why is it important? -contains hereditary material -directs cell function dna
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNA, RNA, PROTEINS STUDY GUIDE
![Page 2: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why is it important? Contains hereditary
material Directs cell function
DNA
![Page 3: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose sugar 3. nitrogenous basesWHERE ARE THEY FOUND?-nucleus
WHAT THREE THINGS MAKE UP DNA?
![Page 4: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
-sugar backbone -nitrogenous bases
bonded with a hydrogen bond
“double helix”
DESCRIBE THE SHAPE OF DNA
![Page 5: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
- Adenine (A) -Guanine (G) -Cytosine (C) - Thymine (T)
WHAT ARE THE 4 NITROGENOUS BASES?
![Page 6: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Adenine-Thymine A-T Guanine-Cytosine G-C*PURINES-double ring of carbon & nitrogen Adenine & Guanine*PYRIMIDINES-single ring of carbon & nitrogen Cytosine & Thymine
WHICH ONES PAIR TOGETHER?
![Page 7: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GATTACA CTAATGT
COMPLEMENTARY BASES
![Page 8: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WHEN DOES IT OCCUR? “S” phase of interphase
WHY DOES IT OCCUR? because the cell divides
DNA REPLICATION
![Page 9: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. helicase separates
double helix “unzips” it 2. DNA polymerases add
complementary nucleotides 3. DNA polymerases finish
replicating DNA and fall off
THREE STEPS OF REPLICATION
![Page 10: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
An incorrect nitrogenous
base is added to a DNA molecule.
WHERE IS THE MUTATION? CATGATC GTACAAG
WHAT IS A MUTATION?
![Page 12: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1. Deletion 2. Insertion3. Inversion4. Duplication
FOUR TYPES OF MUTATIONS
![Page 13: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WHAT IS A GENE? A segment of DNA that is located on a chromosome and that codes for a hereditary character.
PROTEINS AND RNA
![Page 14: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The gene directs the making of a trait
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE PROCESS THAT CREATES Mrna FROM A DNA SEQUENCE?
Transcription
HOW DO GENES DETERMINE OUR TRAITS?
![Page 15: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Translation WHY ARE PROTEINS IMPORTANT
TO EVERYDAY LIFE? They do important work in cells, such as protecting the body against infections and carrying oxygen in RBC
WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT CREATES A PROTEIN FROM
mRNA?
![Page 16: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
An organic molecule that
makes up proteins. The amino acid will determine the shape of the protein and the shape is critical to the proteins function
WHAT ARE AMINO ACIDS?
![Page 17: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sugar ribose sugar
deoxyribose Contains AUGC Contains ATGC Single stranded double
stranded Shorter long BOTH nucleic acids made up a
nucleotides
RNA VS DNA
![Page 18: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
THREE TYPES OF RNA
![Page 19: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
mRNA- carries the instructions
from a gene from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA-make up ribosomes tRNA-transfers amino acids to
the ribosome to make a protein.
RNA JOBS?
![Page 20: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TAKES PLACE IN THE: Nucleus in eukaryotic cells and DNA region of cytoplasm or prokaryotic cells
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 21: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1. RNA polymerase binds to
promoter(initiates transcription) 2. RNA polymerase adds free
RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the DNA strands.
THREE STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION?
![Page 22: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. RNA polymerase reaches
a termination signal. Upon reaches this “stop” signal, RNA polymerase releases both the DNA and the newly formed RNA.
![Page 23: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
An enzyme that catalyzes the
formation of RNA on a DNA template
TERMINATOR SIGNAL- a specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
RNA POLYMERASE
![Page 25: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DNA- ATCCGATTA RNA- UAGGCUAAU
COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING
![Page 26: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Making of proteins WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THIS? translation or decoding of
genetic instructions to form a polypeptide
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? proteins are critical for living things
RNA TRANSLATION
![Page 27: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1. (initiation) tRNA and mRNA
join together. Enzymes attach a specific amino acid to one end of each tRNA according to the genetic code.
2. (elongation)The polypeptide chain is put together
5 STEPS OF TRANSLATION
![Page 28: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
3. (elongation) The polypeptide
continues to grow 4. (termination) ribosome
reaches the stop codon. The newly made polypeptide falls off.
5. (disassembly) The ribosome complex falls apart.
![Page 29: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
-The three nucleotide
sequence in mRNA that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start or start signal
AUG-start UAA, UAG- stop
CODON
![Page 31: Why is it important? -Contains hereditary material -Directs cell function DNA](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77b8e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
By using the genetic code
HOW DO YOU KNOW WHAT AMINO ACIDS ARE ADDED TO
A PROTEIN CHAIN?