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Soils1. Approximately what percentage of the earth’s surface contains suitable soils for food and

fiber production? a. 25%b. 4%c. 7%d. 1%

2. What are the 5 soil forming factors?1. Parent Material2. Climate3. Organisms4. Relief5. Time

3. Healthy soils are alive with organisms of all shapes and sizes including bacteria, insects, worms, fungi and animals. Farmers who want to maximize the biological diversity in their soils can practice what agricultural system on their crop fields?

a. strip croppingb. conventional tillagec. no tilld. farming on the contour

4. Select the correct sequence in the soil erosion process.a. detachment > sedimentation > transportationb. sedimentation > transportation > detachmentc. detachment > transportation > sedimentation

5. True or False. There can be up to 1 billon bacteria in a teaspoon of good topsoil.

6. Soil: (circle from the following choices)a. is a living, “breathing” entity.b. develops and changes with time.c. is home to millions of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.d. is slowly created and easily destroyed.e. all of the above.

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7. There are 6 major soil horizons. Match the soil horizon to its characteristics.__6___ B__3___ A__4___ R__1___ O__2___ E__5___ C

1. Composed only of organic matter. It can range from un-decomposed leaf litter to completely decomposed humus.

2. Iron and clay has been removed. Generally, lighter colored and coarser textures than horizon above and horizon below it.

3. The first layer of mineral soil. Tends to be darkened by organic matter.

4. Bedrock5. Material in the horizon has not been

changed much. It resembles the parent material that the soil developed in.

6. Horizon that has the most development. Generally, iron (i.e. color) and clay accumulate here.

8. Place the 6 major horizons in order, as they would occur from topsoil to bedrock.1. __O___2. __A___3. __E___4. __B___5. __C___6. __R___

9. Match the corresponding types of water flow: Overland flow is an example of __a___ Rills and small gullies are an example of __c___ Large gullies and ditches are an example of __b___

a. Sheet Flowb. Channel Flowc. Shallow concentrated Flow

10. Which nutrients are supplied by the soil and are considered primary macronutrients?a. iron, boron, zincb. calcium, magnesium, sulfurc. nitrogen, phosphorous, potassiumd. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

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11. Generally, the O horizon would be the thickest on a soil with what drainage class?a. poorly drainedb. somewhat poorly drainedc. moderately well drainedd. well drained

12. Discuss briefly the ways soil prevents pollution. How can this process be destroyed to actually contribute to the pollution load. Soil is used as a medium in filtering water, used as a buffer against chemical pollution, nutrient retention properties of the soil.

Erosion pollutes our waters by the presence of the soil particles and also by the nutrients and chemicals that are held to the soil particles.

13. Natural drainage classes are determined by the depth to water or grey/rust colors (redoximorphic features) in the soil. From the following lists, match the drainage class to the correct depth to water or redoximorphic features.

Drainage Class Depth to Water or Redoximorphic Features_3__ Well a. 18 to 36 inches_1__ Moderately well b. 0 to 10 inches_4__ Somewhat poorly c. Greater than 36 inches_2__ Poorly d. 10 to 18 inches

14. What soil texture is a soil sample that is composed of 40% silt, 35% sand, and 25% clay using the soil triangle? ____Loam________________

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15. What is the texture of the soil at 20 inches, using the Munsell Soil Color Book?. (2 points) clay

16. What is the matrix color of the soil at 20 inches, using the Munsell Soil Color Book? (2 points) 2.5 YR 4/6 or 4/8

17. For the site identified on the map, use the soil survey of Rockingham County to determine the most productive tree for the site. (hint reference table 6) (3 points) Yellow poplar

Wildlife18. Match the animal with its most likely food source

__B___ Fox squirrel a. songbirds__D___ Striped skunk b. acorns__A___ Sharp-shinned hawk c. fish__E___ American Woodcock d. grubs__C___ River Otter e. earthworms

19. Species richness is a term often associated with biodiversity. Its definition is: a. The number of different species in an area.b. The total number of individual animals in an area.c. The amount of biomass in an area.

20. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) affects which of the following animals:a. Red Foxb. Elkc. Raccoond. Black Bear

21. What is the difference between biological carrying capacity and cultural carrying capacity?

BCC: Maximum number of a species that can exist in an area without impacting the habitat.

CCC: Maximum number of a species that people will tolerate in an area.

22. There are a number of circumstances that can cause wildlife species to decline or become endangered. List three of the primary causes:

1. Habitat loss2. Poaching3. Natural disasters

4. Human competition5. Urban development6. Pollution

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23. What is this animal (refer to pelt A)? RaccoonIs it nocturnal, diurnal, or crepuscular? Nocturnal

24. True or False. Chronic Wasting Disease has been detected in Virginia.

25. True or False. Citizens of VA have a constitutional right to hunt and fish.

26. True or False. Bald eagles are federally listed as an endangered species.

27. True or False. The bag limit of coyotes in Virginia is 4 per day.

28. True or False. It is illegal to trap river otter in this county.

29. True or False. It is legal to hunt on the George Washington National Forest.

30. An area in which an animal conducts its normal daily activities is called its _________ while the smaller area located inside this larger area and generally defended against other members of the same species is called a _________.

a. habitat , territoryb. home range , territoryc. territory , home ranged. habitat , home range

31. ________________ are areas of continuous habitat that permit animals to travel securely from one habitat to another.

a. Life zonesb. Corridorsc. Travel lanesd. Flyways

32. List 2 benefits of prescribed burning for wildlife: 1. Remove thatch build-up at ground level, making it easier for travel and feeding2. Increase amount of food and habitat available for early successional wildlife

species3. Increase nutritional value of wildlife foods4. Increase palatability of wildlife foods5. Reduces height of vegetation to a point where more wildlife species can reach it6. Creates more edge and edge effect in areas of little diversity

33. Identify this pelt (refer to pelt B). Gray Fox

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Is it a carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore? Carnivore

34. What is plant succession?A natural process in which plant composition progressively changes from herbaceous species (grass/forbs) to mature forest

Why is it important to wildlife?The different stages of plant succession provide habitat for different wildlife species

35. What species of duck is this/? Wood DuckIs it a diving duck or a dabbling duck? Dabbling Duck

36. Identify the following bird species using the guide book. Red-tailed Hawk

37. Identify the following bird species using the guide book. Ruffed Grouse

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38. Identify the following bird species using the guide book. Red-bellied Woodpecker

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Wildlife39. Describe or define the term “anadromous”.

Fish that spend their adult life in the ocean (salt water) and migrate up coastal rivers to spawn in fresh-water.

40. What body of water do all of the streams, rivers, and reservoirs in the Shenandoah Valley drain to?

a. Potomac Lakeb. Delaware Bayc. Chesapeake Bayd. Albemarle Sound

41. Label the water cycle with the following terms: Precipitation, Runoff, Percolation, Evaporation, Transpiration, and Condensation.

42. At what temperature is water at the greatest density? a. 100° Cb. 0° Cc. 4° Cd. -10° C

43. True or False. Warmer water has higher dissolved oxygen than colder water.

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44. List two types of nutrients found in non-point source pollution.

1. Nitrogen2. Phosphorus

45. Using the Fish photograph provided, please identify and label all of the fish’s fins. (Dorsal Fin, Adipose Fin, Caudal/Tail Fin, Anal Fin, Pelvic Fin, Pectoral Fin)

46. True or False. During drought conditions the water running in streams and rivers in the Shenandoah Valley is predominately ground water.

47. Define the term “catadromous”.

Fish that spend their adult life in freshwater and migrate to the ocean to spawn in saltwater.

48. Describe a riparian zone along a stream.

The riparian zone is an area along the stream back away from the shoreline and up to the water’s edge that is vegetated with a variety of vegetation (trees, shrubs, and grasses).

49. Riparian zones are beneficial in all of the following ways except?a. Filter runoffb. Prevent erosionc. Increase sunlight to the streamd. Increase fish and aquatic habitat quality

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50. Which of the following examples is considered “non-point” source pollution?a. A discharge pipe from a factory into a river.b. An outfall from a sewage treatment plant into a river.c. Nutrient runoff from a farm field into a stream

51. What is the state fish of Virginia?

Brook Trout

52. Pick two aquatic macroinvertebrates that are sensitive to pollution and two aquatic macroinvertebrates that are pollution tolerant from the following macroinvertebrates:Stonefly, Gilled Snail, Dobsonfly, Blackfly Larva, Aquatic Worms, Leech, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Pouch Snail, and Caddisfly

Sensitive Species: Stonefly, Caddisfly, Dobsonfly, Gilled Snail, Mayfly

Tolerant Species: Leech, Dragonfly, Blackfly, Pouch Snail, Aquatic Worms

53. Please identify the following fish species. Largemouth Bass

54. Please identify the following fish species. Brook Trout

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55. Using the photographs provided, please identify the following macro invertebrates.

Mayfly Water Penny Stonefly

56. List three ways that wetlands benefit man and the ecosystem.

1. Filter out nutrients and pollutants2. Flood Control3. Groundwater recharge areas4. Habitat for rare and endangered species

57. If a toxic liquid was dumped / spilled next to a barn ½ mile from a running stream in the Shenandoah Valley, describe two ways in which this toxic substance could find its way into the stream.

1. Traveling through the ground and entering the groundwater which could end up in the stream in a karst area.

2. Rainfall could wash the liquid across the ground and enter the stream.

Forestry58. The Virginia Department of Forestry’s Best Management Practices Handbook offers

mitigation techniques to help reduce:a. Erosionb. Sedimentationc. Air-borne pollutiond. Woody debris

59. A wedge prism is used to determine what forest measurement?a. Basal areab. Tree heightc. Diameter at breast height

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60. Match the following terms and definitions:Filter strips: ___B_____Rain gardens: ___D_____Vegetated swales: ___E____Porous pavements:___A____Smart site design: ___C_____

a. allows water to soak through the paved surface into the ground.b. Bands of dense vegetation planted immediately downstream of a runoff source designed to filter runoff before entering a receiving structure or water body.c. conserves trees and habitat, minimizes disturbance and soil compaction. d. bioretention cells are vegetated areas that collect runoff so it can slowly infiltrate into the ground.e. broad, shallow channels that reduce storm water volume and velocity and filter pollutants from the water.

61. What silivicultural treatment would be helpful in establishing an “even-aged” stand of trees?a. Shelter wood cutb. Thinning from belowc. Clear cut

62. True or False. Invasive species such as Ailanthus altissima typically enjoy poor growth, low reproductive rates and longevity.

63. What is an example of a hard mast producing tree species?Oaks, Hickories, Beech, Walnut

64. Is sugar maple a shade tolerant species and an intolerant species?Shade Tolerant

65. True or False. Eastern white pine is an intermediate tree species.

66. What are the linear dimensions of a “board foot”?a. 12’ X 12” X 1”b. 12” X 12” X 2”c. 6’ X 6’ X 1”d. 6’ X 12” X 1”

67. An example of an abiotic agent that influences forest health would be?

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a. Forest firesb. Emerald ash borerc. Thousand canker disease

68. What is the correct arrangement of tree tissues (inside to outside)?a. Bark, cambium, xylem, phloemb. Phloem, xylem, cambium, barkc. Xylem, cambium, phloem, barkd. Xylem, heartwood, pith, annual rings

69. List two types of protections you should use when operating a chain saw.1. Eye protection2. Hearing protection3. Leg chaps

70. Identify the following tree species using the dichotomous key. Tulip Poplar

71. Identify the following tree species using the dichotomous key. Red Maple

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72. Identify the tree species A on table. Eastern White Pine

73. Identify the tree species B on table. Eastern Hemlock

74. Identify the tree species C on table. Eastern Red cedar

75. Which of the species above is affected by the Wooly Adelgid?Eastern Hemlock