VOCABULARY FOR SUPERQUIZ #4 (all words from the whole year!)

UNIT #1 – RENAISSANCE - KEY VOCAB

1 – Late Middle AgesRoman Catholic ChurchIndulgencesPurgatorySimonyPapal InfallibilityExcommunicationRelicsJohn Wycliffe & the LollardsJan HussCatherine of SiennaLittle Ice Age & The Great Famine of 1315-1322Manors, fiefs, vassalageIncorporated towns, royal charterHundred Years WarJoan of ArcBlack DeathMuslim Empire; the TurksTransubstantiation

2 – Italian RenaissanceRenaissancePatronageBlack DeathCommunesPopoloSignoriOligarchyCourtsCity States (passionate loyalty!)“The Big Five” - Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal StatesMedici familyCosimo de MediciLorenzo de Medici (the Magnificent)Svorza FamiyItalians Wars

3 – Humanism, Education and PoliticsFrancesco PetrarchItalian HumanismVirtuRenaissance ManBaldassare Castiglione - Book of the Courtier - 1528Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince - 1513Machiavellian“the ends justifies the means”

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“it’s better to be feared than loved”Christian Humanism / Northern HumanismThomas MoreUtopia - 1516Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of FollyJohannes Gutenberg & Printing Press – movable type - 1440Movable type

4 – Renaissance Art Patronage Lorenzo Medici (“the Magnificent”)Pope Julius IIFlorentines GiottoRealismPerspectiveMichelangelo Buonarotti, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Pieter BrughelRaphael, TitianFlemish (Flanders)Jan van EyckSt. Peter’s BasilicaPietaSistine Chapel CeilingMannerismLast Judgment Wall (of Sistine Chapel)IndividualismSingle Point Perspective and Leading LinesIdealismChiaroscuroFrescoMediumTempera (egg tempera on wood)

5 – Spain, France and England (the Northern Monarchies)Charles VII of FranceLouis XI of France (The Spider)

The Empire / The Holy Roman Empire - Golden BullHapsburgElectors

Wars of the RosesHouse of York & House of LancasterHenry Tudor / Henry VIICourt of the Star ChamberParliament

Aragon and Castile; Ferdinand and Isabella - Reconquista1492 - GranadaConversos / New ChristiansInquisition

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6 – German ReformationAnticlericalismPluralism / DualismAbsenteeismMartin LutherUniversity of Wittenberg“faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone” (Justification by faith alone)Pope Leo XIndulgence PurgatoryAlbert of Mainz & Indulgences Johanne Tetzel & Indulgences95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences - 1517Johann EckExcommunicatedClergy and Lay people Charles VDiet Diet of Worms - 1521“I cannot and will not recant anything. Here I stand. I can do no more.”Frederick of Saxony

Ulrich ZwingliProtestantPriesthood of all believersTransubstantiation [Consubstantiation] (look up)

Elector of Saxony [Frederic of Saxony]Anabaptists, Quakers, CongregationalistsGerman Peasants’ War of 1525 [Peasant’s Rebellion]

Priesthood of All Believers

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7a – English ReformationEnglish ReformationHenry VIIICatherine of AragonHenry’s brother ArthurPapal dispensationDaughter MaryAnne BoleynRelation to Charles V – relationship to CatherinePapal jurisdictionThomas MoreJane SeymourSon, EdwardThe English Church[the practices Henry kept]Thomas CromwellNationalization of the Church

Edward VIArchbishop Thomas CranmerBook of Common PrayerMary Tudor [Mary I] “Bloody Mary”Philip II of SpainElizabeth I

PuritansTo not “make windows to men’s souls”Anglican ChurchMary, Queen of ScotsFlanders1588 - Spanish Armada

Additional words to know for Henry (not in text)Defense of the Seven Sacraments – 1521Defender of the Faith – 1523Reformation ParliamentAct of Supremacy of 1529Six Articles – 1539

Additional words to know for Elizabeth (not in text)Act of Supremacy of 1559Act of Uniformity – 1559PolitiqueJane Grey (Jane of Nine Days)

7b – The Politics of Religion, the Hapsburgs, and CalvinismHapsburgsCharles VZwingliImperial Diet in 1530 in Augsburg (Diet of Augsburg – 1530)Augsburg Confession – 1531

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Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1522-1559)Ottoman Turks – 1529 (Vienna)1546-1555 fighting (religious wars in Germany)Peace of Augsburg - 1555

CalvinismJohn CalvinGenevaPredestination [no “Free will”]“elected” (saved) - [the elect]Genevan ConsistoryMary, Queen of ScotsJohn KnoxPresbyterian Church of Scotland

Other words to know (not in text)Edict of Worms - 1521Peasants Revolt – 1524Sacraments (from seven to two)

8 – Catholic Counter ReformationPope Paul III (1534-1549)The Holy OfficeIndex of Prohibited BooksCouncil of TrentNew ordersUrsuline Order of NunsSociety of JesusJesuitsIgnatius of Loyola

9 – Religious ViolenceHabsburg-Valois WarsHuguenotsHenry II (France)Catherine de MediciMargaret of ValoisHenry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon / Henry IV)St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 1572PolitiquesHenry III (France); ValoisEdict of Nantes – 1598

Low CountriesDuke of AlvaPacificationCouncil of BloodUnion of Utrecht

Great European Witch Hunt (1480s-1700s)

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Other words to know:Guise familyHenry IV - “Paris is well worth a Mass”Marie de Medici

Spanish Netherlands – 17 provinces; United ProvincesSpanish FuryAntwerp (associate with the Spanish Fury)Dutch Rebellion – William of Orange (80 Years War)William of Orange (William the Silent)Council of Troubles (Council of Blood)Pacification of GhentThe ApologyDutch Golden Age

Battle of Lepanto – Philip IIElizabethan England (1558-1603)Act of Supremacy of 1559 (and Act of Uniformity)Invincible Armada – 1588

UNIT #2 – ABSOLUTISM KEY VOCAB

1 - Exploration (444-475)Venice & Genoa

Conquistadores CaravelLateen sails and sternpost rudderMagnetic compass and astrolabe

Prince Henry the NavigatorBartholomeu Dias & Cape of Good HopeVasco de Gamma & India

Christopher ColumbusFerdinand and IsabellaSan SalvadorAmerigo Vespucci – Mundus NovusTreaty of TordesillasFerdinand Magellan – The PacificJohn Cabot and Jacques Cartier

Columbian ExchangeDutch East Indian CompanyDutch West Indian CompanyMichel de Montaigne & Cultural RelativismElizabeth IJames I

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2 - Thirty Years War (480-486)Serfs and SerfdomThirty Years WarProtestant UnionCatholic LeagueBohemian Phase Battle of the White MountainDanish Phase - Christian IV of DenmarkAlbert of Wallenstein (Albrecht von Wallenstein)Swedish Phase - Gustavus AdulphusFrench Phase – Cardinal RichelieuPeace of WestphaliaSovereignty and sovereign

Frederick of the Palatinate Maximillian of BavariaFerdinand Hapsburg (King of Bohemia, Emperor)Defenestration of Prague

3 – Absolutism in France and Spain (486-494)Henry IV – Bourbon Dynasty (Henri le Grand)Edict of Nantes (1598)Marie de MediciLouis XIIICardinal Richelieu (“favorite”)Cardinal MazarinThe FrondeLouis XIVDivine Right“Sun King”Estates GeneralPalace of VersaillesSystem of PatronageJean-Baptiste Colbert – finance ministerMercantilism

Other terms to know from Louis XIV:AbsolutismDuke of SullySt. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre (1572)Huguenot oppressionFrench involvement in the Thirty Years WarHotel des InvalidesL’etat c’est moiSun KingVersailles – the Palace of VersaillesMarie ThereseJansenistsMercantilism

Wars of Louis XIV

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Charles II of Spain ( King Charles II (“the Sufferer”))

Philip of Anjou / Philip V of SpainWar of Spanish SuccessionGrand AlliancePeace of Utrecht (1713)

Decline of Absolutist SpainThirty Years War (for the Spanish)

Other terms to know from Louis XIV’s Wars:War of DevolutionFranco-Dutch WarTreaty of Dover – the end of the Triple AllianceRevoking of the Edict of NantesNine Years War Glorious Revolution - William III (William of Orange/King of England)King Williams War (in America)Queen Ann’s War (in America)Austrian Netherlands (shifted ownership)

4 – Russian and the Ottoman Empire - Eastern Europe (497-505)Ivan III (the Great)BoyarsTsars (Czars)Ivan IV (The Terrible)Anastasia RomanovCossacksTimes of TroublesMichael RomanovSerfdom

Peter I (The Great)Great Northern WarPeasant soldiersSt. Petersburg - Window to the West

Ottoman EmpireBalkanssultanJanissary CorpsIstanbul

5 – The German Powers - Absolutism in Austria and Prussia - (494-497)HapsburgsBohemiaSchonbrunn Palace in ViennaPrussiaHohenzollern familyElectors of Brandenburg and Dukes of PrussiaFrederick William, the Great Elector

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JunkersFrederick I, King of Prussia (b/c of the War of Spanish Succession)Frederick William I – “the Soldier’s King”

6 –English Civil War (506-510)Constitutionalism Republicanism James Stuart – James I (from Scotland)Absolutist belief in Divine RightCharles IEnglish Civil WarPuritans“No bishop, no king”William Laud, Archbishop of CanterburyBook of Common Prayer introduced to Scotland - Scottish RebellionLong Parliament (1640-1660)Irish RebellionNew Model ArmyOliver CromwellRump Parliament

Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan – “Social Contract”Commonwealth of England / The RepublicThe Protectorate - Lord ProtectorInstrument of Government (Cromwell)

Other terms for English Civil WarHouse of StuartJames VI of Scotland / James I of EnglandKing James version of the Bible – 1611Book of SportsPuritan “Separatists”Duke of Buckingham - Buckingham PalaceGun Powder Plot – Guy FawkesPetition of RightJohn Hampden, John PymPuritans in Parliament Short Parliament (1640)GentryRoundheads vs. CavaliersPride’s Purge

7 – Non-Absolutist States: England and the Dutch Republic, and Baroque (510-515)The Restoration of 1660Test Act of 1673Charles IIJames IIMary (daughter to James) and William (of Orange) – William and Mary (William III and Mary II)

The Glorious Revolution of 1688Bill of Rights

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John Locke – Second Treatise of Civil Government Natural Rights – life, liberty, propertyCabinetRobert Walpole – Prime MinisterHanoverian King George IGeorge II

The Dutch RepublicRepublic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands“Golden Age”Oligarchy of “regents”EstatesStates GeneralHollandStadholderPrince of OrangeWilliam III of EnglandDutch Republic

Baroque artPeter Paul Rubens Johann Sebastian Bach

UNIT #3 – ENGLIGHTENMENT - KEY VOCAB

1 – Scientific RevolutionScientific RevolutionNatural philosophyAristotelian view and Ptolemaic astronomy {Geocentric}Nicolae Copernicus (Poland)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)Copernican hypothesis {Heliocentric}

Tycho Brahe (Denmark); {Tychonic Model}Johannes Kepler (Bohemia)Laws of planetary motion

Elliptical paths around sunPlanets speed up near sunRotation speed is proportional to distance

New Astronomy (1609)Sun-centered (solar) system {Heliocentric}Galileo Galilei (Italy – Florence) Experimental methodLaw of InertiaTelescope from HollandDialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World (1632)Trial of Galileo in 1632 heresy

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Isaac Newton (England) Centripetal force Principia (1687) (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)Newton’s three laws of motionLaw of universal gravitation (mutual attraction)CalculusFrancis Bacon (England) – {“twist the lion’s tale”}EmpiricismRene Descartes (“I think, therefore I am”)Analytic geometryDeductive reasoningCartesian dualism

Four humorsAndreas VesaliusOn the Structure of the Human BodyWilliam HarveyRobert BoyleAtomsBoyles Law (1662)

Other words to knowGeocentricHeliocentricTychonic Model

2 – Enlightenment EnlightenmentReasonRationalismEuropean Enlightenment (1690-1789)SkepticsPierre BayleskepticismBaruch SpinozaTabula Rasa (John Locke)

PhilosophesMontesquieuSeparations of Powers and Checks & BalancesParlements (in France – not Parliament in England)VoltaireThe EncyclopediaDenis Diderot

SalonsSalonnieresRococo

David Hume

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Jean-Jacques RousseauThe Social Contract (1762)

Other words to knowExistentialist

3 – Enlightened Absolutism Enlightened absolutismFrederick II / Frederick the Great Maria Theresa {Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress}SilesiaPragmatic SanctionWar of Austrian Succession {King George’s War}Seven Years War {French and Indian War}Peter III“first servant of the State” (Frederick)Catherine the GreatPeter III of RussiaPugachev’s RebellionPartition of Poland

Maria TheresaCharles VI (only in relation to Maria Theresa)Joseph II (r. 1780-1790)Leopold II (r.1790-1792)

Other words to knowArchduchess of Austria, Holy Roman EmpressFrench and Indian WarKing George’s WarDiplomatic Revolution of 1756

4 – Agricultural Revolution (Working the Land) & Population Explosion 80% of the people in western countriesOpen Field System (three field system)Gleaning of grain

Agricultural revolution (1650-1850)The commonEnclosure

Jethro TullSeed DrillEnclosure MovementProletarianization

Other words to knowCharles “Turnip” TownsendRobert Bakewell

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Population ExplosionPopulation explosion of 1700s[Change in mortality][Following the 1722 Black Death outbreak][Effect of the potato]

5 - Growth of cities and townsCottage industryPutting out systemTextilesJohn Jay – Flying shuttle“spinsters”

Consumer economy

Guild systemGuild masters

Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations – 1776Economic Liberalism

6 - Building the Global EconomyNAVIGATION ACTS (1651)Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)New Amsterdam -> New York (1664) [plantation agriculture, especially in Brazil and Caribbean Islands][abolition campaign]Rivalry: Dutch East Indian Company vs. English East Indian CompanyRivalry: France vs. England in India“Jewel” in the British Empire

Other words to knowAnne I of EnglandAct of Settlement (1701)Act of Union (1707)United Kingdom / British George I of England (Hanoverian Elector) (1714-1727)James Edward, Stuart “Old” PretenderRobert Walpole - Prime MinisterWhigs vs. Tories in ParliamentSouth Sea BubbleHouse of Lords and House of CommonsGeorge II of England (1727-1760)War of Jenkins Ear (1739)War of Austrian Succession (1740-1747)Diplomatic Revolution of 1756Seven Years War (1756-1763)George III of England (1760-1820)

Boroughs “rotten boroughs”

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War of Jenkins Ear (1739)

War of Austrian Succession / King George’s War (1740-1748)Frederick the Great of PrussiaMaria Theresa of Austria, 23 years oldPragmatic SanctionSilesia “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756Seven Years’ War / French and Indian War (1756-1763)

7 - Marriage and Family (586-595) and (595-614)Nuclear familiesCommunity controlsIllegitimacy explosionWet nursingFoundling homes (foundling hospitals)Attitudes toward children after 1760Bull-baiting & cock fightingCarnivalConsumer revolutionMethodistsDeismJansenismMidwiferySmallpoxEdward Jenner

8 – Crisis of Political LegitimacyLouis XVDuke of OrleansThe parlements (found only in France)Robe nobility (Nobility of the Robe, vs. Nobility of the Sword)Impact of the War of Austrian Succession on France (financially)Madame de PompadourLouis XVI

The impact of the American RevolutionImpact of the Seven Years War on the relationship of Britain to the American colonies

Other words to knowJohn LawNational Bank of ParisMississippi CompanyMississippi BubbleCardinal Fleury

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Unit #4 – FRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEON (1789-1815) - Vocab

LESSON #1 – CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONFirst Estate - .5%Second Estate – 1.5%Third EstateBourgeoisPeasantsLouis XVRene MaupeouParlement of ParisAmerican RevolutionAssembly of NotablesEstates General

Other words to know:High ClergyLow ClergyNobility of the Sword / RobeHaute/Petit Bourgeois “après moi, le deluge”Marie AntoinetteMaria TheresaJoseph II“let them eat cake”Jacques NeckerCharles ColonneCharles de BrienneAssembly of Clergy

George IIILord North

LESSON #2 – EARLY CONFLICTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1790)Estates GeneralThree ordersClergy – Nobility – Commoners Abbe Emanuel Sieyes“What is the Third Estate”National Assembly / National Constituent AssemblyTennis Court OathPoor grain harvest of 1788July 14, 1789BastilleMarquis de Lafayette - National GuardThe Great FearDeclaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenParis Women’s march on Versailles

Constitutional Monarchy – July 1990

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Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of WomenAssignatsCivil Constitution of the Clergy

Other words to know:Cahiers de dolenceLiberty, Equality, FraternityTricolorEmigreesDepartmentsCitizen ___Metric System

LESSON #3 – THE REPUBLIC AND THE TERRORConstitution of September 1791Maximillian Robespierre (“the uncorruptable”)Edmund Burke – Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790Mary Wollstoncraft - Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)King and Queen arrested and returned to Paris (Flight to Verennes)Legislative AssemblyJacobin ClubWar against AustriaTuilleriesNational ConventionSecond RevolutionThe RepublicSeptember MassacresGirondistsThe MountainGeorge Danton The PlainExecution of Louis XVI – Jan 21, 1793National Convention 1793GuillotineSans-CulottesCommittee of Public SafetyReign of Terror“Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice… it is, therefore, and emanation of virtue”Mobilization of French resources (Levee en Masse)Thermodorian ReactionThe DirectoryNapoleon Bonaparte

Other words to knowParis CommuneJean-Paul MaratCharlotte CordayThe Constitution of Year OneRepublic of VirtueDeism (Temple of Reason / Cult of the Supreme Being)Law of 22 Prairial

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White TerrorConstitution of Year ThreeRoyalist Coup, 1795 (Vendémiaire Coup)“with a whiff of grapeshot, I dispersed the crowd”1997 Elections and incumbent coupBrumaire Coup, 1799First ConsulConstitution of the Year VIII, 1799

LESSON #4 – NAPOLEONNapoleon BonaparteCorsicaArtillery officerFirst Consul for Life (later: First Consul for Life)Plebiscite - 1799Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code) - 1804EmigreesConcordat [with Pope Pius VII] of 1801Second Coalition, 1798Lord Nelson (British) and the Battle of Trafalgar, 1804Third Coalition, 1804Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 (Battle of the Three Emperors)Confederation of the Rhine, 1806Battle of Jena, 1806Fourth Coalition, 1806Grand EmpireContinental System, 1807The Third of May by Francisco Goya, 1808Invasion of Russia, 1812Grand ArmyExile to ElbaLouis XVIIINapoleon’s Hundred DaysBattle of WaterlooExile to St. Helena

Other Words to knowBrumaire CoupLouisiana Purchase, 1803Emperor NapoleonJosephinePeninsular War, 1807 (“Spanish Ulcer”)Arthur Wellesley, Duke of WellingtonGrand Duchy of WarsawPrincess Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian EmperorDestruction of Moscow, 1812Battle of the Nations, 1814 (Battle of Leipzig)

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UNIT #5 – THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

LESSON #1 – INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION in BRITAINIndustrial Revolution Textile industryJames Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny, 1765Richard Arkwright – Water FrameEdmund Cartwright – Power LoomInfluence of coalThomas Newcomen – Steam engine, 1705James Watt – Steam Engine (improved), 1760sHenry Cort - Puddling furnaceThe puddlersGeorge Stevenson – THE ROCKET, 1830Joseph Turner and Claude MonetThe Great ExhibitionCrystal PalaceThomas Malthus – Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798David Ricardo – Iron Law of Wages Subsistence levelEconomics: “The DISMAL SICENCE”

LESSON #2a – INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION in the REST OF EUROPEZollverein (Germans)Economic nationalism

LESSON #2b – RELATIONS between CAPITAL and LABORUrbanizationWilliam Blake - “satanic mills”William WordsworthLudditesPoorhouses

FACTORY ACT of 1833 Separate spheres (gender)MINES ACT OF 1842Combination Acts, 1799 (unions)Robert Owen – New HarmonyChartist movement

James Kay – Flying Shuttle

LESSON #3 – CONGRESS OF VIENNARussia, Prussia, Austria and Great BritainQuadruple AllianceCongress of ViennaRestoration of the Bourbon DynastyPeace of Paris, 1815

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Balance of powerPrince Clemens von MetternichRobert CastlereaghCharles TallyrandSecond Peace of Paris, 1815Waterloo, 1815Louis XVIIIDual revolution1830 BelgiumGerman ConfederationPrince Klemens von MetternichSelf determination

LESSON #4 – THE SPREAD of RADICAL IDEAS (ISMS) and ROMANTICISMLiberalism (“classical liberalism) Louis XVIII’s Constitutional CharterLaizzez-faireNationalism Guiseppe MazziniSocialismKarl Marx & Friedrich Engles – The Communist Manifesto (1848)Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

Romanticism William WordsworthGermaine de Stael – On Germany (1810) – started movement of enthusiasm in German writingVictor Hugo – Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)Ludwig von Beethoven

LESSON 4a - NEW ART FORMS of the NINETEENTH CENTURY (most are not in the book)RealismEduarde ManetPre-RaphaelitesImpressionismClaude Monet - Giverny, FrancePost-Impressionism Georges Seurat – Pointillism Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, Paul GauguinFauvism - Henri Matisse

LESSON #5 – REFORMS and REVOLUTIONS up to AND INCLUDING 18481848Greek Independence of 1830Corn Laws of 1815Tory Government (Tory Ministry of British Parliament)Six Acts (1819)Battle of Peterloo (at the Fields of Manchester) (Peterloo Massacre of 1819)Whig ParrtyWhig Reform Bill of 1832 (Great Reform Bill of 1832)People’s Charter (1839, 1842, 1848)Chartist Movement

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Anti-Corn Law LeagueRobert PeelTen Hours Act of 1847Great Famine (Ireland: 1845, 1846, 1848, 1851 potato crop)Louis XVIII (1815-1824) and his Constitutional Charter of 1814Chamber of Deputies (lower house)Charles X (1824-1830)Louis Philippe (1830-1848) [July Monarchy / Citizen King (“king of the French people”)]Bourgeois Monarchy

Barricades in the streets of Paris – Feb 1848 [February Days]Second Republic (of France)National WorkshopsJune Days (Barricades in the streets of Paris, again)Austrian Empire (Vienna, Austria rebellion of 1848)Frankfurt National Assembly (Frankfurt Parliament of 1848) (Prussian rebellion of 1848)Schleiswig and Holstein

Other Words to knowItalian rebellion of 1848

LESSON #6 – TAMING THE CITYPoor Law of 1834Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)UtilitarianismCholera epidemic of 1846Germ Theory Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph ListerGeorge HaussmannPublic transportationElectric Streetcar

LESSON #7 – RICH AND POORAristocracyUpper middle classMiddle middle classLower middle classWhite collarLabor AristocracyWorking classes (highly skilled, semiskilled, unskilled)“sweated industries”

Other words to knowSir Robert Peel – “Bobbies”Philadelphia System of prisons (isolation)Strict moral code

LESSON #8 – CHANGING FAMILY and SCIENCE AND THOUGHTIllegitimacy explosionGender roles1882 Law – Gender Equality

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Women ruled the houseHome sweet homeLower infant mortality

Second Industrial RevolutionHerbert Spencer “survival of the fittest”Social DarwinismRealism

LESSON #9 –NATIONALISM in FRANCE, ITALY, and GERMANYLouis Napoleon BonapartePresident Louis NapoleonNational Assembly[Presidential Coup (1852)]Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte III (1853-1871)[Franco-Prussian War (1871)]

Italy had never been united prior to 1850Lombardy and Venetia (Austrian)Sardinia and Piedmont (Italian)Central Italy and Roman (Papal)Naples and Siciliy (Bourbon)[Unification of Italy (1852-1870)]Giuseppe Mazzini – Young ItalyVictor Emmanuel of Sardinia (and Piedmont)Camillo CavourCavour goaded Austria into a war in 1859 Giuseppe Garibaldi & his Red ShirtsKingdom of Italy (1860)

[Unification of Germany (1862-1870)]German ConfederationAustro-Prussian RivalryFrankfurt Parliament (1848)ZollvereinWilliam IOtto von Bismarck (Iron Chancellor) “…Blood and Iron”Schleswig and HolsteinWar against Denmark (1864)Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) (1866)North German ConfederationChancellor BismarckFranco-Prussian War (1870)German EmpireEmperor of GermanyHall of Mirrors in Palace of Versailles of 1871 5 Billion Francs, Alsace and Lorraine

Other words to know

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Second ReichKaiser William I

LESSON #10 – EASTERN EUROPE – RUSSIA AND OTTOMAN EMPIRESOttoman TurksmodernizationCrimean War (1853-1856)Alexander II (1855-1881) “Czar Emancipator”Sergei WitteRussian Revolution of 1905Japanese attack in 1904Bloody Sunday (1905)October ManifestoDumaSerbia 1816Greece 1830

Young Turks

Other words to knowAlexander I (1801-1825) Decembrist Revolution - Constantine and ConstitutionNicholas I (1825-1855)

Balance of PowerFlorence NightingaleZemstvovsAlexander III *1881-1894)RussificationpogromsNicholas II (1894-1917)

LESSON #11 – THE NEW NATION STATE and MARXISM / SOCIALISM ReichstagKulturkampf (Bismarck “Real Politik”)ProtectionismSocial Democrat PartySocial Welfare Programs (Bismarck the German Laws of 1883-1884 (socialist style))William II (1888-1918)

Republic of FranceParis Commune in March, 1871National AssemblyDreyful Affair

Great Britain and IrelandSecond Reform Bill of 1867Benjamin Disraeli – ToryThird Reform Bill of 1884

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The People’s BudgetLiberal Party (Whigs)David Lloyd George - LiberalWilliam Gladstone – WhigIreland self-government “Home rule”Ulster

Norway 1905

Other words to knowVictorian BritainQueen Victoria (1837-1901)Albert of Saxe-Coburg/GothaPeer Resurgence

Austro-Hungarian EmpireDual Monarchy (1866) (Compromise of 1867 – The Ausgleich)Germans in Austria = 1/3 Czechs and other nationalities in the EmpireNationalism – the impact on the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Anti-semitismKarl Lueger (Vienna Mayor Karl Leuger (1897-1910))Theodor Herzl – the Zionist movementZionismPogroms (1881-1882)

Socialist InternationalGerman Social Democratic PartyFirst International – the International of SocialistsMarxists and Socialists – The First InternationalSecond International (1889)May DayRevisionism – Eduard Bernstein – Evolutionary Socialism (1899)

LESSON #12 – THE GREAT MIGRATION and NEW IMPERIALISMThe Great Migration

New ImperialismCecil RhodesSouth African WarUnion of South AfricaLeopold II of BelgiumHenry StanleyBerlin Conference of 1884

Maxim Machine GunRudyard Kipling: White Man’s Burden

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UNIT #6 – THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

LESSON #1 – CAUSES OF WWIImpact of Franco-Prussian War and German UnificationWilliam IITriple AllianceDual AllianceAnglo-French Entente of 1904 (Entente Cordialle)

First Moroccan Crisis - 1905Triple EntenteThe “People’s Budget”

MilitarismMobilizationConscription in GermanyArms raceBrinksmanshipPatriotic nationalism

Archduke Franz FerdinandGerman “blank check” to the AustriansBosnian Capital of SarajevoGavrillo Princip – The Black Hand – Young BosniaBalkans – “the tinterbox of Europe”SerbiaBosnia and HerzegovinaFirst Balkan War – 1911Second Balkan War – 1913July 23rd Austro-Hungary’s unconditional ultimatumGermany’s unconditional support (of Austria)Tsar Nicholas IIRussian mobilizationSchlieffen Plan (1905)

Other words to know:Russo-Turkish War of 1875-1876Balance of PowerDardanellesTreaty of San Stefano (1878)Berlin Conference of 1878 (Bismarck)Cyprus for Britain, Tunisia for FranceBosnia for Austro-Hungarian Empire (later: “The Bosnian Crisis”)Serbian nationals in BosniaBismarck firedThree Emperor’s League and Reinsurance TreatyFranco-Russian AllianceWilliam’s “Risk Theory”Second Moroccan Crisis – 1911Gunboat: Panther“entangling” alliances

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LESSON #2a – WAGING TOTAL WAR August 1914Total warTrench WarfareModern machinery (machine gun, poison gas, long range artillery, airplane, the tank)Over the topNo-man’s land

Battles of TannenbergCentral PowersArmenian GenocideBattle of GallipoliT. E. LawrenceSubmarine (U-Boats)

LESSON #2b – The HOME FRONTMobilizing for WarCensorshipRationing programsGenerals Hindenburg and Ludendorff – military dictatorshipTotalitarian society

Changing attitude about gender“lost generation”

Censorship and crude propagandaEaster RebellionGeorges ClemenceauHenri-Philippe PetainRussian Revolution of 1917Germans on the Home Front

LESSON #3 – RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONWinter PalaceNicholas IIDumaTsarina AlexandraRasputinAlexisProvisional government

February RevolutionKerenskyPetrograd SovietArmy Order No. 1Vladimir Lenin

Bolsheviks“All Power to the Soviets”

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“all land to the peasants”“bread, land, peace”

Trotsky – Petrograd Soviet

One-party StateTreaty of Brest-LitovskCommunistsThe WhitesThe RedsTrotsky – War CommisarWar CommunismThe Cheka

Other words to know:Count Serge WitteTrans-Siberian RRRusso-Japanese War Bloody SundayOctober ManifestoPeter Stolypin300th Anniversary of RomanovsWarm water port; the Dardanelles

Mobilization of 5 million menEarly victories, then 2.5 million deadCzar to “the front”Rationing – 3 bullets/dayOctober RevolutionNEP (New Economic Policy)Joseph Stalin

Dictatorship of the proletariatDeadly famine – 10 millionComintern

LESSON #4 – The PEACE SETTLEMENT (TREATY OF VERSAILLES)League of NationsAustria, Hungary, CzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaWeimar RepublicGerman Social Democrats

Treaty of VersaillesPresident WilsonFourteen PointsLeague of NationsNational self-determinationThe Big Three

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Lloyd George, Georges ClemenceauMandatesNew Polish StateDanzig [corridor]War Guilt ClauseHall of Mirrors in the Palace of VersaillesFears of Lenin and Bolshevik Revolution

Arab NationalistsSykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 (Middle East mandates)Balfour DeclarationPalestinian ArabsMustafa Kemal

10-13 million soldiers07-10 million civiliansInfluenza epidemic (Spanish Flu)

Other words to know:Alsace and LorraineRhineland demilitarizedReparations “cheated, not defeated”

LESSON #5 – MODERN THOUGHTFriedrich Nietzsche“God is Dead”Logical Positivism (modern skepticism)Existentialism – meaninglessness and moralsFriedrich Nietzsche & Soren Kierkegaard (leap of faith)Jean-Paul SartreAlbert Camus

Revival of Christianity in early 1900sSoren Kierkegaard –

Marie Curie – Atom emits energyAlbert Einstein Theory of special relativityErnest Rutherford

Sigmund FreudThe id, the ego and the superegoPsychoanalysisFreudian psychology

Stream of Consciousness (Wolf, Joyce, Kafka)Internal monologueWilliam FaulknerUlysses – James Joyce

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Oswald Spengler – The Decline of the WestT. S. Eliot – The Waste LandFranz Kafka – The Metamorphosis

LESSON #6 – MODERN ART and CONSUMER SOCIETYModernism Functionalism (mostly Architecture)The Bauhaus (Art and Architectural School in Germany)

Post-ImpressionismVincent van GoghGustav Klimt – The KissPablo Picasso – Cubism (not in book) Guernica – Pablo Picasso, 1937

DadaismSalvador Dali – Surrealism

Igor SravinskyArnold Schonberg

Mass CultureDepartment storesconsumerism“new woman”

Cinema and radioSilent filmThe Triumph of Will

Guiglielmo MarconiBBC

LESSON #7 – SEARCH FOR POLITICAL STABILITY (1920s) and GREAT DEPRESSION (1930s)Versailles SettlementJohn Maynard KeynesLittle Entente132 billion gold marks ($33 billion) / 2.5 billion marks/yearWeimar RepublicRuhr district“black shame”Gustav Stressmann

Dawes PlanLocarno AgreementKellogg-Briand Pact

Mein Kampf

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Labour PartyRamsay MacDonald

Great DepressionBuying on margin

Housing boom (in Britain)Popular FrontLeon BlumSpanish Civil War

LESSON #8 – DICTATORS OF THE 1930sConservative authoritarianismRadical dictatorshipCommunist dictatorshipFascist dictatorsTotalitarianism

StalinismFascismEugenicsHolocaust

Joseph StalinFive Year Plan

New Economic Policy (NEP)Stalin and TrotskyJoseph DzhugashviliCentral Committee

Collectivization of agricultureThe KulaksGosplan

Black bread

Stalin’s Great Purge of 1936-1938

Benito MussoliniItalian FascistsBlack ShirtsGovernment Collapse and March on Rome – 1922King Victor Emmanuel III (age 22)

Mussolini became Prime Minister in 1922One party dictatorshipLateran Agreement“cult of the Duce”Ethiopia 1935

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LESSON #9 – HITLER’S GERMANYNazismNational SocialismAdolf HitlerGerman Workers PartyBeer Hall PutschMein KampfLebensraumFuhrerHeinrich Bruning President HindenbergArticle 48

Reichstag building partly destroyed by fire – 1933Enabling ActGerman Labor FrontNazi Storm Troopers (SA) (Brown Shirts)Hitler’s SS (Black Shirts)Heinrich HimmlerGypsies (Sinti and Roma)Nuremberg Laws of 1935Kristallnacht – 1938

AryanizationAryansVolksgemeinshaftHitler YouthVolkswagen

NazificationAppeasementRhineland – 1936 (Remilitarizing the Rhineland)Rome-Berlin Axis – 1936Spanish Civil War – Francisco Franco (fascist)Anschluss (annexation of Austria)SudentenlandNeville Chamberlain“peace with honor”nonaggression pact (of Hitler and Stalin)Sept 1, 1939

Other words to knowWeimar Republic1923 German default on reparationsRuhr Valley – coal region in GermanyInvasion of Ruhr and hyperinflationReichsmarks – worthlessChancellor Gustav Stressman – Rentenmark

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Dawes Plan – 1924Locarno Agreements – 1925Young Plan – 1929German Economic Collapse of 1931Moratorium on German ReparationsNight of the Long Knives – 1933GestapoDachau Concentration CampGoebbels, Himmler, GoringNuremburg LawsKristallnacht

Sinn FeinIRAUlster

National Government – Labour Ramsay MacDonald - 1931

Italian CorporationsChamber of Corporations Ethiopia – 1935Spanish Civil War (1936-1938)Francisco Franco

Stressa FrontMaginot Line

LESSON #10 – WORLD WAR IIBlitzkriegDenmark, Norway, and HollandEvacuation at DunkirkWinston ChurchillBattle of Britain

Hitler’s New OrderCollaboratorsMarshal Petain – Vichy regime

Other words to knowRussian invasion of FinlandCharles de Gaulle – Free FranceEmergency powers Act in BritainRAF (Royal Air Force)Italian invasion of GreeceOperation BarbarossaAtlantic CharterItalian Campaign – “soft underbelly”Bombing of Germany – Americans by day, Brits by night

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LESSON #11 – THE HOLOCAUST, The HINGE OF FATE and ALLIED VICTORYHolocaustGhettosEinsatzgruppen (Special Action Units)“the final solution”concentration campsAuschwitz-Birkenau6,000,000 Jews

Grande AllianceGreat Patriotic War Battle of El AlameinDresden, Hamburg, Berlin, CologneBattle of Stalingrad

Normandy, France (D-Day invasion – June 6, 1944)Warsaw UprisingMay 8, 1945 (V-E Day)August 14, 1945 (V-J Day)50 million lives gone

Other Words to KnowThe “Big Three”Moscow, 1943Tehran (Iran), 1943Yalta (Crimea), 1945Potsdam (Germany), 1945Holocaust – the “Final Solution”“master race”

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UNIT #7 – LATE 20 TH CENTURY

LESSON #1 – COLD WARDisplaced personsUnited nationsDenazificationNuremburg trials

The Big ThreeTeheran Conference (Nov 1943)Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) [the new Big Three]Truman

The “iron curtain”Truman DoctrineMarshall PlanCOMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)Berlin BlockadeFederal Republic of GermanyWest GermanyGerman Democratic Republic (DDR)East GermanyNATOWarsaw PactKorean WarCold War Era

Applied scienceThe Space RaceENIAC

LESSON #2 – NEW EUROPE (the Western Renaissance & Soviet Eastern Europe)European Economic CommunityKeynesian EconomicsChristian Democratic PartiesChristian DemocratsGeneral Charles de GaulleLabour Party (Britain)“economic miracle”

International Monetary Fund and the World BankOEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)European Coal and Steel Community of 1951Treaty of Rome of 1957European Economic CommunityThe Common MarketPresident Charles de Gaulle

Consumer RevolutionInstallment purchasing

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Cold War Competition

The Great Patriotic War of the FatherlandCOMINFORMCommunist Information BureauSatellite statesEastern BlocShow TrialsJosip Broz TitoYugoslaviaEast German Revolt o 1953

LESSON #3 – KRUSHCHEV ERA(this section starts with Reform and De-Stalinization)Stalin in 1953Nikita KhrushchevSoviet PremierTwentieth Party Congress of 1956Khrushchev’s “secret speech”De-StalinizationBoris Pasternak – Doctor Zhivago – 1956Alexandr SolzhenitsynNixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate”

Peaceful CoexistencePoland 1956Imre Nagy

Berlin Wall - 1961Cuba - 1962Leonid BrezhnevRe-Stalinization

DecolonizationNonalignment

Ho Chi MinhMohandas (Mahatma) GandhiNoncooperation

Abdel NasserSuez Crisis of 1956Apartheid in South AfricaAlgerian War (1954-1962)Neocolonialism

White collar workersMass immigrationGuest worker programsTurkish Foreign residents in West Germany

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British Teddy Boys – “Teds”Generation Gap

LESSON #4 – DÉTENTE, REFORMS and REBELLION (Reform and Protest in the 1960s)Labour PartyKonrad AdenauerWilly BrandtCharles de GaulleDétenteBrandt in the Warsaw GhettoOstpolitikFederal Republic of GermanyGerman Democratic RepublicHelsinki Conference of 1975

Mass travel and tourismSecond Vatican Council

Baby BoomNew LeftBirth-control Pill

Student Rebellion in Paris – May 1968 (note, the picture caption)May Events

NATOCommunist Planning CommissionDissidents

Czechoslovakia, 1968Prague SpringAlexander Dubcek“socialism with a human face”Leonid BrezhnevBrezhnev Doctrine

LESSON #5 – CHANGING CONSENSUS IN WESTERN EUROPEFeminists and environmentalistsNeo-nationalist political parties

Six-Day WarOPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)Islamic Revolution of 1979StagflationThe Common MarketThe European Economic Community“tiger economies”Postindustrial society“rust belts”

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Misery index

Conservative backlashNeoliberalismPrivatizationMargaret Thatcher“the Thatcher Years” – 1980s“Iron Lady”Falklands War (1982)John MajorHelmut KohlDismantling of the Berlin Wall (1989)Reunification of Germany (1990)Francois Mitterrand

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

New ecologists

ETAIRA

LESSON #6 – THE BREZSHNEV AND GORBECHEV ERA (Decline of Really Existing Socialism and The Revolutions of 1989)Mikhail GorbachevReally Existing Socialism

Charter 77 (in Czechoslovakia in 1977)Cardinal Karol WojtylaPope John Paul IIGdanskLech WalesaSolidarity

Brezhnev’s Soviet Union“evil empire”

Mikhail GorbachevPerestroikaGlasnostDemocratization

Solidarity in Poland – led the way…Shock therapy (in Poland)Berlin Wall, 1989Vaclav Havel (Czechoslovakia)Nicolae Ceausescu (Romania)

October 1990 [German Unification]

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Disintegration of the Soviet UnionBoris Yeltsin“rebirth of Russia”Soviet Union [on Dec 25, 1991)Commonwealth of Independent States

LESSON #7 – REBULDING RUSSIA and The NEW GLOBAL SYSTEMEconomic Shock Therapy in RussiaRapid Economic Liberalization

Vladimir PutinChechnyaDimitri Medvedev

Velvet Revolution (Czechoslovakia, 1989)“velvet divorce” in 1993“Ostalgic”

Josip TitoSlobodan Milosevic“greater Serbia”CroatiaBosnia-HerzegovinaEthnic cleansingKosovoKLA (Kosovo Liberation Army)

Globalization2008 Global Recession

Deindustrialization of Europe

European Community (EC)European Union (EU) – 1993Common MarketEU CountriesMaastricht Treaty of 1991EurosEuropean monetary union

United Nations (UN)UN General AssemblyWorld Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)

NGOsThe slow food movement

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LESSON #8 – MULTI-CULTURAL EUROPEIllegal immigrationDiasporaMulticulturalismJean Marie Le PenLa Pen’s National Front

Muslim ImmigrantsMadrid train bombing of 2004Islamic extremism

Kyoto Treaty of 1997International Criminal CourtArab-Israel CrisisDissolution of the communist Warsaw PactThe Iraq WarTony BlairValues gapOver-commercialization of US societyAnti-American sentiment

Al-QaedaWar on Terror (or Terrorism) [GWOT]Osama bin Laden TalibanNon-Arab Kurds, Sunni Arabs, Shiite ArabsTroop surgeAbu Ghraib

Fossil fuelsGazpromGlobal WarmingClimate change

Human rights

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