Science 10 DNA and Genetics Unit: Note Package

DO NOT LOSEName: ______________________________ LINK: https:// youtu.be/5IJgGDfu-7k Bill Nye: Genetics 45 min

DNA and Inheritance:

• _____________________ in every organism on Earth has DNA or RNA (in this course we will focus on DNA)

• DNA is the code or ___________________ that directs the cell to make proteins.• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

LINK: https:// youtu.be/zwibgNGe4aY “What is DNA and How does it work?” by Stated Clearly 5:23 min

What are proteins good for?

These proteins are used either:• in _____________________ of the organism such as hair, skin and muscle

OR• to make ________________that catalyze the organic reactions that happen in

cells. These reactions allows cells to do their different jobs in an organism

LINK: https:// www.sciencelearn.org.nz/videos/67-what-is-a-protein “What is a Protein” by Media 2:16 min (copy and paste into browser)

DNA and You:

• Your DNA makes you a ______________ member of your species. • Each member of a species is genetically similar enough to produce __________,

which means they have the same number of chromosomes and all their genes are in the same places on each ______________________.

LINK: https:// youtu.be/gpNmlbnI1o0 “Chromosomes, genes and alleles” by Alex Lee 9:42 min.

1

• We receive ______ of our DNA from our biological mother (in her egg) and _____ from our biological father (in his sperm).

This applies to our brothers and sisters as well, we are ____________________ ________________________ genetically to our siblings because the genes (DNA) in Mom and Dad are mixed up every time a sperm or egg cells are made.

This happens during meiosis and is called ____________________.

LINK: https:// youtu.be/qCLmR9-YY7o “Meiosis” by Crash Course, 11:42 min.

Identical Twins:

2

• The only exception to this is___________________ twins, triplets, quadruplets, etc..

• These cases all originate from the _____________________________________ and so their DNA is identical.

The Structure of DNA:

Each DNA strand is paired with another strand in a twisted structure called a ________________________.

In a double helix, ____________________ of DNA are coiled around each other. The bases are inside the helix with the bases from one strand lying close to the

bases from the partner strand. These strands are held together by hydrogen ___________________________.

LINK: https://youtu.be/o_- 6JXLYS-k “The Structure of DNA” by MITx bio 5:58 min

3

Complementary Base Pairing in DNA

• _______________ (C) and _________________ (G) always bond with each other

• _______________ (A) and _________________ (T) always bond with each other

Chromosomes:

• The DNA double helix wraps around proteins called histones to keep it ________________________________________ so it can fit into the nucleus.

4

• Chromosomes (the most compact form of DNA) are _____________________ __________________________ so duplicate copies of the DNA can be separated into the two daughter cells thus preserving the genetic code of the parent cell

LINK: https://youtu.be/ hywRdDVR76A “Genes, DNA and Chromosomes explained” by science explained, 2:15 min

When the cell is _______________________ it must function at whatever job it has to do.

• At this time the DNA is in its less compact form called c____________________ so that it can be available to code for proteins.

DNA Code:

5

All humans have the same sugar-phosphate backbone in their DNA. The _____________________________ that project off of the sugar are

responsible for our _____________________________ and thus, except for identical siblings, these bases are not the same from person to person.

When DNA testing is done to identify such things as a dead body or a criminal, scientists examine the bases on the DNA strands.

The ___________________ two people (outside identical siblings) in the world have the exact same base sequence on all their DNA strands, is trillions to one; essentially, it is ____________

DNA Replication:

• When one cell divides into two, each new cell must get a __________________ ____________________

• To make this happen, all of the DNA in a cell is ___________________(copied). Just before the cell divides it has two copies of each DNA strand because they have already replicated.

• Replication ________________ the number of DNA strands, allowing for one copy of each DNA for each of the two new cells.

DNA replication involves 3 steps:

1. Unwinding or unzipping

2. Complementary base pairing

3. Joining

DNA Replication Step 1: Unwinding or Unzipping

The first step in replicating DNA is to “_____________” the double helix. An enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the __________________

________________________, separating the two strands, as shown in the diagram below.

DNA Replication Step 2: Complementary Base Pairing

6

• As the DNA strands unwind and separate, they are used as ________________ to make a new double helix.

• The original or __________________________ is copied and two new strands, called ____________________________ are made by complementary base pairing of the 4 bases.

• The nucleotides required for this process are always _______________ in the nucleus and are acquired through the foods we eat.

• The diagram below shows this process.

DNA Replication Step 3: Joining

• The original parent strands and the daughter strands need to be “____________” together, much like the way two pieces of wood need to be nailed together when we build a house.

• Another ___________________ performs this task and joins the….

Adenines (A) to the Thymines (T)

Guanines (G) to the Cytosines (C)  

When joining is complete, the process of replication has produced two _____________________ DNA double helices. When the cell divides, each new cell gets ______________________ of each double helix

LINK: https:// youtu.be/TNKWgcFPHqw “DNA Replication 3-D” by yourgenome 3:27 min.

7

LINK: https:// youtu.be/ 8kK2zwjRV0M “DNA Structure and Replication” by Crash Course, 12:58 min.

The Life of a Cell:

• Now each cell is ready to divide and each cell will get an exact copy of the DNA molecule.

• When a cell is ________________________ the chromosomes unwind and become chromatin again.

• Now the _______________________________________to make protein

Protein Synthesis:

As I mentioned earlier, each ___________ produces a unique protein. ________ __________ are the building blocks of proteins.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ gG7uCskUOrA “From DNA to protein 3-D” by yourgenome 2:41 min

Protein Synthesis involves 2 steps:

1. Making RNA (Transcription)2. Making protein using the RNA (Translation)

RNA Transcription Step 1: Rewriting the DNA to make RNA

8

• The gene on the DNA is _____________________ so that a single strand of RNA can be made from the code (sequence of bases)

• So the ________________________ of the “directions” carried by that gene.

RNA Translation Step 2: Making Protein from RNA

• Now the RNA message can be translated into “_____________________”.• The RNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ______________ in the cytoplasm. • The ribosome binds with the RNA so it can be _________.• As the message “zips” through the ribosome, amino acids are attracted and

attached together there• The code (sequence of bases) in the DNA then becomes the RNA code,

which then determines the ____________________ of the amino acids.• Because amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are added

together like __________________________________, the code is essential to the way that protein works

• If that code is changed, the protein it makes will be different.

Protein Molecule:

9

LINK: https://youtu.be/qBRFIMcxZNM “What is Protein?” by RCSBProteinDataBank 3:38 Min

Mutation: When the DNA code is changed

• ___________________ are changes in the base sequence of an organism’s DNA. Sometimes it may affect __________ one base, sometimes more than one.

• Mutations will only affect the organism if the gene that is changed is being used.• All organisms have “junk DNA” that is no longer __________ by any of the cells.

Causes of Mutations:

1. Copying errors during cell division2. Mutagens

LINK: https://youtu.be/vP8- 5Bhd2ag “What happens when you DNA is damaged” by Monica Menesini (Ted-Ed) 4:58 min

Copying Errors:

Enzymes do make ________________ at a rate of about 1 per every 100,000 bases.

Some of the mistakes are __________________ immediately during replication through a process known as __________________________.

Incorrectly paired nucleotides that still remain following mismatch repair __________________________________ mutations after the next cell division.

10

Mutagens: ____________________: Things in the environment that cause mutations. Some

examples of mutagens include:– UV light, X-rays and other powerful radiation– Organic chemicals that react with the DNA molecule (pesticides and

cigarette smoke)– Viruses whose DNA and RNA can interact with the cell’s DNA during an

infection

Effects of Mutations:

• Changes in the DNA may cause changes in _____________________________ made from the DNA (such as the hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Anemia)

• Sometimes a number of mutations affect the way cells divide and grow which can cause _______________.

• Changes in DNA in ________________ (sperm and egg), lead to mutations in offspring and _______________________________________ into a species.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ Vp3Nmkqghng “Effects of Mutation” by Education Portal 8:23 min.

DNA Mutation and Cancer:

11

• With cancer, the mutations happen in the normal ____________________

• They can then make the person sick but will ____________________________ to the next generation

Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia

• This is a ____________________________ so only one base has been changed in a sperm or egg cell.

• The ______________________________ made by this new gene is incomplete and produces a deformed red blood cell.

• Because this is a _____________________________, the first mutation must have happened in an egg or sperm cell and so was passed on through future generations.

.

12

Google Classroom Assignment: Sickle Cell Anemia Mini-Report (20 Marks)

Write 400+ words with 4+ images on Google Classroom. Make sure you answer all of the following questions in your mini-report:

– What does a sickled red blood cell look like and why?– What are the problems a person with this disease would suffer from?– Where in the world is this disease most common?– Why has this mutation not been selected-out over time since it seems to

be disabling to the person who has it? (Consider that the sickle cell allele must also give the person who has it some advantage)

13

Types of Mutations:

• ______________________________causes disease or death in an organism. For example, cancer.

• _______________________________ have no effect of the organism because it they often happen in genes that the organism does not use.

• ________________________________ will benefit an organism by creating new genes that helps the organism survive. These new beneficial genes tend to be selected for in future generations and so will stay in a species. For example: white fur in arctic rabbits.

Genetic Disorder Research Project

“New Genes” and Evolution:

• Without new genes species would not be able to _________________.• Change in the way a species body functions, looks and behaves is what

__________________ is about.• Because the _______________________________ on Earth is always changing

(climate, landscapes) then it is necessary that organisms change in order to survive. This is called _______________________.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ GhHOjC4oxh8 “What is Evolution?” by Stated Clearly, 8:52 min

LINK: https ://youtu.be/ DlhpvcgK_28 “Part 1: How Does New Genetic Information Evolve? Point Mutations” by Stated Clearly, 7:02 min

LINK: https://youtu.be/ G4VINRUe_o4 “Part 2: How Does New Genetic Information Evolve? Gene Duplications” by Stated Clearly, 8:55 min

Adaptation and Natural Selection:

• Regardless of the organism, more of the offspring in every generation _______ __________________

14

• The organisms in a species that die are usually __________________________ to the present conditions (environment) than those that survive.

• This ever-changing process means that organisms are always evolving in response to an ever-changing environment.

• Otherwise there would be _____________________________. Organisms would have gone _______________ after the first major change in the environment billions of years ago (such as when oxygen was introduced into the atmosphere).

•LINK: https ://youtu.be/ 0SCjhI86grU “What is Natural Selection?” by Stated Clearly, 9:18 min

LINK: https ://youtu.be/ aTftyFboC_M “Natural Selection” by Crash Course 12:44 min

Human Evolution:

If you are interested in Human Evolution and we don’t have time to watch all of these videos in class, I have provided the links below. Human Evolution will not be testable information in this unit.

LINK: https ://youtu.be/wGBDShN8F- E “Why Europeans and Asians Evolved So Differently” by Science Plus, 10:39 min.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ xX2iv4SyNHg “What Neanderthal DNA Is Doing to Your Genome” by SciShow, 4:17 min.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ xpo8SdY1JSw “This is NOT What Evolution Looks Like” by SciShow, 3:50 min.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ ROwKq3kxPEA “Facts about Human Evolution” by SciShow, 12:32 min.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ tNjsVTQ7Q3c “The Future of Human Evolution” by ScShow, 3:50 min

Assignment: Adaptation

• Look up the definition of adaptation. We will discuss it as a class and then you will write the final version in your notes in the space provided in your notes.

• Include the following ideas:– Traits: (how an organism looks, behaves and works)– Evolutionary change: (how and why organisms change over time)

15

Google Classroom Assignment: What is Adaptation? (25 Marks)

• Choose any modern organism that interests you. • Answer the following questions in a 500+ word report. Include at least 5 photos

or diagrams1. Where does this organism live in the world today (geographical distribution)?2. What are the main features of the environment (habitat) this organism must deal

with every day?3. What are some adaptations this organism has that help it eat, mate, shelter and

deal with predators in its present environment.4. Who are the evolutionary ancestors of this organism? How has it changes over

millions of years and why has it had to change? 5. How might this organism be affected by the rapid global climate change we face

today?

Patterns of Inheritance:

LINK: https://youtu.be/ 6bWssRDAHW4 “Heredity- why you look the way you do?” by Moo Moo Math and Science, 2:04 min

LINK: https:// youtu.be/CBezq1fFUEA “Heredity” by Crash Course, 10:17 min

Genes, Alleles and Simple Inheritance Patterns:

• We all inherit ________________ for every protein our cells make• One gene come from _______ (egg cell) and the other from ______ (sperm cell)• Our genes determine our unique and individual _____________

LINK: https://youtu.be/ 5MQdXjRPHmQ “What is a Gene” by Clearly Stated, 4:56 min.

Traits:

• So what is a trait?• It can be as simple as you eye colour or as complex as your metabolic rate• You have a gene for ______________________________________________• Each (functional, usable, active) gene you have makes a different protein• These proteins build your body and run all of the chemical reactions in your cells

16

LINK: https://youtu.be/ SldwzOJ23J8 “What is a Trait? by Moo Moo Math and Science, 2:06 min

Alleles:

• Each gene has a number of different forms called _______________.• That is why there are a number of different ___________________.• Remember, we inherit one allele (type of gene) from Mom and one from Dad

(type of gene)• Many of our traits are determined by a _________________________ that work

together. These are harder to track. For example: our nose shape, our height and our intelligence

• So we will look at some traits that are inherited from a _______________ (type of gene).

LINK: https :// youtu.be/ udyat7YFdFc “Genes and Alleles” by Asap Biology, 2:56 min.

Assignment: Terms we need to know.We will discuss these terms as a class and come up with definitions and examples for each of them.

• Gene:

• Allele:

17

• Dominant Allele (Trait):

• Recessive Allele (Trait):

• Genotype:

• Phenotype:

• Homozygous:

• Heterozygous:

18

LINK: https://youtu.be/ Gd09V2AkZv4 “Pedigrees” by Amoeba Sisters, 9:57 min.

19

Sex-linked Inheritance:

• ______ pairs of chromosomes make a female and ______ make a male

• So genetic diseases like hemophilia or muscular dystrophy that are carried on the X chromosome are more likely to be “expressed” in a male

• This is because a male only has _____________________ and females have two

• Females are more likely to have one healthy gene to “_________________” (so they can be silent carriers of the bad gene but don’t get the disease)

• If males get a “___________” gene on their X chromosome, that is the only gene they have to express and so they get the _________________.

20

LINK: http://www.hog.org/handbook/section/2/how-hemophilia-is-inheritedArticle: “How Hemophilia is Inherited”, The Hemophilia Disorders Handbook.

LINK: https://youtu.be/h2xufrHWG3E “Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits” by Amoeba Sisters, 6:11 min.

Punnett Squares:

LINK: https ://youtu.be/ prkHKjfUmMs “Learn Biology, How to Draw a Punnett Square” by Mahalo, 4:20 min.

21

Punnett Squares: Dominant and Recessive Alleles

Mendelian Inheritance

• Back in mid-1800s, a monk named __________________________ was living in a monastery in part of Austria.

• He observed that the ____________________ growing in the garden had a predictable pattern of traits from generation to generation.

• Mendel set up ____________________ where he carefully tracked these patterns over many years.

• He came up with important _________________________________________ before we understood anything about DNA and genes.

• Mendel worked with ________________________________ of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color.

• These traits had a _______________________________________ allele and produced a “mathematical” pattern of inheritance

LINK: https:// youtu.be/ Mehz7tCxjSE “How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics” Horetsia Diaz (Ted-Ed), 3:06 min.

22

LINK: https://youtu.be/ qIGXTJLrLf8 “Punnett Squares and a Dihybrid Cross” by Amoeba Sisters, 8:31 min.

23

Mendel’s Law of Segregation:

• Each _____________ (sperm or egg cells) can only carry _________________ for a particular gene

• But as I said before, not all traits follow the rules of Mendelian genetics.

LINK: https://youtu.be/ YJHGfbW55l0 “Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Polygenic Traits and Epistasis” by Amoeba Sisters, 7:11 min.

Complete Dominance:

• Mendel was _____________ because he was observing what is called complete dominance where only one allele is always expressed if it is present (the __________________________).

• The ______________________________ is only expressed in the phenotype (the organisms actual physical traits) if there is no dominant allele.

Incomplete Dominance:

• Sometime the both alleles are _________________ in the _________________• For example a red flower and a blue flower in the first generation will produce

some purple flowers ( a blending of the two colours from the parents)

Codominance:

24

• Both __________________________________ in the offspring _____________ ________________________

• A red flower parent and a white flower parent will produce red and white spotted flowers

Agriculture: Artificial Selection

• It is important to know that since agriculture began 10,000 years ago we have been _____________________ animals to breed and carry on the traits we want…

– More eggs, milk or meat– Larger fruits, vegetables and seeds

• This is called _________________________________

LINK: https:// youtu.be/ 9hzWbTpxME8 “Natural Selection vs Artificial Selection” by 2 Minute Classroom, 2:34 min.

LINK: https:// youtu.be/ kWUA7CLmJ9Y “How Are New Dog Breeds Created” by Seeker, 4:20 min.

LINK: https:// youtu.be/ tgpBwnMBfBw “How 100 Years of Breeding Changed these Popular Dog Breeds” by Facts Verse, 6:15 min.

25

Final Genetics ProjectOn the following pages there are two possible final projects for this Genetics Unit.

1. Artificial Selection2. Genetic Engineering

• Choose only ONE of these topics. If you want to change the project and follow a specific interest of your own, please talk to me before you get started.

Google Classroom Assignment: Artificial Selection Project (50 Marks)

Choose a domesticated animal or plant that we use for food, pets or pleasure. Write a 1000+ word report on a Google Doc or Google Slides covering the questions below. Include at least 10 relevant images, charts or graphs. This assignment will be posted on Google Classroom.

1. Follow its evolution from the original wild species to modern day (for example: grass becomes grain; wolves become dogs)

2. Name some relatives of your organism that are domesticated and some that are still wild. (for example: wheat, oats, barley and grasses OR other dogs and wolves)

3. What was your organism’s role in human society (food, work, pleasure?)4. What were the characteristics that were selected for? (size, behavior, speed,

beauty?)5. What problems does your organism have today because it has been highly bred

(selected)?6. Is your organism now completely dependent on humans to care for it? What

impact does this have on your organism?

26

Google Classroom Assignment: Genetic Engineering Project (50 Marks)

Choose an animal, plant or bacterium that scientists have genetically engineered for human use. Write a 1000+ word report on a Google Doc or Google Slides covering the questions below. Include at least 10 relevant images, charts or graphs. This assignment will be posted on Google Classroom.

1. Choose an organism that has been genetically engineered (animal, plant or bacteria).

2. What was your organism’s role in human society before it was genetically engineered? (food, work, pleasure, health)

3. What were the characteristics that were engineered for? (size, behavior, speed, beauty, medicine, recreation?) and why were they genetically changed?

4. Describe the genetic engineering technique that was used to change the genes of this organism.

5. What problems does your organism have today because it has been genetically engineered?

6. What are some advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered organisms? (food, medicine, economics, the natural environment)

27