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السلطة البحرية الاردنية

Jordan Maritime Authority

Humans have always been interested in where things are…



One of the basic questions have always been where I am? which leads to…

where am I going …. how do I get there and How can I reach …….?

Early solutions

• marking trails with piles of stones (problems when snow falls…or on ocean )

• navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)

…location within a mile or most widely used for centuries using old equipment for

navigation at sea and land.

Modern solutions:

• Radars : marine radars X band . Then S band

• DF : Radio direction finder

• OMEGA: Radio stations with special charts

• LORAN C: radio-based; good for coastal waters

…limited outside of coastal areas

• Sat-Nav. : low orbit satellites; use of low frequency Doppler

…problems with small movements of receivers



what is navigation?

How can we find our position on the earth?

How people were navigating in old times?


• Old navigation instruments


• Why navigation is very important at sea?

• Safety of navigation is the main way to safe life,

environment and cargoes .


• History of Navigation • Navigation on the Ocean (must be independent from the continents)

Latitude and Longitude

spherical triangle equation


• Navigation on the Ocean

• Speed and Bearing measurements to keep the course.

• Sextant and Chronometer to determine the Latitude and

Longitude and update the position


• New navigation instruments came into service to facilitate the way of finding positions for the navigators at sea.

1. Radio Direction finder

2. Omega C

3. loran C

4. Magnavox

5. satellite

6. Global positioning system (GPS)

• History of GPS

• GPS Satellite Concept

• GPS System Segments

• Principle of Positioning

• GPS codes and the determination of travel time

• Accuracies / Error sources


• After the 2nd World War it became important to create the global Navigation solution.

• In the Space era the satellites could be used as “control points”.

• Surveyors used various satellites equiped with reflectors as signals to link control networks (e.g. islands)

• After 1960 the „US Navy Navigation Satellite System“ (NNSS) was created, then renamed to TRANSIT




• After all new invented satellites for navigation at sea and land

International Committee on GNSS

• In 2004 UN General Assembly Resolution 59/2 (paragraph 11) invited GNSS and augmentation providers to consider establishing an international committee on GNSS in order to maximize the benefits of the use and applications of

• GNSS to support sustainable development.

• In December 2005 at a meeting convened by the UN Office for Outer Space Affairs

• in Vienna, interested Governments intergovernmental and nongovernmental

• organizations present at the meeting agreed to establish the ICG

GPS USA

Compass China

Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS Accuracy 10m or better

Planned, India, Japan, Korea

Galileo EU/ESA

GLONASSRussia




Next Generation Global Navigation Satellite Systems

• Global Navigation Satellite

• Systems (GNSS) are seeing

• many new developments…

• USA’s GPS Modernization and

• ultimately GPS-III

• Russia’s GLONASS Re-vitalisation

• Japan’s MSAS and QZSS

• India’s GAGAN

• China’s Beidou

• A very significant new

• development is the EU’s

• Galileo…

• Space Based Augmentation Systems

• Improves GNSS accuracy to 3 metres



• Ionospheric effects ± 5 metres

• Shifts in the satellite orbits ± 2.5 metres

• Clock errors of the satellites' clocks ± 2 metres

• Multipath effect ± 1 metre

• Tropospheric effects ± 0.5 metre

• Calculation & rounding errors ± 1 metre

• All adds up to ± 15m – 10m typically stated

• With EGNOS still ± 3 to 5m according to this source

• However ± 1m considered realistic



Signals of GNSS Open Services

السلطة البحريه الاردنيه Jordan Maritime Authority

Benefits of Next Generation GNSS

• GPS and GLONASS combined have already

• demonstrated the benefits of extra satellites;

• Galileo brings all that and more;

• The benefits of the extra satellites and their signals:

– Continuity (3 sub-systems are better than 1);

– Accuracy (e.g. Galileo Commercial Service 0.1m in handset);

– Efficiency (centimeter accuracy with shorter initialization times);

– Availability (60+ Satellites by 2010, 10 available will be common place,

• working in Urban Canyons, under Tree Canopies, in Open Cut Mines) and;

– Reliability (more reliable signal tracking, also designed for Safety-of-Life).

• Coded signals brings cheaper receivers for centimeter applications.

السلطة البحريه الاردنيه




Navigation is fundamental to economic and social activities

such as commuting, manufacturing or supplying energy.

Each movement has an origin , a potential set of intermediate

locations a destination, and a nature which is linked with

geographical attributes,

Transport systems composed of infrastructures, modes and

terminals are so embedded in the social - economic life of

individuals,

institutions and corporations that they are often invisible to the

consumer.

This is paradoxical as the perceived invisibility of transportation

is derived from its efficiency.

Understanding how navigation link with geography is main the

purpose of trade and it is effect on human life in all aspects.



• The aspect of navigation effect on human

social and economical life :-

1- safety of life

2- environmental effects

3- economical effect

4- social effect

5- safety of ships



Safety of life effect (SOLAS requirements) :- 1. Moving at sea with safe courses and with accurate

positioning at sea provide people working at sea stable, secure and safe feeling.

2. Continuous accurate positioning for ships could determine the availability of search and rescue for all ships in emergency .

3. Easy of communications between ships and land facilitate for the activity of the ships ( supplying ..bunkering, Quick assistance when needed, change crew when ever needed).

4. Minimize the security breaching for the ship by piracy or theft or highjack …….).



Environmental effect (MARPOL requirements) :-

1- oil pollution prevention and reaction .

2- costal structure and infrastructure protection.

Economical effect( freight cost) :-

1- voyage duration.

2- cargo handling .

3- Delay and demurrage .

4- damage of cargo due to weather .

5- delay of cargo documents.



. Social effect :

seafarers contract duration.

Ship safety effect : 1- Navigation dangers / LRIT - AIS.

2- Grounding and emergencies.

3- Weather reports.



• Only through the discovery of GPS technology made seafarers feel safer to sea. GPS made it easier for sailing and sea trade transport.

• This is because before GPS, ships did lose

• their way and the world did witness such tragedies.

• It is very clear that without the invention of GPS,

• human technology as it is would not have been so easy and reliable.

• This is only as there is no other technology which is as reliable, accurate and cheap like that of GPS.



In today's modern societies with computing

flourishing and being a part of basic necessity,

GPS has its own crucial role. For instance,

computers are used everywhere even in aircrafts,

they would not be able to use autopilot if it's not

for the GPS satellite feeds. GPS as it provides

absolute convenience to humans since the world

is becoming smaller and smaller as a result of

technological advancements.



• Before GPS was opened to the Navigation for free usage,

• People were depending on rather non-reliable and non- accurate methods to travel around.

• As the famous quote goes, Necessity is the mother of invention,

• Humans realized and needed a cheap and reliable alternative to the traditional methods of calculating latitude, longitude and altitude.

• There is no doubt that the society benefits from this technology in many ways, including safer,

• more reliable travel and an increase in human safety.



Jordan have it is own services needs and usage in

application of all sectors and activities affected

by the new development of global navigation

satellite Systems which have been included in all

transportation strategies .

1- Ships under Jordanian flag. ships intended to register under Jordanian flag should comply with all

requirements of the international conventions and agreements

singed and recognized by the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan

government that make ship seaworthy .

(navigations and communication equipment)

Port state control requirements for ships calling -2 Aqaba port .

Jordan Maritime Authority holds on its shoulder the task of upgrading

the level of safety on board ships calling Aqaba port or the Jordanian territorial waters for loading /discharging cargo or supplying or for any purposes, Ships should comply with the requirements of safety at sea for ships sailing from /toward Aqaba port as per the

international safety regulations to protect human life, cargo and environment and stop any threats that may be caused by less safety on board ships.

Harbor master and port state control started working hard with all ships to improve the safety on board, safety of navigation and communication as the main target of that.





3- Vessel traffic services requirement .

Jordan Maritime Authority takes the responsibility of vessels traffic services management within the Jordan territorial waters and the adjacent international waters to control traffic movement for ships entering or departing Aqaba port or ships waiting at anchor or at sea for entering the port for the purpose of securing the safety of navigation for all ships.



4- Search and Rescue Convention. Jordan Maritime Authority carries the responsibility of the

search and rescue within the territorial and adjacent

waters for ships in emergency cases or rescue

conditions in cooperation with the all concerned parties

including the Royal Jordanian Navy.

For all above circumstances which effect on the safety of

life , environment, economy and many aspects of life

government of Jordan takes the responsibly to improve

the maritime sector in Jordan and give way to upgrade all

legalization to proceed step by step with all development

in the marine transportation sector.

السلطة البحرية الاردنية شكراً لكم

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