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ReIResources: Sharing Resources in a Networked Digital Ecosystem

Course Guide 2019

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020

research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730895.

July 3—5, 2019 Bologna

KNOWLEDGE CREATES UNDERSTANDING

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ReIReS Course Guide 2019ReIReSources: Sharing Resources in a Networked Digital EcosystemJuly 3—5, 2019

E:[email protected]: reires.eu

Table of contents

▫ Organizers — Third parties involved — Contact...................5

▫ Introduction...................................................................7

▫ ReIReS Training Programme..........................................9

▫ Teachers.......................................................................11

▫ Common Objectives and Specific Learning Goals.........17

▫ Fscire............................................................................19

▫ Programme...................................................................23

▫ Abstract — Syllabi — Bibliographies..................................25

▫ Train the Trainers Activity & Glossary............................37

▫ Participants..................................................................39

▫ Lodging & Partners........................................................41

▫ Appendix.......................................................................43

ReIReS is a starting community of twelve European institutions that are building a unique and highly qualified infrastructure on religious studies. ReIReS brings knowledge into the field of religious pluralism in Europe, thus contributing to a stable society. It explains and implements the idea that “Knowledge Creates Understanding”.www.reires.eu


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Organizers

▫ ReIReS (Research Infrastructure on Religious Studies)

▫ Fscire (Fondazione per le scienze religiose Giovanni XXIII)

Third Parties involved (see also “Partners”)

▫ AIUCD (Associazione per l’Informatica Umanistica e la Cultura Digitale)

▫ Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana

Contacts

▫ Email: [email protected]

▫ Tel: +39051239532


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Introduction

Unique contribution to the ReIReS Training Programme

Scholars attending the course will be presented two distinct aspects of the use of digital resources: a) the representation of the objects of study (primary and secondary sources) in digital form, so as to make them accessible on the Web; b) the processing of the information content conveyed by the digital objects produced in that form. In particular, the relation between representation and processing of a study object in digital form (e.g. the expression and the content of a textual document) shall be dealt with and applied to concrete cases during the classes, by insisting on the distinction between two different approaches to markup, namely embedded vs. standoff markup and on their effects on actual research procedures. A brief historical introduction shall present the impact of the diffusion of the Web and the use of the personal computer on the common practices in the Digital Humanities, in order to allow participants to put the content of lessons, workshops, as well as training activities into their theoretical framework.

Moreover, the course, either directly or indirectly, shall deal with new developments in Artificial Intelligence and database design that allow the application of new research methods in the field of text analysis (vector semantics) and of digital editions (standoff markup). Text mining techniques based on the use of adaptive systems, on the one hand, and the organization of standoff annotations and properties through graph databases on the other, can foster a more elaborate approach to text analysis, especially in dealing with problems of ambiguity that arise from the interpretation of the text and the varying use of diacritics according to the diachronic evolution of the scripting conventions.


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Basically, the course aims at seven main achievements:

1. production and analysis of consistent Web data [Tomasi, Agosti, Monella, Cusimano, Buzzetti];

2. creation of Web pages as a modelling activity, through HTML5 semantic tagging [Tomasi];

3. content representation and semantic enrichment of Web pages through the provision of a Meta HTML element associated to standard classification and data representation schemes for efficient information retrieval via Search Engine Optimization (SEO) [Agosti];

4. production of TEI XML encoded transcriptions of manuscript texts linked to IIIF accessible digital images [Monella];

5. creation of accessible digital libraries of historical collections by supplying IIIF structured metadata [Cusimano];

6. being aware of problems related to the current digital encoding of Arabic, established by Unicode, which is taken from the printed European tradition, which analyzes Arabic script from a typographic instead of linguistic perspective [Milo – González];

7. becoming familiar with two digital tools which are able to overcome the obstacles mentioned above: a universal search algorithm for Arabic script and an archigraphemic reducer [Milo – González].

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ReIReS Training Programme

One-week schools on the use and study of special documents

▫ EPHE, Paris: February 18–23, 2019

▫ University of Sofia: September 22–28, 2019

▫ KU Leuven: February 15–20, 2020

▫ University of Hamburg: June 14–19, 2020

▫ Fscire, Bologna: September 20–25, 2020

Three-day courses on Digital Humanities and Historical Religious Studies

▫ IEG Mainz: January 21–23, 2019

▫ Fscire, Bologna: July 3–5, 2019

▫ University of Sofia: November 19–21, 2019

▫ KU Leuven: March 30–April 1, 2020

▫ Brepols, Turnhout: April 1–3, 2020

▫ University of Hamburg: November 22–24, 2020


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Teachers

Maristella Agosti

Maristella Agosti is full professor at the Department of Information Engineering of the University of Padua, Italy (1999–now), where in 1987 she started the Information Management Systems (IMS) research group which she continues to lead. She is member of the Galilean Academy, Class of Mathematical and Natural Sciences (2015–now). Her research interests include information retrieval, user engagement, databases, digital cultural heritage, and data engineering. In 1990 she designed and launched the European Summer School in Information Retrieval (ESSIR). In 2005 she designed and launched, together with Costantino Thanos and other Italian experts, the Italian Research Conference on Digital Library Systems (IRCDL). She was Chair for the mandate from 2009 to 2012 of the Steering Committee of the International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL). She is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal on Digital Libraries (2005–now). She was member of the editorial boards of Information Processing and Management (1990–2008), The Computer Journal (1990–1998), and the Information Retrieval Journal (1997–2007). She was advisor of the First and Second Level Degrees in Computer Engineering of the Department of Information Engineering (October 2014–September 2018). She was member of the evaluation team of experts for the Industrial and Information Engineering area of the Italian Research Assessment Exercise (VQR 2004–2010) performed by the National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR) (2011–2013). She has widely published on information retrieval, hypertext information retrieval, annotations of digital content, user engagement, accessing digital cultural heritage collections, data engineering, digital libraries and archives, and their evaluation. She is the 2016 winner of the Tony Kent Strix Award.


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Dino Buzzetti

Dino Buzzetti graduated in Philosophy at the University of Bologna, where he has conducted research activity and held teaching positions in the field of the history of philosophy. He has been an associate professor in History of Medieval Philosophy since 1982. He has spent time researching at the universities of Münster, Göttingen, Cologne, Bergen and Brown University. He held courses in History of Ancient Philosophy from 1985 to 1991 and taught Document Informatics from 1993 to 2001 in the Department of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. He has dedicated himself mainly to the study of logical theories and their relationship with the philosophical, theological and metaphysical doctrines of modern authors (John Stuart Mill, John Locke), medieval authors (Duns Scotus) and authors from the period of late antiquity (Proclus). He has also worked on digital critical editions of works from the manuscript tradition of philosophy and has taught a course for philosophy students on Information Technology for the Humanities.

Fabio Cusimano

Fabio Cusimano is a medieval historian and a digital humanist. As far as his research as an historian is concerned, he has focused on the study of the Benedictine monastic tradition, seeking to understand the aspects of spirituality and cultural value such as the circulation of books in monastic libraries. As a digital humanist, he has gained specialist knowledge in Computer Science for the Humanities (at Ca’ Foscari University, Venice) and in the application of ICT to historical research, through the digitization of old documents and the creation of databases. His qualifications in Library and Archival Science, his teaching experience as adjunct professor in Digital Libraries and Cataloguing and his research experience as post-doc researcher in the History of Book and Digital Humanities have provided him with excellent technological skills in the digitization of ancient books and manuscript documents. He is highly experienced in the design,

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management, and implementation of projects for the digitization of books and archival documents (ancient and modern), with significant attention paid to metadata & databases design applied to books and archival collections (in libraries and historical archives), and best practices in digital preservation and content interoperability (thanks to metadata). Currently, he is head of Cataloguing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan. Since the 2019 academic year, he is research affiliate at the Navari Family Center for Digital Scholarship (CDS), Hesburgh Library, University of Notre Dame (IN, USA).

Davide Dainese

Davide Dainese is assistant professor in History of Christianity. His research interests are patristics and a number of deep-rooted diachronical themes (conciliar history, political theology, use of Church Fathers during the modern and contemporary eras, wars of religion). He has been director of the Dossetti Library for two years.

Alicia González Martínez

After graduating at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and a scholarship in Computational Linguistics, Alicia González Martínez earned her PhD in 2013 with a thesis on Arabic Computational Morphology. Afterwards she studied Computer Engineering and worked as a computational linguist on sentiment analysis in the technological company Instituto de Ingenieria del Conocimento in Madrid. Now she is post-doctoral researcher in the ERC project “Contemporary Bioethics and the History of the Unborn In Islam” (COBHUNI) at Hamburg University.

Thomas MiloThomas Milo is partner in DecoType, a team that has been working on Arabic script technology since 1982, in the course of which they pioneered the concept of Dynamic Font (Smart Font, Intelligent


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Paolo Monella

Paolo Monella holds a PhD in Classics (University of Palermo, 2006). In 2012 he was a post-doc fellow in Digital Humanities at the Centro Interdipartimentale “Beniamino Segre” of the Accademia dei Lincei. As a visiting lecturer, he taught Latin language and literature at UCLA in 2004 and 2007/08. Since 2008, he has been teaching Digital Humanities at the University of Palermo. He published a book on the myth of Procne and Philomela (Procne e Filomela. Dal mito al simbolo letterario, Pàtron Editore, Bologna 2005) as well as articles on Latin literature – mostly on classical poetry – and (since 2008) on scholarly digital editions (SDEs). In 2016 he completed a multi-layered SDE of the “De nomine” by Urus Beneventanus (http://www.unipa.it/paolo.monella/ursus) and is currently working on a SDE of the “Chronicon” by Romualdus Salernitanus (http://www.unipa.it/paolo.monella/romualdus). Website: http://www.unipa.it/paolo.monella.

Francesca TomasiFrancesca Tomasi is associate professor at the Department of Classical Philology and Italian Studies of the University of Bologna. She has a degree in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (archive and libraries), a postgraduate in the School of Palaeography, Diplomatic and Archivist, a specialization in Computer Science, and a PhD in Italian Studies. Her main research interest covers the study of digital text representation, computational models for Web dissemination of

Font). He has contributed to Unicode since 1988 and licensed fonts and their ACE font layout engine various companies (e.g. to Microsoft as OLE server, creating the first smart font on the Windows platform). The most comprehensive implementation of DecoType concepts to date is WinSoft’s Tasmeem, a plug-in that turns InDesign into a veritable Arabic typesetting system. In 2009 Tom received the Dr Peter Karow Award on behalf of DecoType in recognition for his fundamental contribution to computer typography.

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textual documents and images and implementation in information systems. Since 2006 she has taught Digital Humanities, Archive and Computer, and Multimedia Production at the Faculty of Italian Studies. She is member of the scientific committee of the Italian Association on Digital Humanities (“Informatica Umanistica e Cultura Digitale”); the PhD in Digital Humanities for Medieval Studies; the Scientific Committee of the Research Center on Classic Reception (“La permanenza del Classico”), University of Bologna; the Scientific Committee of the Center for Research on Multimedia (CRR-MM), University of Bologna; the Strategy Committee of Unibo Web Portal; the Program committee of IRCDL (Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries) and the Scientific Committee of the Leipzig School for Culture and Technology. She is also responsible for the digital humanities section of the magazine Griseldaonline and she is visiting researcher at DDH (Department of Digital Humanities) at King’s College London. In 2013 she organized the international workshop “DH-CASE 2013. Collaborative Annotations in Shared Environment: metadata, vocabularies and techniques in the Digital Humanities” (Co-located with DocEng 2013). She has now joined the project “Authorship, variants, style: textual analysis between philology, linguistics, mathematics and computer science” under grant agreement FARB 2013. She participated in various conferences in digital humanities and published several contributions in the field, including the monographs: Metodologie informatiche e discipline umanistiche, Roma, Carocci, 2008; D. Fiormonte, T. Numerico, F. Tomasi, L’umanista digitale, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010.


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Common Objectives and Specific Learning Goals

Common objectives

▫ The participant is able to use the opportunities that arise from the development of digital humanities for historical religious studies.

▫ The participant has the possibility to deal with experts in digital humanities and to experience the heuristic potential available through digital tools and resources.

▫ The participant is aware of the specific features of the digital tools available through ReIReS and the potential for their use in the research activity.

▫ The participant can work on specific case studies during the course with constant guidance from experts.

▫ The participant gains knowledge and experience about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of the digital transformation of cultural objects.

▫ The participant is capable to train others in the use of the programme.

Specific learning goals

The course aims at four main goals:

1. participants will acquire general knowledge about: main markup languages, semantic Web, digital texts and images;

2. participants will explore new frontiers for the use of DH for historical sources, even within historical-religious contexts;

3. participants will be trained in how to develop methodologies to encode and decode historical sources;

4. participants will learn methodological implications of DH technical tools.


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Fscire

Due to the presence of Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro, Giuseppe Dossetti settled in Bologna where in 1953 he founded with a group of like-minded people a library specialized in church history, which in a short time gained dimension, quality and prestige rarely found in Italy. The scope of this endeavor was to include a a wide range of readings, a rigorous vision of research, the belief that through the study of history, theology, patristics, exegesis and philosophy one could strengthen a season of renewal of Christianity.

In 1956 the two dimensions, the more intellectual and the one which was more clearly monastic, were separated and the centre of

documentation continued its activities and collaboration with Dossetti especially with the opening of Vatican II. Dossetti participated in the Council as one of Lercaro’s advisors and the Istituto per le scienze religiose operated as a workshop offering the decisive materials for the debates, but also establishing broad relations, beyond those with the historians, and receiving unequalled intellectual stimuli.

The conclusion of Lercaro’s episcopate in Bologna and the departure of Dossetti for the Middle East provided reasons and motives for the renewal of the Institute, whose new director was Giuseppe Alberigo. At the beginning of the 1970s, it became a reference point for the formation of a generation of scholars in the disciplines of history


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and religion. The Institute then obtained a new legal framework by a unanimous parliamentary vote, and met with its last institutional metamorphosis in 1985, on the suggestion of Beniamino Andreatta. For him the juridical form of a foundation was necessary in order to perpetuate what had been established beyond the limits of the founders and protagonists. The Association for the Development of Religious Studies presided by Enzo Bianchi, Prior of the Monastery of Bose, gave life to the Fondazione per le scienze religiose Giovanni XXIII, presided first by Andreatta from 1985 to 2007 and then by Valerio Onida, former President of the Italian Constitutional Court.

Under the new administration and with a new recruitment of scholars, the Foundation returned to concentrate itself on large

projects such as the Edition of the Diaries of Pope John XXIII. The results of this research were also employed for the beatification of John XXIII in September 2000. Another major project was the five volumes of the History of the Vatican II, later translated into

seven languages. In all these years the library continued to grow, establishing via San Vitale 114 as an international reference point for scholars worldwide and as seat of the independent Alberigo School for Advanced Religious Studies.

Angelo Salizzoni suggested the building complex in via San Vitale 114 to Giuseppe Dossetti as adequate for a centre of documentation.

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Since then, it has become the current location of the Foundation. The buildings once hosted the ancient hospital of Saint Gregory of the Incurables, then hospital of the Poveri Vergognosi connected to the church of Saint Mary of Pity within the historic walls of Bologna. The complex of San Vitale was a religious foundation for many decades, which coexisted with the library and the Foundation. On the first anniversary of the death of Dossetti an agreement was announced between the Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, the Region of Emilia-Romagna, the Mayor of Bologna and the Foundation. The entire building was acquired by Bologna University and leased for free for fifty years to the Foundation. In 2003 the building was restored by the Region and the University, and thanks to a donation a residence complex at via San Vitale 116 hosts scholars from all around the world.

Currently, at via San Vitale 114, one may find a library spanning 2100 square meters with 5323 metres of shelves, as well as journals which occupy 900 square meters with 2759 metres of compact shelves. The areas for seminars and offices occupy 320 square meters and 330 square meters will be devoted to the residence unit.

How to arrive at Fscire

The Fondazione per le scienze religiose Giovanni XXIII (Fscire) is located in via San Vitale 114, in the heart of Bologna. You can reach Fscire:

1. from the Marconi Airport. Take the shuttle bus (BLQ) to the Bologna train station;

2. from the Bologna train station take Bus 32 (direction Porta San Mamolo) that stops in the street opposite the station square (Piazzale Medaglie d’Oro) on viale Pietramellara 59 and get off at the stop for Porta San Vitale (5 stops). The Foundation is located just after the newsagent that can be seen from the bus stop.


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Programme

Tuesday, July 2, 2019

19.30 Arrival of the participants – Refreshments (Fscire)

Wednesday, July 3, 2019

9.00–9.15 Welcome and introduction to the Dossetti Library Davide Dainese

9.15–10.30 Lesson An Overview of the Course. Positioning the Lectures

in the Present State of the Digital Humanities ▫ Teacher: Dino Buzzetti

11.00–13.00 Training Session Linking Text and Image: TEI XML & IIIF – Part I,

Session a ▫ Teacher: Paolo Monella

15.00–16.00 Training Session Linking Text and Image: TEI XML & IIIF – Part I,

Session b ▫ Teacher: Paolo Monella

16.00–18.00 Training Session Linking Text and Image: TEI XML & IIIF – Part II ▫ Teacher: Fabio Cusimano


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Thursday, July 4, 2019

09.00–11.20 Workshop Modelling Web Pages

11.30–12.30 Training Session Creating My Web ▫ Teacher: Francesca Tomasi

15.00–17.00 Workshop Search Engines

17.30–18.30 Training Session Search Engine and Search Engine Optimization ▫ Teacher: Maristella Agosti

Friday, July 5, 2019

09.00–10.30 Workshop Digital Problems and Solutions for Working with

Manuscripts in Arabic Script ▫ Teachers: Alicia González Martínez, Thomas Milo

11.00–12.30 Training Session Digital Problems and Solutions for Working with

Manuscripts in Arabic Script ▫ Teachers: Alicia González Martínez, Thomas Milo

15.00–15.45 Meeting ReIReS Meets Local Religious Communities

16.00–18.30 Training Session Group Work ▫ Teachers: Fabio Cusimano, Dino Buzzetti,

Davide Dainese

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Abstracts — Syllabi — Bibliographies

WEDNESDAY, JULY 3 (Monella — Cusimano)

In the first part of the workshop, led by Paolo Monella and centered on digital textual modelling and TEI XML, students will create a digital (formal, machine-actionable) model of a portion of a text from a medieval manuscript, both gaining hands-on experience and reflecting on the methodological and theoretical foundations and issues of textual modelling. They will follow an inductive path, moving from the elementary structures of the computer (a sequence of binary states, “on/off”, “yes/no”, often represented by “0” and “1”) to binary and decimal numbers and charsets (ASCII and Unicode). At this point, the hands-on experience will start: students will create their own textual markup language based on symbols of their choice and will be asked to reflect on the theoretical and methodological issues arising from inline markup. They will then be introduced to the SGML/XML syntax and to the TEI XML vocabulary and will encode a brief textual portion taken from a medieval manuscript, based on its digital images and using the TEI module for the transcription of primary sources. The students will then be presented and will practice two alternative strategies for combining TEI XML, the current standard for scholarly text encoding, with IIIF, the rising standard for online image-based resources access, metadata and annotation: (a) the first approach consists in linking to the digital images of the manuscript from within the TEI XML source, for example with the TEI attribute @facs; (b) with the second approach, the whole TEI XML transcription is included in the IIIF metadata as an “Annotation”. This will constitute a bridge with the second part of the workshop, led by Fabio Cusimano, focused on IIIF.

The second part of the workshop will be focused on digitization good practices, digital library design and IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework). Fabio Cusimano will introduce these


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topics as tiles of a complex mosaic, starting from a real-life case study: the on-going digitization experience at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. Then, the students will be presented the IIIF Web-based approach as a way to literally unlock digital collections thanks to LD (Linked Data). From the concept of the capsa librarum, or of the bibliotheca – as the etymology of the word itself suggests – to the open and freely accessible library in the digital dimension.

Syllabus

TIMETABLE TEACHER MODULE TOPIC/ACTIVITY

11.00–11.30 Monella Digital textual modelling

Concepts of model, formal model and

digital model

11.30–12.00 Let’s build a digital textual model: binary

numbers, digital numbers, charsets

(ASCII and Unicode), textual markup

12.00–12.30 TEI XML (Text Encoding Initiative)

Introduction to SGML/XML and to

TEI XML

12.30–13.00 Encoding a portion of a manuscript

in TEI XML based on the manuscript

images

15.00–15.30 Linking from TEI to IIIF

(International Image

Interoperability Framework).

Two strategies

Linking to IIIF from within the TEI XML transcription source code (e.g. attribute

@facs)

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15.30–16.00 Including the TEI XML transcription in the IIIF metadata as

“Annotation”

16.00–16.15 Cusimano The Veneranda Biblioteca

Ambrosiana

The Veneranda Biblioteca

Ambrosiana and its new digital infrastructure

16.15–16.30 Designing a new digital library

devoted to manuscripts

Facing the preservation risks

16.30–17.00 Some good practices in digitization

17.00–17.20 A new approach: IIIF (International

Image Interoperability

Framework)

IIIF Core APIs: Image API & Presentation

API

17.20–17.40 IIIF Canvas and the .json Manifest

17.40–18.00 IIIF & the image viewer Mirador:

playing with images

18.00–18.30 The image viewer Mirador and the UI as a research tool: annotating images


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Suggested Bibliography (to prepare for the course)

▫ Cusimano F., Biblioteche di conservazione & Data Curation: dal Custos catalogi al Digital Librarian. Il caso della Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, in «JLIS.it», 10, 1, January 2019, pp. 125–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.4403/jlis.it-12513.

▫ Magnuson L., Store and display high resolution images with the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF), in «ACRL TechConnect Blog», February 25, 2016, https://acrl.ala.org/techconnect/post/store-and-display-high-resolution-images-with-the-international-image-interoperability-framework-iiif/.

▫ Orlandi T., Informatica testuale. Teoria e prassi, Roma, Laterza, 2010.

▫ Pierazzo E., Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods, Farnham, Ashgate, 2015.

▫ Salarelli A., International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF): unapanoramica, in «JLIS.it», 8, January 1, 2017, pp. 50–66, http://dx.doi.org/10.4403/jlis.it-12090.

▫ Stella F., Testi letterari e analisi digitale, Roma, Carocci, 2018.

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THURSDAY, JULY 4 (Tomasi — Agosti)

Abstract

In its first part, the workshop – led by Francesca Tomasi – will deal with Web page creation. In the Digital Humanities domain a great effort is given to this issue, which corresponds to a need for managing data dissemination as a significant step in the lifecycle of digital objects. The markup language needed to write a Web page is a fundamental activity to face information architecture issues. Moreover, a good HTML code is the basis for efficent information retrieval. From this perspective, the class aims to introduce participants to Web page creation as a modeling activity, guiding students to acquire the principal notions of the new “semantic” markup language HTML5, together with CSS, understanding the role of elements and attributes as a strategy for producing effective and efficient Web data.

The second part of the workshop, whose teacher is Maristella Agosti, will deal with search engines. The search engine is an information retrieval Web application that finds Web pages that are relevant to a user’s query. The better the code of the HTML page the better the search engine works. The basics of transforming the content of text documents into objects that represent them and can be managed automatically are introduced, referring to the use of the Meta tag HTML element also associated with classification systems, and standard data representation schemes for the insertion of additional informative contents in the Web pages. The objectives of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) are addressed, analysing the “signals” used by search engines.


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Syllabus


09.00–09.20 Tomasi Workshop Project work in the Digital Humanities. Manipulating the

life cycle of cultural objects: production,

description, conservation,

dissemination, and access

09.20–09.40 What it means to write content using markup languages

to represent / disseminate

research results

09.40–10.30 Using HTML language for the definition of the

logical components of interface architecture

10.30–11.00 The role of CSS in layout manipulation

11.00–11.20 Introduction to Bootstrap

11.30–12.30 Training Creating a Web page

15.00–15.15 Agosti Search Engines Static and dynamic Web pages: Web Server and Web

application

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15.15–15.30 Search Engine: the Web application for Information

Retrieval

15.30–15.45 The scope of Information

Retrieval

15.45–16.15 Content representation of

textual documents: Indexing and index

creation

16.15–16.45 Web crawler: structure of the Web

and construction of the document

collection consisting of Web pages

16.45–17.00 Search engine: Static and dynamic

ranking

17.30–17.45 Search Engine and Search

Engine Optimization

The function of metadata in the HTML document

head


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17.45–18.15 Semantic enrichment of

Web pages through the Meta HTML

element associated to standard

classification and data representation schemes: examples of use of the META element, the Dublin

Core Metadata Element Set, ISO schemes for data

representation

18.15–18:30 Search Engine Optimization (SEO): ranking signals for

search engines


▫ Agosti M. and Orio N., Introduzione all’informatica per studenti di materie umanistiche, Padova, Libreria Progetto, 2010.

▫ Croft W.B., Metzler D. and Strohman T., Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice, Boston, Pearson Education, 2010, http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/downloads/SEIRiP.pdf.

▫ Fiormonte D., Numerico T. and Tomasi F., The Digital Humanist. A Critical Inquiry, New York, Punctum Books, 2015.

▫ van Rijsbergen C.J., Information Retrieval, London, Butterworths, 1975, http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/Keith/Preface.html.

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Weblinks

▫ Website of the W3C Consortium (the World Wide Web Consortium [W3C] is an international community where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop and maintain the Web): https://www.w3.org/Consortium/.

▫ The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI, it supports innovation in metadata design and best practices): http://dublincore.org/.

▫ The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set: http://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dces/.

▫ ISO 15836-1:2017 Information and documentation – The Dublin Core metadata element set – Part 1: Core elements: https://www.iso.org/standard/71339.html.

▫ UCLA, Intro to DH: http://dh101.humanities.ucla.edu.

▫ W3 schools, Intro to HTML5: https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp.

▫ W3 schools, Intro to CSS: https://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp.

▫ DIRT, Digital Research Tools: http://dirtdirectory.org/.

▫ Bootstrap: https://getbootstrap.com/.


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FRIDAY, JULY 5 (Milo — Martínez González)

AbstractArabic script is a writing system that combines a layer of representation for base graphemes with several layers of diacritics, i.e. sets of graphemes that cannot be written on their own, but are represented around and in relation with a base grapheme. Some of these layers of diacritics are optional – they can be written or not – and their optionality status varies diachronically. Arabic script is a cursive script, and the ways graphemes can combine with each other are not idiosyncratic but are subjected to a rule-based based system. These underlying rules are defined by Arabic script grammar. A linguistic understanding of the basic elements and grammar of Arabic script (not to be confused with the grammar of the Arabic language!) is necessary to perform a systematic study of Arabic-scripted texts in manuscripts. However, the current digital encoding of Arabic, established by Unicode, is taken from the printed European tradition, which analyzes Arabic script from a typographic instead of linguistic perspective. Moreover, the focus of the digitization of Arabic is modern everyday use, and characteristic features of literary and historical Arabic are not properly covered. We will show two digital tools to overcome this problem: a universal search algorithm for Arabic script and an archigraphemic reducer. We will have a practical session to learn how to use these tools for studying historical Islamic texts.

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Syllabus


09.00–10.30 Milo A fresh look at Arabic

manuscripts

A fresh look at Arabic manuscripts:

A multi-layered writing system:

archigraphemes and diacritics

Arabic script grammar: predictable complexity

The digital problem: Western

typographic industry creates

Unicode

11.00–12.30 González Martínez –

Milo

Hands-on session

An archigraphemic reducer

A search algorithm


▫ Milo T., Towards Arabic Historical Script Grammar through contrastive analysis of Qur’ān manuscripts, in R.M. Kerr and T. Milo (eds.), Writings and Writing: Investigations in Islamic Text and Script in Honour of Dr. Januarius Justus Witkam, Cambridge, Archetype, 2013, pp. 249–292, https://www.academia.edu/1841785/Robert_M._Kerr_and_Thomas_Milo_Ed._Writings_and_writing_from_another_world_and_another_era_Festschrift_J.J._Witkam_._Cambridge_Archetype._Liber_Amicorum_for_Jan_Just_Witkam.


36

▫ Milo T., Arabic Typography, in L. Edzard and R. de Jong (eds.), Brill’s Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Online Edition, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000043.

▫ Milo T. (compiled by), Qur’ān Concordance, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_eqc_a1.

▫ Milo T., Arabic Amphibious Characters. Phonetics, Phonology, Orthography, Calligraphy and Typography, in M. Gross and K.-H. Ohlig (eds.), Vom Koran zum Islam, Berlin, Schiler, 2009.

▫ Milo T., Computing and the Qur’ān. Some Caveats, in M. Gross and K.-H. Ohlig (eds.), Schlaglichter. Die beiden ersten islamischen Jahrhunderte, Berlin, Schiler, 2008.

▫ Milo T., ALI-BABA and the 4.0 Unicode Characters. Towards the Ideal Arabic Working Environment, in «TUGboat», 24, 3, 2003, pp. 1–13, https://www.academia.edu/910535/ALI-BABA_and_the_4.0_Unicode_characters_-_Towards_the_ideal_Arabic_working_environment_2003_.

▫ Milo T., Authentic Arabic: A Case Study. Right-to-left Font Structure, Font Design and Typography, in «Manuscripta Orientalia», 8, 1, 2002,https://www.tradigital.de/stories/studies/case-study-right-to-left-font-structure.pdf.

▫ Milo T., Arabic Script and Typography: A Brief Historical Overview, in J.D. Berry (ed.), Language Culture Type, International Type Design in the Age of Unicode, Zürich, Graphis, 2002, pp. 111–127.

▫ Milo T., The Koran Fragments from the Lodewijk Houthakker Collection, in «MELA Notes», 62, 1995, pp. 15–33, https://www.academia.edu/2451000/THE_KORAN_FRAGMENTS_FROM_THE_LODEWIJK_HOUTHAKKER_COLLECTION_1989_reprinted_1995_.

37



Train the trainers activity

The last afternoon of the course will be dedicated to group work, which will be coordinated by three trainers. The class will be divided into 4 groups of 6/7 students each. The activity will consist in preparing an effective class presentation lasting a few minutes on a subject dealt with during the course.

In order to effectively prepare for this activity, students are advised to think in advance about possible presentation methods of what they have learned during the course. These presentations will take place at the institutions / universities / research centers of origin. To this end, participants will be asked to convey to the organizers the interests of their affiliate institutes / universities / research centers and how they believe they can communicate their experience to them.

Glossary

ASCII = Ameerican Standard Code for Information Interchange

CSS = Cascading Style Sheets

HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language

IIIF = International Image Interoperability Framework

ISO = International Organization for Standardization

SGML = Standard Generalized Markup Language

TEI = Text Encoding Initiative

XML = eXtensible Markup Language


38

39



Participants

ALPI FedericoFscire

[email protected]

BOERSMA KarlaTUA

[email protected]

BOSKER GerardTUA

[email protected]

BOSSCHAERT DriesKU Leuven

[email protected]

CALVELLI ValentinaFscire

[email protected]

CHÄY BERGUIG StéphaneEphe

[email protected]

CSANADY LaszloProsperis Alba Research Center Szekesfehervar, Hungary

[email protected]

DENECKER TimBrepols

[email protected]

FESTA ChiaraFscire

[email protected]

FRAULINI PetraFscire

[email protected]

GALATELLO MartinaÖAW

[email protected]

HANDL AndrásKU Leuven

[email protected]

HOLZBRECHER SebastianUniversity of Mainz

[email protected]


40

ISHAC EphremFscire

[email protected]

JEONG DoohyeokTUA

[email protected]

LAUDITO Ilenia EleonorIEG Mainz

[email protected]

LEE Gunhyuk MichaelEphe

[email protected]

MARÓTHY SzilviaHungarian Academy of Sciences

[email protected]

PRETTO SaraUniversité de Namur

[email protected]

RIGHI DavideFTER

[email protected]

SINI GiovanniCNR-ISEM

[email protected]

TUERK LilianUniversity of Hamburg

[email protected]

VANSPAUEN AäronKU Leuven

[email protected]

WILKINSON TaranehFscire

[email protected]

41



Lodging

Fscire is available to help participants (by 17 June) with bookings at the Boutique Hotel Liberty 1904 in via Massarenti 98, for a special price (http://boutiquehotelliberty1904.com-bologna.com/), or at the Hotel Blumen (https://www.hotelblumen.it/it/index.html) in via Mazzini 45, both of which are a short distance from where the course will be held.

Partners

AIUCD — Associazione per l’Informatica Umanistica e la Cultura Digitale AIUCD fosters methodological and theoretical research, scientific collaboration and the development of shared practices, resources and tools in the Digital Humanities, as well as digital applications in all Humanities disciplines. Additionally, it seeks to stimulate reflection on the theoretical foundations of computational methods in Internet culture.

Veneranda Biblioteca AmbrosianaThe Ambrosian Library, founded by Cardinal Federico Borromeo on 1607 in Milan and inaugurated on 1609, was one of the earliest libraries to grant access to all who could read and write. It was conceived by its founder as a centre for study and culture.


42

Arabic Archigraphemes Identification Table Thomas Milo – Alicia González

A ا ا A A A ا

AA

B ٮٮٮٮ $ # " B ٮ ٮٮٮ ٮٮ

BB BBB BBBB

G حح & % G ح حٮ

BG GG

D د د د

DD

R ر ر R R R ر

RR

S سس ) S س

SS

C صص * C ص

CC

T طط , T ط

TT

E عع - E ع

EE

F ڡڡ . F ڡ

FF

[F] -Q ٯٯ / Q ٯ

FQ

K كك K 1 ك

KK

L لل L 2 ل

LL

M مم M 3 م

MM

[B] -N ںٮ N 4 ں

BN

H هه H 5 ه

HH

W وو W W W و

WW

[B] -Y ىى Y 6 7 ى ىىى

BBY BY

Arabic Archigraphemes Identification Table Thomas Milo – Alicia González

Frequency table

[F] -Q ٯٯ / Q ٯ

FQ

T طط , T ط

TT

C صص * C ص

CC

[B] -Y ىى Y 6 7 ى ىىى

BBY BY

S سس ) S س

SS

G حح & % G ح حٮ

BG GG

K كك K 1 ك

KK

E عع - E ع

EE

D د د د

DD

R ر ر R R R ر

RR

F ڡڡ . F ڡ

FF

[B] -N ںٮ N 4 ں

BN

H هه H 5 ه

HH

W وو W W W و

WW

M مم M 3 م

MM

L لل L 2 ل

LL

A ا ا A A A ا

AA

B ٮٮٮٮ $ # " B ٮ ٮٮٮ ٮٮ

BB BBB BBBB

Koran – Arabic archigraphemic letter pair frequencies (irrespective of space) - Alicia González – Thomas Milo

1

1 G T 1 T D

1 G D

1 M Q

1 M N

2 E T

2 T S

2 T R

2 G H

2 HC "

2 G S

2 TG #

3 TT $

3 HS %

4 T K

4 KK &

4 C T

4 Q T

4 Q H

4 S C

4 S T

5 E G

5 T L

5 K T

5 G C

5 C H

5 C S

6 G R

6 G G

6 S D

6 S H

6 HT '

7 KC (

7 E H

7 S R

7 Q C

8 CN )

8 E D

8 KT *

8 E R

8 KQ +

8 G K

9 D T

9 TK ,

9 L T

9 C D

9 T F

9 HQ -

10 TQ .

10 E K

10 B C

10 FN /

11 S G

11 CQ 0

11 HF 1

12 C K

12 TY 2 3

12 C R

12 K C

13 K D

14 SS 4

14 TS 5

15 CC 6

16 S S

16 Q D

16 S K

16 HG 7


2

17 T E

18 Q S

18 B T

20 KE 8

21 Q R

23 KG 9

24 H T

24 EQ :

24 C G

24 CK ;

24 B D

25 E S

25 B H

26 T B

27 C L

27 KY < =

30 Q G

30 H C

31 CT >

33 HK ?

33 T W

33 G E

34 G L

35 D C

35 E F

36 E L

37 T M

38 FQ @

38 K S

39 K R

39 K K

41 D Q

42 S F

42 S E

43 MT A

43 R N

44 C E

46 Y T

47 T A

47 L C

47 L D

48 CM B

49 M T

49 TF C

52 E B

53 G B

53 D S

53 E M

55 E E

55 E W

56 CF D

56 L G

56 Q K

56 SQ E

57 G W

58 R T

58 B K

62 C M

63 Q L

63 TM F

64 G F

65 H D

66 G M

68 B S

70 GT G

71 L K

71 D D

73 C F


3

73 B G

75 N C

75 A Y

76 S L

76 EY H I

77 HY J

78 S M

81 M C

81 S B

81 K G

81 CY K L

82 B R

83 ST M

84 Y H

84 HH N

85 W T

86 MY O P

87 N T

87 C B

89 Q F

90 M H

91 GG Q

91 Y C

93 Q E

94 CH R

94 W W

96 K H

97 EK S

97 A Q

100 D N

101 M D

101 KS T

102 GC U

103 K E

105 L H

106 EG V

107 R Q

110 Y D

115 S W

115 L R

116 W Y

118 GY W X

119 ES Y

119 FT Z

121 MC [

123 TH \

124 H H

124 Q M

125 TW ]

128 C A

129 TN ^

130 CG

133 SN _

134 W C

137 G A

138 CE `

139 H R

143 TA a

146 GN b

146 KH c

146 W Q

152 LN d

155 MF e

156 FG f

157 S A

161 GF g

163 SE h

165 M R


4

168 MD i

170 TE j

171 Y K

172 ET k

172 Y R

178 SD l

180 R D

183 CA m

183 Y S

185 BQ n

191 C W

192 CW o

192 L E

193 L S

194 B E

196 K W

196 Q B

198 MK p

204 H S

206 K F

209 MM q

213 M S

217 TR r

219 H K

222 HN s

223 K M

224 FK t

225 LQ u

225 Q W

230 M K

232 N H

232 K L

233 KN v

233 A T

237 HR w

241 Y L

241 SF x

246 Y G

258 GK y

258 EN z

262 H G

264 EC {

267 CD |

278 L F

278 SK }

280 MG ~

282 D G

286 D M

291 R R

291 LT �

292 L W

293 B L

293 Y E

294 GQ Ä

296 N S

298 GH Å

303 SG Ç

304 E A

305 D E

305 FM É

306 Q A

312 EH Ñ

315 B F

324 FC Ö

328 N D

328 HL Ü

331 FE á

338 R E


5

338 M G

340 W D

344 FF à

349 N R

360 D F

362 K B

368 EA â

369 L L

373 L B

384 LC ä

385 KW ã

390 B M

394 N G

395 L M

395 SH å

400 R Y

410 FH ç

417 W S

419 B B

422 KD é

425 TL è

446 M E

447 Y M

449 TB ê

451 GE ë

469 K A

469 D K

470 SY í ì

475 R M

482 Y F

484 D R

487 ER î

489 W E

489 HB ï

490 A C

495 GW ñ

497 CR ó

498 EF ò

539 R L

543 N E

549 H E

553 R K

559 MS ô

561 GS ö

568 Y W

570 KR õ

574 KF ú

577 R F

578 FS ù

582 D H

593 SW û

597 H L

606 M L

613 SL ü

617 MH †

622 ME °

622 D Y

623 R S

625 W K

629 MR ¢

640 SA £

648 CL §

654 CB •

655 LR ¶

661 N K

662 BT ß

664 KL ®

666 EM ©


6

677 GM ™

683 Y B

686 R C

691 B W

699 FD ´

707 HW ¨

713 A H

732 GA ≠

739 ML Æ

739 HD Ø

744 N L

747 D L

747 EW ∞

748 SR ±

756 W F

777 SM ≤

777 GD ≥

826 W G

827 N M

834 BC ¥

854 W R

883 LS µ

893 H F

909 H M

917 GL ∂

962 ED ∑

973 R H

982 M F

992 KA ∏

1013 LE π

1037 M M

1075 A K

1088 H B

1090 W H

1193 B A

1209 D W

1219 BY ∫ ª

1222 R G

1224 L A

1247 LG º

1291 A S

1312 FR Ω

1324 FL æ

1340 LF ø

1366 GR ¿

1384 A E

1403 FY ¡ ¬

1439 M W

1494 MW √

1516 LY

1517 HA ƒ

1586 KB ≈

1645 A D

1665 N F

1698 H W

1708 N W

1767 BS ∆

1777 FW «

1780 EB »

1805 BD …

1821 A R

1899 SB

1923 H A

1936 R W

1941 LD À

1964 BL Ã

1969 A G

1999 BG Õ


7

2005 R A

2072 LK Œ

2076 BF œ

2102 M B

2149 LW –

2189 GB —

2198 A F

2341 D A

2481 Y A

2570 N B

2575 FA “

2597 M A

2598 BE ”

2600 FB ‘

2613 KM ’

2617 W M

2776 W B

2817 A N

2914 A M

2927 D B

2941 BR ÷

3023 BK ◊

3035 EL ÿ

3167 LM Ÿ

3177 W L

3195 MB ⁄

3220 R B

3247 A W

3258 BW ¤

3366 LL ‹

3406 W N

3472 BN ›

3504 BM fi

3725 MN fl

3753 MA ‡

4035 A A

4102 HM ·

4376 N A

4658 LA ‚

4660 LH „

5065 LB ‰

5979 BA Â

6029 BH Ê

7728 W A

8455 BB Á

10246 A B

16741 A L


E:[email protected]: reires.euE: [email protected] W: reires.eu

Project’s Coordinator: Fondazione per le Scienze Religiose Giovanni XXIII Via San Vitale 114, 40125 Bologna, Italy

OA @ Brepols Publishers For the following journals Brepols Publishers can offer the special price of 1000 € (TVA excl.) to the participants of ReIReS for articles that deal with or are related to the work of ReIReS:

Journal Price OA Contact:

Annali di Scienze religiose 1000 €* [email protected]

Apocrypha 1000 €* [email protected]

The Journal of Medieval Monastic Studies

1000 €* [email protected]

Judaisme ancient/ Ancient Judaism 1000 €* [email protected]

Sacris Erudiri 1000 €* [email protected]

*The following additional conditions apply:

x The article must fit the general subject of the journal;x The article must be accepted by the editorial board;x The article must pass normal peer review according to good scholarly practices;x The contributor must sign a Gold Open Access protocol with detailed conditions prior

to publication;x No more than 20% Gold OA per journal issue.

We offer:

x full editorial and marketing supportx metadata, incl. DOI, and guaranteed archival service through Portico

(www.Portico.org)x publication, both in print and online (www.brepolsonline.net), in well‐established,

peer‐reviewed journals.x freely availability upon publication of the final version, on the Brepols platform, in

repositories and on third party websites (if properly referenced and with DOI).

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730895.

Project’s Coordinator:Fondazione per le scienze religiose Giovanni XXIIIvia San Vitale 114, 40125 Bologna, Italy



E: [email protected] W: reires.eu


The following journals are also dedicated to religious studies and accept OA. For these journals, however, Brepols Publishers cannot independently set a price. However, we can of course negotiate between you and the editorial boards:

Journal Contact

Analecta Bollandiana [email protected]

Liber Annuus [email protected]

Recherches Augustiniennes et Patristiques [email protected]

Revue bénédictine [email protected]

Revue d’histoire de l’église de France [email protected]

Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique [email protected]

Revue Mabillon [email protected]

Studia Orientalia Christiana. Collectanea [email protected]

Please feel free to browse also our other journals on www.brepols.net and contact the responsible publishing manager.



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Free online access to Index Religiosus

International Bibliography of Theology, Church History and Religious Studies

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Scholars who followed a training/presentation about the use of other online databases on Brepolis, and who wish to train students or scholars at their institution, are advised to ask their library to contact us for a 30‐day free trial period for the BREPOLiS databases of their interest (one trial per database per calendar year; trainers can ask for personal access 1 week before the training).

Please send this information to Laura Viskens ([email protected]).

Please note that by signing this page and/or by accessing the Brepolis databases you accept both our "terms and conditions", available in attachment and on our website (www.brepolis.net/terms.html), and our privacy policy (available on our website).

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(institution),

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For and on behalf of

Address:

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Date & Signature:




Free online access to Index Religiosus

International Bibliography of Theology, Church History and Religious Studies

Brepols Publishers & KULeuven are proud to offer all participants of ReIReS free online access to the Index Religiosus for the duration of the project.

To be able to provide this access we need the following information:

x Name of the institution or departmentx Address of the instit. or dep.x Contact namex Contact e‐mail address

x IP range(s) of the instit. or dep.x A signed copy of this pagex If applicable also: OpenURL Base URL &

custom icon.

Scholars who followed a training/presentation about the use of other online databases on Brepolis, and who wish to train students or scholars at their institution, are advised to ask their library to contact us for a 30‐day free trial period for the BREPOLiS databases of their interest (one trial per database per calendar year; trainers can ask for personal access 1 week before the training).

Please send this information to Laura Viskens ([email protected]).

Please note that by signing this page and/or by accessing the Brepolis databases you accept both our "terms and conditions", available in attachment and on our website (www.brepolis.net/terms.html), and our privacy policy (available on our website).

The terms and conditions and the privacy policy can be changed by Brepols Publishers at all time and without prior notice. The legally binding versions of the terms and conditions and the privacy policy are those on our website.

(institution),

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For and on behalf of

Address:

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Date & Signature:


Index Religiosus (IR)International Bibliography of Theology,Church History and Religious Studies

The new reference index for academic publicationsin Theology, Religious Studies and Church History

The Index Religiosus endeavours to become the international reference biblio-graphy for academic publications in Theology and Religious Studies. It covers publications written in various European languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, etc.) and is the result of collaboration between the Catholic Uni-versity of Louvain and the KU Leuven, which are both recognized internationally for their excellence in the field of Theology and Religious Studies.

The new bibliography begins from the basis of two existing bibliographies: the bibliography of the Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique and the Elenchus Biblio-graphicus from the journal Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses. These two tools are internationally recognized as essential working instruments for Theology and Religious Studies.

Since January 2014, the printed version of the bibliography of the Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique and the Elenchus Bibliographicus have been replaced by the Index Religiosus.

Direct links to the Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches, the International Encyclopaedia for the Middle Ages, and the Lexikon des Mittelalters.

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If the Publisher does not perform his material obligations and does not solve the material defaults within 30 days after notice is received in reasonable detail, the Licensee is entitled to terminate this Agreement, unless the Publisher can provide evidence that he cannot be held liable for the non-performance of his obligations.

These Terms and Conditions do not replace the written and signed Licence Agreement between the Licensee and the Publisher, but repeat certain aspects which are binding for all users of the BREPOLiS databases. In case of contradiction the Licence Agreement prevails over these Terms & Conditions.

Belgian law is applicable to these Terms & Conditions.

The Courts of Turnhout (Belgium) have jurisdiction in case of a conflict in this matter.

Definitions used in the Terms & Conditions "Database": the collection of systematically arranged data which are individually accessible by electronic means. "The Authorized Users": those persons who have access to and use of the Database through the Licensee's network, object of a separate Licence

Agreement, in their relationship with the Licensee. Those persons may only be:

x All staff members employed by the Licensee, including temporary staff members

x Students accredited by the Licensee; registered users of the library

x Visitors consulting the Database on-site, in the library/or on the campus, excluding remote access from outside campus or library buildings.

"Users": all kinds of Users who access the database including the Licensee and his Authorized Users and private subscribers. "IP address": a unique string of figures which identifies the computer of an Internet user. "Extraction": the permanent or temporary transfer of all or a substantial part of the contents of the Database to another medium

by any means or in any form. "Re-utilization": any form of making available to the public all or a substantial part of the contents of the Database, by distribution of

copies, by renting, by on-line or other forms of transmission. "Education": the systematic and - according to accepted principles - organised transfer of elementary and comprehensive knowledge

and skills by appointed and competent teachers to individuals or to a group of persons gathered together for that purpose.

"Scientific research": the investigation of any subject of scholarship. "Substantial part": any part of the Database that can stand on its own as a coherent body of data which can be relevant for a larger

audience or that represents a considerable amount of data from the Database. "Insubstantial part": any part of the Database which cannot be considered to be a substantial part of the Database. "Force majeur event": fire, flood, earthquake, elements of nature or Acts of God, acts of war, terrorism, riots, civil disorders, strikes, lockouts,

labour difficulties, or any other similar cause beyond the reasonable control of a (non-performing) party.

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Documents

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