Academic/ELL Earth Science AGENDAMarch 15, Thursday: B Day

Take out your agenda and GIZMOS packet from last class

WARM-UPS: 1. Take day 3 observations for your lab2. Review of the POROSITY Gizmos

a. Correct your work as we reivew

CONTENT OBJECTIVE: Today you will understand that:

o freshwater resources are influenced by geologic processes and the activities of humans. Key concepts include:

Identifying sources of fresh water including rivers, springs, and aquifers, with reference to the hydrologic cycle

Earth’s fresh water supply is finite. Geological processes, such as erosion, and human activities, such as waste disposal, can pollute water supplies.

Language Objective: Today you will: Use your notes to summarize the factors that increase or decrease porosity and

permeability Label groundwater zones

OBJECTIVES: Porosity, Permeability, and Groundwater zones1. Groundwater Notes: Review Porosity, Permeability, and sorting concepts

a. Follow along with your notes (hand-out)b. At your table/with your group, complete the notes review sheet

2. Groundwater NOTES: Groundwater zonesa. Use your skeleton notes (in your hand-out) and copy the information I add on

the Prometheanb. With your table/group, make your own diagram and label the groundwater

zonesi. EACH member of the group MUST complete his/her sheetii. Write your name on this, staple group members’ together, and turn in

the packetEXIT TICKET:

ANSWER THE RELEASED SOL QUESTION. Write your name on this and turn it in before you leave

HOMEWORK:

IF you did NOT complete the SOL question, complete it for HW.

CH#14: GROUNDWATERPorosity/Permeability/Sorting

I. POROSITIYA. Definition: The amount of pore space (air or empty

space) in a material.B. Examples of Porous Materials

a. Sandstone (all sand-sized particles)b. Pumice or Scoria (gas bubbles)

C. Factors affecting porositya. Grain sizeb. Sorting

i. Sorted material (all the same) has greater potential to be porous

ii. Unsorted material (variety of sizes and shapes) has less potential to be porous

c. Shapei. Angular material tends to be less porous

1. Clay2. Unweathered material (not smooth/round) like

gravelii. Rounded materials tend to be more porous

1. Sand 2. Weathered pebbles

II. PermeabilityA. The ability of a material to transmit waterB. The pore spaces must be CONNECTEDC. Aquifer: Layer of subsurface rock/sediment that

transmits/carries waterD. Permeable Materials

a. Sandstone (quartz sand grains)b. Fractured Rock (connecting spaces)c. Sorted Sediments (sands, pebbles, gravels)

E. Impermeable Materialsa. Limestone (unfractured – tiny grains of calcite)b. Shales (silts and clays)c. Any materials with pore spaces that DO NOT connect:

Permeability is all about ‘Connectivity’

Notes Review: Porosity/Permeability/Sorting

1. Compare and contrast porosity and permeability:

2. Complete the Table:

Porosity/Permeability Definition Example

Porous Material

Permeable Material

3. DESCRIBE the pore spaces in a permeable material:

4. Give an example of a non-porous, naturally occurring material. Explain why it is non-porous

5. Give an example of a non-permeable, naturally occurring material. Explain why it is non-permeable

6. Identify and illustrate the factors that increase and decrease porosity

Factor Increase Porosity Decrease Porosity Illustration

CH #14 Notes: Groundwater: The Water Table

Diagram of Groundwater & the Water Table:

Processes/Changes of State and other Vocabulary Terms:

1. Aquifer: Subsurface layer of rock or sediment that transmits/carries water.2. Zone of Saturation: (Aquifer) Area of water-filled pore spaces3. Zone of Aeration:

a. Area above the capillary fringe, between the soil water storage area and the water table.

b. Water percolates through this layer – alternate periods of wetting & dryingwater storage area and the water table.

c. Water percolates through this layer – alternate periods of wetting & drying 4. Water Table: The top of the zone of saturation 5. Capillary Fringe: Between the water table and the zone of aeration

(on top of the water table) 6. Soil Water Storage (Soil water): Water just below the surface; Available to plants 7. Infiltration: Water seeps into the ground from a permeable surface

(after a precipitation event) and travels to the water table/zone of saturation.

8. Run-off: Water travels across an impermeable surface into a larger bodyof water.

9. Evaporation: Change of state of water from liquid to gas10. Transpiration: Change of state of water from liquid to gas BY PLANTS11. Condensation: Change of state of water from gas (water vapor) to

liquid (forms clouds – tiny liquid droplets) 12. Precipitation: Liquid droplets in clouds combine to form large droplets;

gravity pulls them to the Earth

REVIEW: Diagram and Label the Groundwater Zones: You should have 7 zones, some with more than one label:

porosity Assessment NAME:

1. Suppose you have equal amounts of three substances labeled A, B, and C. Then you add 350 mL of water to each, and then wait so that each one has time to absorb all of the water that it can. 25 mL of surface water remains above substance A. 60 mL of surface water remains above substance B. No water remains above substance C. Which of the substances has the greatest porosity?

o A. Substance A

o B. Substance B

o C. Substance C

o D. There is not enough information to determine this.

2. Based on the macroscopic views of the three substances, which is most permeable?o

o A. Gravel

o B. Sand

o C. Silt

o D. Impossible to tell

False

3. Suppose that 40 mL of water is poured simultaneously into each of the containers shown below. After 10 seconds, 5 mL remains atop the gravel sample, 20 mL of water remains atop the sand sample and 28 mL of water remains atop the silt sample. Water continues to seep into each of the substances. Which substance has the lowest permeability?

o

o A. Gravel

o B. Sand

o C. Silt

o D. It is impossible to tell from the information given.

4. A particular type of rock formation is known to have a porosity of 22%. How much fluid could be present in 50 L of this rock?

o A. 11 L

o B. 22 L

o C. 28 L

o D. 44 L

5. A dry soil sample has a volume of 500 mL. After 400 mL of water are added to the soil, the soil becomes saturated with 150 mL of surface water left on top. What is the porosity of the soil?

o A. 30%

o B. 38%

o C. 50%

o D. 63%