Transvaal, another Boer state. El Boleo is a Copper mine in Mexico (1885-1954)- It was run on a large scale by a French Company (Compagnie du Boleo). Extensive mining centers sprang up because many Europeans flooded into the areas that the riches had been found in, establishing towns and centers dedicated to the extraction of minerals.

Mexico

How did the Ind Rev affect the scale of businesses and overall economic productivity?

How did intellectuals explain & industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Ind Rev

How did financial instruments expand to facilitate investments?

The IR increased the scale of multinational businesses and increased overall economic productivity. Several examples of multinational businesses include United Fruit Company (built railroad from Costa Rica to the Caribbean to transport bananas then shipped them from there to U.S., dominated banana trade), and the HSBC-Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp. (founded in British colony of Hong Kong, benefitted from the result of the Opium Wars, expanded into the UK and the US, it still exists today). The establishment of huge corporations drove small stores out of business but they were much more effective than single/partner ownerships

Adam Smith argued that self-interest is the driving force between everyone’s actions. Playing off of this theory, his book, Wealth of Nations promoted an economy driven by competition. He had another theory entitled laissez faire capitalism, which implied that the government should take no part in the economy and businesses should be free to regulate themselves. John Stuart Mill believed that individuals had freedoms and they were not meant to be regulated or controlled by the state. These men believed that the people should have more of an opportunity to regulate themselves and there should be less government interference in regards to social and economic life.

Corporations increased in size and limited liability (increased incentive for investors because they would not be as hurt if the business failed: led to more investments and growth of businesses) and they began selling shares of their stocks to investors, which led to the creation of the stock markets, a place where investors could buy and sell their shares of stock in different companies. After several instances where large sums of money were lost due to a bad economy or a crash in the stock market, people began using insurance to ensure that they would not lose everything if an unfortunate event were to occur. The Gold Standard is the international set price of gold. This was used to ensure that gold prices would not become inflated if an economic depression were to occur. Also allowed for accurate currency exchanges.

Multinationals United Fruit

Company HSBC-Hong Kong

& Shanghai Banking Corp.

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and laissez faire capitalism

John Stuart Mill and classical liberalism (freedoms)

Corporations (limited liability)

Stock markets Insurance Gold standard

What were the most important developments in transportation during the Ind Rev?

The most important developments in transportation were Railroads (earliest developed in Britain in early 1800’s, allowed for faster, cheaper transportation over longer distances, started to be used for urban transportation in 1890’s, played large roles in war, created jobs), Steamships (first commercially successful one created by Robert Fulton), Telegraphs (allowed for faster communication, telephones later made communication even easier), and Canals (the Suez canal was highly coveted by the British because they saw it as a gateway to India, it was the main reason they were interested in Egypt, built in 1875; the Panama canal allowed for quick transportation and shipment of goods as it allowed ships to cut

RRs Telegraph then

later telephone TWO major canals

through Central America instead of having to sail around all of South America) What were the responses to

the problems of industrialization? What alternative visions of society developed?

How did capitalist societies reform themselves?

Industrialization created a large gap between the rich and the poor. To counteract these problems, intellectuals thought of the concept of socialism. The main idea of socialism was to attempt to redistribute the wealth and to provide access to all good for everyone. Karl Marx took this idea and expanded on it, writing about an extreme version of socialism referred to as communism in his Communist Manifesto (1848). He envisioned a classless society in which everyone was equal and no one had advantages over one another socially or economically. Anarchism was the idea that all government influences would be abolished and the government would be run without any suppression.

They reformed themselves in order to prevent the revolts that plagued this time period through a series of laws, ideas, and organizations. Labor/social laws shaped working conditions, establishing a minimum wage and a limit on the number of hours mandatory in a workweek. There were also laws outlawing child labor. Labor Unions were established in order to fight for higher wages and better working conditions in the factories. In Britain, suffrage was extended from the aristocracy to the middle and urban working classes. State pensions became available for retired peoples and public healthcare began to become more common (ex: Germany under Otto von Bismark). Public education became mandatory for children as industrialization occurred because children were no longer needed to aid in everyday affairs at home. This differed from the need for them as farm hands in earlier time periods.

Socialism Marx—Communist

Manifesto Anarchism

Labor/social laws Labor unions Expansion of

suffrage in Britain State pensions

and public health in Germany

Public education

What governments promoted their own state sponsored programs of industrialization? Assess the success of each.

Meiji Japan- successful, rapid growth and modernization; modernization without westernization was the policy; state sponsored industrialization (state paid for industrialization without borrowing money, raised most of it through land and tax laws… these taxes were paid for in $$), gov’t built railroads, improved roads, and instituted land reforms; gov’t instituted Western-based education systemCzarist Russia- Not very successful, Russia encouraged to westernize after losing Crimean war, empty/unsuccessful reforms, Count Sergei Witte was the finance minister, he increased tariffs to protect industry, encouraged western investors (France lent them a lot of $$), and improved the banking system. The Trans-Siberian railroad connected the western part of Russia to the east but it only went one way, making it easy to shut down and very unreliable. The building of the railroad pushed the expansion of the iron/coal industries.China’s Self-Strengthening Movement- unsuccessful (lack of Qing gov’t support); attempted to retreat back into isolation (wanted to westernize but not have foreigners); encouraged western investment; modernized military; three phases…

1) Declared that in order to strengthen itself against the west they had to adopt western military technology (shipyards, arsenals, western military leaders)

2) commerce, agriculture, and industry receive attention as well as increased focus on generating revenue within the country

3) textile industry increased, enthusiasm for reform decreasesMuhammad Ali’s Egypt –failed; plans for reforms included creation of a cotton textile

Meiji Japan Czarist Russia—

Sergei Witte & the Trans-Siberian RR

China’s Self-Strengthening Movement

Muhammad Ali’s attempts to create a cotton textile ind in Egypt

Who in Qing China and the Ottoman Empire resisted any changes?

industry, building of an up to date European-style military (this was successful, built most effective military in Middle East), many other unsuccessful reforms, descendants known as Khedives (not ambitious, caused reforms to stop)

The Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire didn’t want modernization because they controlled cannons and modern weapons took away their position in the military. In Qing China, the Confucian scholar bureaucrats resisted change. Xenophobes in the government also didn’t want foreigners.

How did the Ind Rev affect social and demographic characteristics?

What new socio-economic classes developed or grew in size and power?

How did the Ind Rev affect family relationships?

Gender roles?

Demographic patterns?

Patterns of

Demography- The IR increased urbanization and caused much of the population that was scattered in the countryside to migrate to cities, drawn by new factories and job opportunities. The IR also caused a major increase in population. Mass migrations from poor countries to sugar plantations around the world (indentured servitude)Social- Neighborhoods in cities develop sense of community, Mass leisure culture developed (newspapers, vacations, team sports, more secular values)

The urban working class developed as urbanization increased and factories became more common. The bourgeoisie was another name for the urban working class and they increased in size and power and were made up of merchants, industrialists, bankers, and professional peoples.

The IR decreased infant mortality rate and therefore people had less children. Urban conditions also made children less of a benefit; they weren’t needed to help work in the fields, therefore family size decreased. The nuclear family model grew in popularity, while the extended family model decreased in popularity, as it was no longer necessary to have a surplus of children to help work on the farm. Extended families also did not typically continue to live together.

Women worked early factories and typically quit when they wed but gradually men moved into the factories as machinery became heavier and factory work was more common, displacing women. Domesticity became the norm for women and they spent most of their time caring for the home & family. Women began to enter white-collar jobs but unfortunately prostitution was the only high paying jobs for single women.

The amount of children per family decreased. People increasingly lived in cities instead of in rural areas, which led to overcrowding and sanitation problems.

Rapid urbanization led to unsanitary conditions. Crowding was a major problem: poor

Urban working class

Bourgeoisie

Nuclear v. extended family?

Family size?

settlement/urbanization within industrialized states? How was this sometimes a problem?

ventilation, inadequate sanitation, polluted water, poor health (contributed to diseases such as cholera, TB, typhus, typhoid, influenza). The solution to this was the concept of a garden city (suburbs with public transportation into the city). Local neighborhoods developed a sense of community and they each had their own characteristics.

Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-States Formation

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

What are the similarities and differences between colonialism (from the last period) and imperialism (in this one)?

Which area(s) of the world became imperial powers, and why did they imperialize while other areas did not?

Where did already existing colonial interests become part of imperial holdings?

How did the governments change in these areas?

Similarities- both mean political and economic domination of one country over anotherDifferences- Colonialism occurs when settlements are implanted in a foreign land and one nation assumes control over the new land. Imperialism occurs when a country assumes control over a foreign land and proceeds to create an empire, expanding into neighboring regions. Imperialism exercises control over a foreign land while colonialism is moving to and settling the foreign land.

The Dutch, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and United States governments all established imperial empires in this time period. These nations became imperial powers in order to gain access to the raw materials needed to supply their growing industrialization. They were able to imperialize due to their superior weaponry and military organization. They also had an intense sense of nationalism that pushed them to establish imperial holds.

Several European joint stock companies that already held colonial interests became imperial holdings in this time period. The Dutch established a headquarters at Batavia in Java in 1619. Then the Dutch became involved in local wars. They would back the winning side and then demand territories around Batavia come under their administration.. this is how they built their empire. They used superiorly trained armies to win wars and gain more land. The British officials of the British East India Company repeatedly went to war with the neighboring kingdoms, employing the same tactics as the Dutch. They also took advantage of a collapsing Mughal empire. Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were cities where the British placed British Rajs on the thrown that replaced Indian princes. These were called princely states. While the British did not rule directly, they had indirect power, making the nation a protectorate and a tropical dependency.

At first the governments in this area did not change much. The local rulers were mostly left in charge and the imperial government just formed a new class at the top. Eventually there was mistrust in the Indian rulers and this led to less gov’t participation for the indigenous people. Also, the governments transitioned from direct rule by locals to indirect rule by foreigners.

Batavia—Java— Calcutta, Bombay,

Madras

What states established new imperial holdings and where? You need to have an overall idea of who had empires where in this period.

Which former colonial powers saw their influence decline in this period?

What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?

Where were the major settler colonies?

Where did industrialized states establish economic imperialism?

How did US interest in Japan ultimately lead to the development of Japan as an

Many new imperial holdings were established on the African continent. The Belgians established the first of these as Henry Stanley was sent to form the Belgian Congo. This imperial holding was meant to supply Belgium with raw materials such as palm oil and rubber. Following the establishment of the Belgian Congo, the scramble for Africa began. This occurred as European countries were eager to gain access to the rich, raw materials that Africa had to offer but it also driven by nationalism. Each European power wanted to be able to boast about the square-footage of their empires so they carved as much as they could out of Africa for themselves. The result was the French in the west, the British in Sudan and South Africa, small, scattered Portuguese holdings, and the Belgian Congo. The British gained control of New Zealand and later Australia, while the United States annexed Hawaii and had imperial holdings in both the Bahamas as well as the Philippines.

The Spanish saw their influence decline as they lost their colonial power in Latin and South America due to rebellions and struggles for independence. France also saw their influence decline as the British gained more control of their Canadian colonies. The Dutch had declining influence due to the lesser use of trade companies (Dutch East India Company) and an increased focus on industrialization on a global scale.

Industrialized states expanded their empires by using their advanced weaponry and superior military organization. An example of this would include the overall British defeat of the Zulus. They also implemented social reforms, such as the extension of voting rights in Britain. Lastly they created economic dependencies so they would be able to exercise influence over other nations. The British did this in India by creating a dependency through the cotton industry.

Early settlement colonies: Canada, U.S., Argentina, Chile (conquest and disease was very bad for the natives; these colonies imported many ideas from Europe)19th century colonies: indigenous people were numerous and therefore were not wiped out by diseases; these colonies had many problems with the natives’ resistance to their rule; include Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa.

France established economic imperialism in Ghana; and Britain established it in Sudan, India, and China. The most significant case would be the Indian economic dependence on Britain created through the cotton-textile industry.

Matthew Perry opened up trade with Japan after arriving in 1853 and using gunboat diplomacy to enforce the open door policy. Modernizers who had seen what the west was like saw how far behind Japan was compared to the rest of the world. This inspired the

industrial, imperial power?

How did anti-imperialism lead to the shrinking of Ottoman territories, and what did nationalism have to do with the process?

What new states developed on the edges of large empires?

Meiji Restoration.

Greek revolt on the Balkan Peninsula (1820’s)- The revolt began with the desire to create a new Greek state (nationalism was a large factor). This revolt succeeded and a new Greek state was established, largely due to the fact that the Ottoman Empire was well in decline. Muhammad Ali and Egypt- An attack facilitated by Napoleon opened the door for Ali. He set Egypt up for success but his lazy, unambitious successors (known as Khedives) toppled all hopes of a strong Egyptian state. The weakness of Egypt after Ali’s death in 1867 created the perfect conditions for the British to later take control and gain access to the coveted Suez Canal.French interests in Algeria- In 1830 the French took control of Algeria from the Ottoman Empire after they defeated General Hussein Dey.Both the French and the British were driven by nationalism. Both countries wanted to be able to boast about the amount of land under their empire and there was a fierce competition between the two countries to become the largest empire.

Cherokee Nation- a legal, autonomous tribal government in the United States that consists of Native Americans whom were removed from their land both voluntarily and involuntarily.Siam (modern day Thailand)- buffer between British and French colonies; maintained independence because king outsmarted both the British and French; located between French Indochina and British Burma & MalayaZulu Kingdom- Independent state established by Shaka who died in 1828; on the edge of British S. Africa (many conflicts with Boers and British colonists); beat British at the battle of Isandhlwand in 1879 (significant because British had guns and Africans had spears)

Greek revolt and the Balkans

Muhammad Ali and Egypt

French interests in Algeria

Later British interest in Egypt

Cherokee nation Siam Zulu kingdom

How did imperialists attempt to justify imperialism?

Social Darwinism- justifies building new round of colonial empires; took Darwin’s theory and used it to say that the world was survival of the fittest in the sense that the strong empires were the fittest and they were meant to rule and exploit the weaker, smaller countries.

Social Darwinism

How did the development and spread of nationalism as an ideology create new communal identities?

Unification movements in Italy and Germany- Unification movements in Germany helped to transform the Prussian state that consisted of many identities into a single German identity. In Italy, Benito Mussolini united Italy under a fascist regime, creating a new communal identity.Filipino Nationalism- This movement began in the 1800’s as a result of over three hundred years of Spanish rule and served as a basis for the Philippine Revolution in 1896.Liberian Nationalism- developed as freed slaves were increasingly sent to Liberia; slaves shared common goals and ambitions and therefore easily created a unified state.

Unification movements in Italy and Germany

Filipino nationalism Liberian nationalism

Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

What role did the Enlightenment play in making political rebellions possible?

How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between the natural world and humans?

How did the Enlightenment thinkers re-evaluate the role of religion in public life?

What new political ideas ,such as the individual, natural rights, and the social contract , did the Enlightenment thinkers develop?

What social norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge? What were the effects of their questioning?

The enlightenment inspired rebellions because it gave the people an idea of what they should be striving for. Voltaire planted the idea that all people deserve to enjoy basic rights and freedoms, Rousseau argued that people had adopted laws and governors to preserve private property but had become enslaved by governments in the process (he hinted at the idea of democracy), and Montesquieu emphasized the importance of a system of checks and balances within a government. These thinkers inspired people to rise up and rebel in order to achieve what they came to see as rights and ideal forms of governance.

Newton contended that the world and everything in it worked like a giant machine. Intellectuals were convinced that by following Newton’s rules of reasoning, they could find natural laws that govern politics, economics, justice, and religion. This helped to shape how the relationship between the natural world and humans was understood.

A majority of the Enlightenment thinkers rejected the Church and religion. The basis for their disbelief lay in new scientific discoveries that disproved many religious theories and beliefs. The Enlightenment thinkers were mostly atheists but some believed in a new religion called Deism. Deism was the belief that a superior being (God) created the universe and set everything in motion but then left it to run on it’s own, like a giant machine (Newton influence). Voltaire was famous for his atheism because he publicly denounced the church many times.

Locke’s Treatises on Government- Locke suggested that all humans had three basic rights: the right to land, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This would later come to influence the Declaration of Independence.Rousseau’s The Social Contract- argued that man is naturally good and virtuous but government corrupts him. He advocated for an entire society where everyone is governed by his or her general will.Montesquieu’s ideas about government- believed in three types of government; republic, monarchy, and despotism. He believed that a monarchy was the best way to govern society and that checks and balances were very important.

William Wilberforce challenged the social norm of the slave trade and headed abolitionist movements throughout this time period. He devoted almost all of hi time to revealing the horrors of the slave trade and in 1807; Parliament finally recognized his plan and passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Feminist movements arose around this time with Mary Wollstonecraft as the founder. In 1792, she published The Vindication of the Rights of Women. The feminist movement did not gain much ground until the importance of women was realized after their contribution during World War I. in 1918, women finally achieved

Newton to philosophes

Voltaire

Locke’s Treatises on Government

Rousseau’s The Social Contract

Montesquieu’s ideas about government

William Wilberforce 1807

Abolition movements

Female suffrage—Mary Wollstonecraft

What revolutionary documents were inspired by Enlightenment ideas? How?

suffrage and the right to own property (if they were over thirty that is).

The Declaration of Independence used ideas from Adam Smith, John Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau. They used Locke’s idea that every man had three basic rights: land, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; as well as Smith’s idea of laissez faire when they disclaimed mercantilism. Influences from Voltaire can be seen in the establishment of a government separate from the church and Rousseau’s ideas of democracy are present. The French Declarations of the Rights of Man displays ideas from Montesquieu, Locke, and Voltaire as well. Montesquieu can be seen in the introduction when the ideas of a system of checks and balances are discussed while Locke is scattered throughout the document as rights to liberties are discussed. In Simón Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Smith, and Locke all have ideas that are represented. Rousseau’s ideas surface when Bolivar talks about a social contract between government and people, Smith’s ideas surface when free trade is discussed, Montesquieu’s ideas surface when he is quoted in the document, and Locke’s ideas surface when the three unalienable rights are discussed.

Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of Man, Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

What is the basis of national identity and nationalism? How did governments use these new ideas on their people?

The basis of national identity and nationalism is the installation of a sense of pride to be a certain ethnicity or race by the government. Nationalism can be the glue that holds an empire together or the Achilles’ heel that causes it to crumble. It can lead to the unification of the peoples within an empire, creating a strong and unified state; or it could lead to the demise of an empire as a certain group united and driven by nationalism rises up against the empire. Governments used nationalism to promote trade and industrialization, and to unify their state.

How did increasing discontent with imperial rule propel reformist and revolutionary movements?

Sometimes subject peoples challenged centralized imperial authorities.

Sometimes colonial subjects led a series of rebellions which facilitated the emergence of independent states

As imperial subjects were introduced to nationalism and there was growing discontent within imperial holdings, many reforms and revolutions occurred. The increasing discontent caused ethnic groups to rebel as they felt the imperial holds on their lands weakening. Autonomy was the ultimate goal and many rebellions in this period achieved it. Some areas were able to enact reforms before rebellion broke out but not many.

The Mughals expanded their empire instead of implementing much needed reforms. This put a strain on the empire and the Marathas of western India took advantage of this weakness. They rebelled against the Mughals, a prime example of subject peoples challenging centralized imperial authorities.

In America, the colonists led a series of rebellions, which ultimately led to the American Revolutionary War. This war between America and Britain resulted in the emergence of the United States of America when the Americans won the war in 1776. In Latin America, Bolivar rallied the creoles to fight for their independence from the peninsulares while Europe was weak from the Napoleonic wars. Latin America eventually came under the rule of caudillos that divided Latin America but it maintained its independence.

The Marathas and the Mughals

American Latin American

In the case of Haiti, slave resistance led to the creation of an independent state

Sometimes subjects rebelled to try to change the system of government at home.

Sometimes questions about political authority and movements of anti-colonialism led to uprisings.

Sometimes rebellions were influenced by religious ideas

Sometimes problems withunrest and rebellion led toreform movements…somemore successful thanothers!

The Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, was a slave rebellion that resulted in the complete restructuring of the social hierarchy in Haiti. This was one of the revolutions that achieved the most change, and it was the only successful slave revolt in history because the slaves ended up at the top of the hierarchy while the white plantation owners and government officials were at the bottom. Toussaint utilized maroons (runaway slaves and their descendants) to fight the French. Haiti eventually became an independent colony.

The French Third Estate rebelled against the First and Second Estates in 1789 in an attempt to destroy the remains of feudalism. This was the beginning of the French Revolution, inspired by Enlightenment ideas. This revolution had both a moderate phase and a radical phase, a characteristic similar to other rebellions.

Sepoy Mutiny- The British relied heavily on native Indian troops called Sepoys. It came to the attention of the Sepoys that the gunpowder cartridges that they had to tear open with their teeth during combat were greased with pig fat. This enraged the Sepoys because it was against the Islamic religion to ingest pig or any pig products. Over half of the Sepoys were of the Muslim faith so this caused a lot of problems. This led to the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 that was brutally crushed.Boxer Rebellion- In 1898, a xenophobic society rose in China, sparking the rebellion. The goal of the rebellion was to rid China of westerners and their influences.

Taiping Rebellion (1850’s)- Hong (the leader of the rebellion) believed that he was a descendant of Jesus and he recruited an army of Christian men and women. They fought many battles against the Qing empire.Ghost Dance- This movement consisted of Native Americans believing that a dance for the dead would bring peace to their nation. The dance united the natives and made them a stronger force against the Europeans.Xhosa Cattle Killing (1856)- In Africa, a young girl said that she had received a prophecy that said that in order to expel the British from their lands, the Xhosa had to slaughter all of their cattle.

Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)- These reforms were instituted but Mahmud II and his successor. They established western-style universities, railways, and legal reforms (including a new constitution in 1876). These reforms were very successful.China’s Self-strengthening Movement (1800’s)- The goal of this movement was to westernize while also retreating back into isolation. The Qing resisted the much-needed reforms and rejected western ideas during the Boxer Rebellion.Western Europe in the 2 nd half of the 19 th century - The creation of Marxism arose and was implemented in this region. This eventually led to more rights for workers in the industrial world.

Toussaint maroons

French and many other European peoples

Sepoy Mutiny Boxer Rebellion

Taiping rebellion Ghost Dance Xhosa cattle

killing?

Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms

China’s Self-strengthening movement

All over western Europe in the 2nd half of the 19th c.

The Enlightenment also contributed to other new

Political ideas—liberalism

Social ideas—the emergence of feminism

Liberalism- a view that emphasized ideas that were different than old conservative ideas. Examples include equality for all people and a more restricted amount of government involvement. It was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith (abolish government involvement) and Rousseau (universal equality).

Women actively advocated for more rights as they saw men gaining rights as a direct result of the many revolutions occurring in this time period. In France, Olympe de Gouge published the Declaration of the Rights of Women in 1791, where she stated the rights she believed women should have in French society. Her ideas quickly spread and Britain’s Mary Wollstonecraft published The Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792, just one year after de Gouge. Emmaline Pankhurst was very important to the women’s rights movement as well because she fought for the right for women to own property and women’s suffrage. In the United States, the women involved in the feminist movement held a women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls (1848).

Wollstonecraft Emmaline

Pankhurst Olympe de Gouge Seneca Falls & US

Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline “Facts”

How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods? What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration? A general overview

How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period? How did it contributepopulation growth?

How did new modes oftransport related to

The migrations in this time period were carried out on a much larger scale and over a much larger distance than any migrations in previous time periods. Before this time period, the transportation available caused migrations to be slow and painful, making it very hard to relocate to an area that was half way across the globe. In this time period, large-scale migrations were much easier to undergo. The causes of these migrations were the population explosions, revolutions, religious persecutions, improved technology (especially pertaining to transportation), the abolition of slavery, and job opportunities such as indentured servitude or seasonal jobs. The effects of the mass movements include population shifts and syncretism (the blending of cultures).

The Industrial Revolution created an explosive increase in population as more jobs became available and death rates decreased due to the improvement of living conditions. Immigrants flooded to these industrialized nations in hopes of making a better life for themselves, increasing the population even more. The increase in urbanization and population led to overcrowding and sanitation problems in cities. At the time there was no technology available that enabled cities to handle and large number of people in a small space.

The new modes of transportation such as steam ships and railroads enabled people to travel long distances in a short amount of time. This encouraged the migrations of people to far

industrial technologycontribute to new patterns

Why did people migrate?

Were migrations voluntary in this period? Discuss the involuntary ones.

Were all migrations permanent? Discuss examples that were NOT.

How were gender roles affected by migration?

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes

away lands. Technology also decreased the cost of transportation, making it easier to move from one land to another. Machines powered by fossil fuels, such as cars, contributed to migrations within the same continent.

People migrated in hopes of finding better economic opportunities, to escape religious prosecution, and to attempt to create a better life for themselves. The majority of immigrants migrated in search of job opportunities, causing an increase in urban populations and a decrease in the quality of pay as well as working conditions. Peoples such as the Jews or the Armenians migrated in hopes of escaping genocide and religious prosecution while some people simply migrated because they wanted to live in a country that enjoyed more civil liberties.

The majority of the migrations in this time period were voluntary, however, some were forced. From 1880-1920, the Jews were forced to emigrate from Russia due to pogroms facilitated by the government. There are many cases of emigration that is the result of a policy installed by the government. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Act forced the emigration of people because of their race. Native Americans were also forced to leave land occupied by Americans on the Trail of Tears in the 1830’s. Indentured servitude was a common form of emigration that was semi-coerced, in which people would migrate to a new land and work in exchange for their passage to be paid for.

All migrations were not permanent. Seasonal workers did not become permanent residents because their occupations only required their skills during one part of the year. In the part of the year where they were not needed, they would typically return home to their families. Gold Rushes also created migrations that were not permanent. Prospectors would migrate to the mines and when there were no more resources to be extracted and profits to be made, they would return home.

Gender roles were affected by migrations. As men left their families to become indentured servants or seasonal workers, women had to fill the men’s roles back home. Women might also suddenly gain more rights in society if they migrated from a region that women were suppressed in to an area where women enjoyed many freedoms. For example, Chinese women immigrating to the United States would enjoy more freedoms because Confucian ideologies are not practiced in the United States and women are not traditionally confined to duties that only serve the men in their families.

Migrants preserved and transplanted their cultures by forming ethnic enclaves in their new societies. People from one region would move to a new region and establish a neighborhood associated with their culture. This neighborhood would keep their culture alive as they continued to speak their native language and practice their native traditions.

Ethnic enclaves

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

Examples of ethnic enclaves would be the little Italy or China town sectors found in many large cities.

Some societies gladly accepted foreigners and some accepted foreigners but not very willingly. The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) prevented Chinese immigrants to the United States until 1892. Because so many Chinese people were migrating to America and the economy of the United States was suffering, Americans began to believe that the Chinese were stealing all of their job opportunities. The White Australia Policy (1901) was enacted to assure that the majority of Australian residents were nationally British. The Australian people did not want a large number of Asian people migrating to their land. They also forced the native aborigine people off of their land.

Chinese Exclusion Act

White Australia Policy