(0 -150) rmr-q-rmi_v2-1
TRANSCRIPT
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COMBINING THE RMR, Q and THE RMi SY
INFORMATION to the user
This spreadsheet combines the following three numerical, empirical classisifcation systems for esti
- about the Q system, see: - Grimstad E. and Barton . !"##$%: &pdating the Q-syst
- Barton, . and Grimstad, E. !/001%: The Q-system foll
- about the 4'4 system of "#8# 2ersion, see Bieniawski 9.T. !"#8#%: Engineering rock
- about the 4'i system, see: - (almstr>m . !/000%: 4ecent de2elopments in rock su
- (almstr>m . !/00#%: +ombining the 4'4, Q and 4'i
)n the sheet C(arameters 2aluesC, tables are presented for all the input parameters. )t is possible he
The input parameters in C)(&T DTC are linked to the C(4'ETE4 TBE*C
The 2alues or rationgs of the input parameters and the calculated 4'4, Q, and 4'i 2alues are gi2e
The lists of input parameters in the C)(&T DTC sheet can be remo2ed, as shown.
USE THIS SPREASHEET !ITH CARE"
&DE4*TD)G TFE *)TE GEG)+ D GETE+F)+ +D)T)* )* (4
Some important limitations are indicated, but there may be others not being mentioned
s there are 2ery many functions and relations in2ol2ed in the spreadsheet, errors or unaccuracies
) hope the 4'4-Q-4'i spreadsheet can be useful to you
Arild Palmstrm, RockMass as, February 2009
The Q s#ste$, de2eloped by Barton et al. )n "#1 and later re2ised in "##$ and in /001.
The RMR or Geo$e%hani%s s#ste$, de2eloped by Bieniawski in "#$ and later re2ised in "#
The RMi ro%& su''ort s#ste$, de2eloped by (almstrom in "##7, partly re2ised in /000.
)n the sheet C)(&T DTC, the input ratings or 2alues of of the parameters applied in the three systC+alculationsC sheet. s the three systems apply partly the same input parameters on rock mass andC(arameters tablesC sheet. or many of the parameters, common2alues are automatically used if n!degree of 3ointing% for a crude estimate to be made. Fowe2er, the more input gi2en, the better the r
The influence of the rock stressesmust be assessed and stress input gi2en in the C)(&T DTC s
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TEMS
ates of rock support:
em for 'T. (roc. )nt. *ymp. on *prayed +oncrete, agernes, orway "##$, orwegian +oncrete
wing thirty years of de2elopment and application in tunneling pro3ects. (roc. )*4' *ymp. E&4+5
mass classifications. ohn ;iley < *ons, ew =ork, /7" pp.
port estimates by the 4'i. ournal of 4ock 'echanics and Tunnelling Technology, ?ol. @, o. " 'a
classification systems. www.rockmass.net, /7p
e to ad3ust ithe input ratings or 2alues for most of the parameters.
n in the sheet C4E*&T*C
?)*) 4 44)?)G T ((4(4)TE 4E*&T*
ay be present. =ou are welcome to con2ey your comments
1, "#7, "#@, and "#8#
ems are gi2en either as input symbols or as 2alues. The calculations are made in theground, the input 2alues parameters ha2e been combined as shown in the
o input has been gi2en. Thus, it is sufficient to insert only data for a few parametersesult found will be.
heet according to the *4 factor !in the Q-system%.
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ssociation, slo, /0 p.
/001. *al6burg, ustria, /001, pp. "7-"8.
/000, pp. " A "# also in www.rockmass.net
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INPUT ATA on TUNNE( and GROUN CONITIONSused in the RMR, Q and RMi ro%&$ass %)assi*i%ation s#ste$s
Pro+e%t" ate"
Tunne)" (o%ation"
Oser-er" Note"
Ro%&.s/"
Input symbols are shown in blue below see also !Parameter tables!
In'ut 'ara$eters
Tunnel span or diameter !Dt%
Tunnel wall height !;t%
4QD !4ock Quality Designation%: 4QD H
Block 2olume !?b%: check input "or R#$ %ersus &b ?b H
?olumetric 3oint count !2%: 2 H
oint spacing: !a H I /m b H 0.@ - /m c H 0./ - 0.@m d H 0.0@ - 0./m e H J 0.0@m%
Block shape: !a H cubical blocks b H slightly long or flat blocks c H mod. long or flat blocks d H 2ery long or flat blocks%
oint sets: !aHno sets bH" set cH" setKrandom dH/ sets eH/ setsKrandom fH$ sets gH$ setsKrandom i H crushed%
!a H 2ery fa2ourable b H fa2ourable c H fair d H unfa2ourable e H 2ery unfa2ourable%in roof
in wall
oint smoothness: !a H 2. rough b H rough c H slightly rough d H smooth e H polished f H slickensided g H filled 3oints%
oint undulation: !a H discontin. b H strongly undulating c H mod. undul. d H slightly undul. e H planar f H filled 3oints%
o filling: !a H healed b H fresh LL no filling c H slightly altered d H altered e H sandLsilt coating f H clay coat.%
illing J ca. 7mm thickness: !h H sand L silt 3 H hard clay l H soft clay n H swelling clay%
illing I ca. 7mm thickness: !i H sand L silt k H hard clay m H soft clay o H swelling clay%
oint length: !a H crack b H parting c H 2. short !0."-"m% d H short !"-$m% e H medium !$-"0m% f H long !"0-$0m% g H seam or shear%
oint separation: !a H none b H 2.tight !J0."mm% c H tight !0."-0.7mm% d H mod.open !0.7-/.7mm% e H open !/.7-"0mm% f H 2. open%
)nterlocking or compactness of rockmass structure: !a H 2ery tight b H tight or compact c H disturbed d H poorly interlocked%
Ground water inflow to tunnel or ca2ern: !a H dry or damp b H wet c H dripping d H gushing e H flowing f H hea2ily flowing%
*tress le2el: 'input "or # and RMi( !a H 2ery low stress le2el b H low stress c H moderate L medium stress d H high stress%
4ock spalling or bursting: !e H moderate slabbing f H rock burst g H hea2y burst%
*Muee6ing: !h H moderate sMuee6e i H hea2y sMuee6e%
Type: !3 H multiple 6ones k H single 6one J70m l H single 6one I70m m H multiple shears M H crushed%
Thickness or width of 6one !m%: '%alid "or ) * 20m wide +ones(
!a H 2ery fa2ourable b H fa2ourable c H fair d H unfa2ourable e H 2ery unfa2ourable% in roof
in wall
-./ 1wellin rock is not included
IF- 3ess important input has been i%en rey letters
Reference: A. Palmstrm, Q-RR-Ri, !ersion ".#. Rockass AS, ay "$$%
n
sto
arame
ter
ta
es
A0 +ompressi2e strength of rock !&+* or c%:
B0
Degree of3ointing
B1
B2
B3
C0
ointingpattern
C1
C2 rientation ofmain 3oint set:C3
0 ointroughness1
2ointalteration or
weathering
3
4
E
F
G0
input of*4
G12er-stressing
H0;eakness6one
!fault,etc.%
H1
H2 rientation of6one:H3
.he round may show stress problems4 5ou should e%aluate whether the rockmaha%e burstin or s6uee+in beha%iour and insert the appropriate symbol "or 1RF
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2er. /./-/."
INFORMATION AN COMMENTS
J--use
inpu
tsym
bo
l!*
%orun
it
566INPUT or more details of the parameters, see the sheet C(arameter tablesC.
&o clear all lists of input symbols
fill C N C
3 m
471 m
008 '(a
98 O &b 7 8489) dm:, as calculated "rom R#$
:79:; mP
3ointsLmP
d *
*
* *
*
*
% *
*
*
- where unfa2ourable 3oint orientations occur and high water pressure can
d * - in tunnels where water. inflow can soften possible clay-containing 3oints.
a *
*
a *
% *
m
*
*
;here no input has been gi2en, the generally most common 2alues or ratings are
- or 3oint spacing !input to 4'4%, block diameter is used as the a2erage spacing
- or Coint set number, nC !or 3 in the 4'i system% the 2alue generally 2aries w
Based on this, the 3oint set number used is estimated according to Table +/ in
- The 4QD is found from 2 !2olumetric 3oint count% from the eMuation: 4QD H ""
ill input symbols for the input parameters as gi2en in blueor shown in the sheet C(arameters table
'nly input for one of the parameters for the ()egree of *ointing( +green cells is needed tomake a simple estimate.
ofsy
mbols
and
2
alues
or the other input parameters, common"%2alues are automatically used if no input is gi2en. ;here
2alues on these other parameters are a2ailable, or can be estimated, fill in also for these to arri2e at amore accurate result.
Three 2arious measurements for the degree of 3ointing can be- RQ,
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build up, and
used:
,
ith block si6e !or 4QD%.
- 1.72 !for 2 H /./ - /1.7%
s
sed:ount%.
eded in the
nstalled. Theof
ordingly.
C(arameter tablesC
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The in'ut data >i-en and the %a)%u)ated resu)ts
Pro+e%t" ate"
Tunne)" (o%ation"
Oser-er" Note"
Ro%&.s/"
In'ut 'ara$etersIn'ut -a)ues and ratin>s used
Tunnel dataTunnel span !m% *pan H 1 *pan H 1 Dt H 1
;all height !m% ;all H 7./ ;all H 7./ ;t H 7./
. 4ock " " H "/ - ""0 '(a
B" 4ock Quality Designation !4QD%: / H "$ 4QD H 0 -
B/ - - ?b H 8.8# m$
B$ oint spacing: $ H 8 - -
+" Block shape factor: - - $@
+/ umber of 3oint sets: - n H # 3 H "
+$ in roof: B H -/ - +o H "+1 in walls: - - +o H "
D" oint smoothness:roughness:
1c H $r H $."/7
3s H "./7
D/ oint undulation: - 3w H /.7
D$ oint alterationweathering: 1e H @
a H " 3 H "filling: 1d H @
D1 oint length or persisstence: 1a H 1 - 3 H ".7
D7 oint separation or aperture: 1b H @ - -
E +ompactness of rockmass: - - ) H "
Ground water inflow: 7 H "7 w H " G; H "
G" *tress le2el: -*4 H "
* H "G/ - +g H -
F" Type of weakness 6one: - -
F/ Thickness or width of 6one: - - T6 H -
F$ in roof: - - +o H -
F1 in walls: - - +o H -
ote that swellin rock is not included
RMR Q RMi
- -=ontinuous > massi%e
.iht structure
- -RMi ? 3;72
&ery hih
in roofRMR ? 90 Q ? 1372844@ G% ? 3;72
?ood ?ood &ery ood
in walls 4'4 H " "/".7/8 /1
in roof - -Sr ? 074
&ery "a%ourable
in walls - -".#
&ery "a%ourable
;eakness 6one -
-Medium stress le%el
(otential stress problems ---I Minor
RMR"#8# Q"##$ RMi/008
ompress 2e s rengof intact
rock:
cH
B. Degree of3ointing
Block 2olume:
+. ointingpattern
H
rientation of main3oint set
D. ointcharac-teristics
E. )nter-locking
. Groundwater
G. 4ockstresses
F. ;eakness6ones rientation
of 6one
RESU(TS FROM CA(CU(ATIONS !for conditions intunnel or ca2ern%
+ontinuity of rockmass !related to tunnel% --I
)nterlocking of rockmass structure--I
Ro%& $ass ua)it#!approN. strength, cm
%
c$
Ground ua)it# !related to stability%
Qwall
H Gcwall
H
Blockiness !related to block instability%*r
wallH
4ockmassstresses
Rockass
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*r H *i6e ratio !geometrical factor in2ol2ing block diameter, tunnel span, plus number of 3oint sets and orientation of 3oints%
Gc H Ground condition factorRe"erence A4 Palmstrm, #*RMR*RMi, %ersion 24)4
RockMass A1, May 2009+g H +ompetency of ground !+g H cmL H 4'i L %
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INTERIM CA(CU(ATIONS+/lue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*usted
Q6s#ste$ RMR s#ste$Para$eter Co$$ent
interim 4QD H 0 0 H 4QD calculated 4ock strength " H "/
0 4QD / H "$
umber of 3oint setsn H
from block 2olume !?b%
oint spacing rating$ H
from block diam. !Db%
from input 2alue of n 8 from input of spacing
# from input 2alue of n :
;oint si6e factors
length, 1a H 1
H /7
3s H "./7r H $."/7
separation, 1b H @
3w H /.7 oint smoothness roughness, 1c H $
$."/7)nfilling
J 7mm1d H
@
oint alteration factora H
" no filling I 7mm
filling J 7mm ;eathering 1e H @
filling I7mm 01
0 ;ater 7 H "7 $ry or damp
oint water factor w H " oint orientation !in roof% B H -/ Fa%ourable
*4 H
" from *4 input, blocky ground RMR ? 90 1oodfrom *4 input, burst
2imit of RR:from *4 input, sMuee6ing
from *4 input, 6one
0
Q -a)ue
Q ? 137284@ 1oodQc H /@.$@" including &+*
Qwall H "/".7/8
Tunnel data 3'&4: blue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*uste*pan H 1
;all height H 7./
2imit of Q:
RMi s#ste$07 RMi Basi% 'ara$eters 37 RMi %a)%u)ations in ea&ness ones
Para$eter
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" wall Fa%ourable
3;723:9 &ery ood
13@7933
Sie ratio074 &ery "a%ourable
07; &ery "a%ourable
+o H
Ground %ondition*a%tor, G%
Gcroof
H
Gcwall
H
Srroo*
?
Sra))
?
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C(ASSIFICATIONSC)assi*i%ation o* RMR
4'4 H "00 - 80 ?ery good
4'4 H 80 - @0 Good
4'4 H @0 - 10 air
4'4 H 10 - /0 (oor
4'4 H /0 - 0 ?ery poor
C)assi*i%ation o* QQ H "000 - 100 ENcept, good
Q H 100 - "00 ENtremely good
Q H "00 - 10 ?ery good
Q H 10 - "0 Good
Q H "0 - 1 air
Q H 1 - " (oor
Q H " - 0." ?ery poor
Q H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely poor
Q H 0.0" - 0.00" ENceptionally poor
C)assi*i%ation o* RMi4'i H "00 - 10 ?ery high
4'i H 10 - "0 Figh
4'i H "0 - " 'oderate
4'i H " - 0.1 ow
4'i H 0.1 - 0." ?ery low
4'i H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely low
C)assi*i%ation o* >round %ondition *a%tor .G%/Gc I 10 ?ery good
Gc H 10 - "0 Good
Gc H "0 - " air
Gc H " - 0.1 (oor
Gc H 0.1 - 0." ?ery poor
Gc H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely poor
C)assi*i%ation o* Sie ratio .Sr/ Su>>ested *or SrG%
*r J 1 ?ery fa2ourable *rLGc J 0." 2ery good*r H 1 - "0 a2ourable *rLGc H " good
*r H "0 - 10 air 10 fair
*r H 10 - "00 &nfa2ourable /70 poor
*r H "00 - 100 ?ery unfa2ourable /000 2ery poor
*r I 100 ENtremely unfa2ourable I /000 eNtremely poor
C)assi*i%ation o* %ontinuit# .CF/ es%ri'ti-e +ointin> %)asses
+ H 0 - $ +ontinuous L massi2e massi%e > solid massi2e or intact
+ H $ - @ +ontinuous LL discontin. massi%e > blocky
+ H @ - 10 Discontinuous blocky 3ointed or fractured
+ H 10 - @0 Discontinuous LL contin. blocky > bulky
+ H @0 - 8 +ontinuous L particulate bulky >particulate highly 3ointed or broken
weakness 6one crushed 6one or fault 6one
3'&4: blue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*usted
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a2ourable 61
ot includedair c -7
&nfa2ourable d -"0
?ery unfa2ourable e -"/
=OINT CHARACTERISTICS
in'ut
RMR
0 1c H !3s H%
?ery rough or interlocking a @ /
4ough or irregular b 7 ".7
*lightly rough % 2 0714
*mooth d " "
(olished e 0 0.7
*lickensided f 0 0.7
or filled 3oints g 0 "
1 - !3w H%
Discontinuous 3oints a
ot included
1
*trongly undulating b /.7
'oderately undulating c /
*lightly undulating d 073
(lanar e "
or filled 3oints f "
ote ;R 7 Cr 7 ;s @ ;w 7 ) "or "illed ;oints
2 =oint a)teration or eatherin> 1e H a H
:o
intwea
thering
Fealed or welded 3oints a @ 0.7
&nweathered, fresh 3oint walls @ 0
*lightly weathered 3oint walls !coloured, stained% c $ /
ltered 3oint wall !no loose material% d 0 1
Fighly weathered L +oating of friction materials !silt, sand, etc.% e " $
Decomposed L +oating of cohesi2e materials !clay, chlorite, etc.% f 0 1
illed 3oints - 0 -
:o
intinfilling For "illed ;oints
1d H't 7 ;oint thickness( t J 7mm t I 7mm t J
o filling 6 @ - -
riction materials !silt, sand, etc.% h LL i 7 / 1 8
Fard, cohesi2e materials !clay, talc, chlorite% 3 LL k 1 / @ 8
*oft, cohesi2e materials !soft clay% l LL m / 0 8 "/
*welling clay materials n LL o 0 0 "0 "8
( Hall contact be"ore )0cm shear ( o contact when sheared
ote # and RMi apply a combination o" ;oint weatherin and in"illin, while RMR has input o" both weatherin and in"illin
3 =oint )en>th 1a H -
ength J S0.$m a 8
ot included
(arting !2ery short, thin 3oint% J "m b@
?ery short 3oint 0.$ A "m c
*hort 3oint " A $m d 1
'edium 3oint $ A "0m e 1
ong 3oint f "
I "0m g 0
4 =oint se'aration or a'erture .A/ 1b H -
?ery tightone a @
J 0."mm b 7
Back
Q"%
o n a s$oo ness sma sca e roug nessC C
Back
=oint ')ane undu)ation or a-iness !large scale roughness%
Back
)(Cr is "ound "rom ;s @ ;w
wallcontact %
no wallcontact %
Back
+rack "% !irregular break%
Back "0 A $0m /%
illed 3oint, seam or shear $%
)(J=rackJ has been introduced in this spreadsheet 2( 3enth )0 K 20 m is applied in the RMR D(Lsed in cases where most ;oints in the location a
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E INTER(OCING OF ROCMASS STRUCTUREin'ut
RMR Q
Co$'a%tness o* ro%&$ass - -
?ery tight structure &ndisturbed rock mass, well interlocked a
ot includedTight structure &ndisturbed rock mass with some 3oint sets
Disturbed L open olded L faulted with angular blocks c
(oorly interlocked Broken with angular and rounded blocks d
-./ Interlockin has been introduced in this spreadsheet based on its e""ects presented in the ?1I system
F GROUN !ATERin'ut
RMR Q
7 H w H
Dry or damp no water inflow a "7 0
;et inflow J "0 litresLmin " - /.7 kgLcmU 08 0.@@
Dripping "0 - /7 litresLmin/.7 - "0 kgLcmU
c 0.7
Gushing Loutwashing /7 - "/7 litresLmin d 1 0.$
lowing, decaying inflow I "/7 litresLmin e 0 0."7 utFea2ily flowing, without noticeable decay f utside limit of 4'4 0.08
G ROC STRESSES .stresses around tunne)/in'ut
RMR Q
G0 Stress )e-e) stresses e)o ro%&$ass stren>th - *4 H
?ery low stress le2el !in portals% a
ot included
/.7ow stress le2el b
'edium stress le2el % 0
Figh stress le2el d 0.@
G1 O-erstressin> stresses eD%eed ro%&$ass stren>th - *4 H
'oderate slabbing after I" hr e
ot included
/7
*labbing and rock burst after few minutes f "00
Fea2y rock burst g $00
2erstressing in deformable rock mass'ild sMuee6ing h "0
Fea2y sMuee6ing i /0
H !EANESS ONES /in'ut
RMR Q
H0 T#'e o* ea&ness one - *4 H
'ultiple weakness 6ones any depth 3 "0
*ingle weakness 6onedepth J 70m k 7
depth I 70m ) /.7
'ultiple shear 6ones any depth m .7
*ingle shear 6onedepth J 70m n 7
depth I 70m o /.7
oose, open 3oints any depth p 7
any depth M 7
H1 Sie o* the one - -
Thickness or width of the 6one !T6% use -a)ue ot included ot included ;id
- -
?ery fa2ourable a
ot included ot included
a2ourable b
air c
&nfa2ourable d
?ery unfa2ourable e
(artly included inCoint separation orapertureCBack
In*)o to tunne) or %a-ern or
"%
pwJ " kgLcmU
Back pwI "0 kgLcmU
-./ ?H is related to roundwater!s in"luence on rockmass stability4 )(Hater pressure can be applied in the #*system
*tresses below rock
mass strength !J
cm
%Back
+
2erstressing!
I
cm%
in massi2e, brittle rock
Back
+g H competency of ground
7 tanential stresses around the openin cm
RMi 7 compressi%e strenth o" rock mass
;eakness 6ones andshears are noteNplicitly included in
4'4
Typ6onenot e
Back
Fea2ily 3ointed!Vsugar cubeV%
Back,
Orientation o* one related to eNca2ation !F$ in roof F1 in walls%
Back
( Most weakness +ones should be especially e%aluated toether with the use o" enineerin ;udement
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3'&4: blue !alues can be ad*usted
Mi
2alue H
8
Mi
-
cluded
H
lue of ?b
*
cluded
-
cluded
Mi
/
2@
7
/70
70 Esti$ated =-, ased on
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a2ourable J 0 X /0 $0 - @0 all
alls
trikes 17 - @0
.7air
70 - 0 I /0X $0 X 17 $0 - 17
X 70 /0 - 17
&nfa2ourable $0 - 70 W 17 X $0 I 17 "7 - $0
?ery unfa2ourable X $0 W 17 X "7
Mi
H
.7
14
7
.7
H
.7
73
H
7
Ht I ca. 7mm
-
8 J-- 1 8
8 J-- @ 7 - "0
"/ J-- 8 "/
"8 J-- 8 - "/ "$ - /0
H
.7
7
.7
Ran>e o* =a and +A >i-en in theQ and in the RMi s#ste$s
wall contactor t N ca4 Bmm
or t E ca4Bmm
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Mi
H
.$
J--.8
.7
Mi
H For RMi"
J-- when the ground water has minor influence on stability
.7 J-- when the ground water has some influence on stability
J-- when the ground water has significant influence on stability
mit of 4'i
J-- 0." - 0./
J-- 0.07 - "
used in Q system
Mi
Assu$ed )i$its Gi-en in the Q6s#ste$
." 4ange of *4
.7 J 0.0/ " - /.7 I /00 0.0"
0.0/ - 0.7 " /00 - "0 0.$.7 0.7 - 0. 0.7 - / "0 - 7 0.7
7 0. - " 7 - 70 7 - $ 0.@7
.1 " - ". 70 - /00 $ - / "
7 I ". /00 - 100 J / J "
7 " - 7 7 - "0 0.@7assumed 2alues
.7 I 7 "0 - /0 "
'aN )')T used H /0
i
H C)assi*i%ation o* one orientation re)ated to tunne)
6one in mTERM
In one !A(( In o''osite !A(( In ROOF
6 H
?ery fa2ourable W 0 all I @0 all
allstrikes
I @0
a2ourable J 0 X /0 $0 - @0 all 17 - @0
.7air
70 - 0 I /0X $0 X 17 $0 - 17
X 70 /0 - 17
&nfa2ourable $0 - 70 W 17 X $0 I 17 "7 - $0
?ery unfa2ourable X $0 W 17 X "7
The rating
2alues arebased on theG*) system
H
L
cm %
cL
"
L
c
i L
% in the Q system cL
"
and L
cmare used
eakness
shears arely included'i
strike !o% dip !o% strike !o% dip !o% dip !o%
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The RMR su''ort ta)e .*or tunne)s ith 08$ s'an/
Ground %)ass
!/0 mm diam., fully bonded%
".?ery good rock ull face:Generally
4'4: 8"-"00 $m ad2ance/. Good rock ull face:
4'4: @"-80 ".0 - ".7m ad2ance
+omplete support /0 m from face
$. air rock Top heading and bench:
4'4: 1"-@0 ".7 - $m ad2ance in top heading
+ommence support after each blast
+ommence support "0 m from face
1. (oor rock Top heading and bench:
4'4: /"-10 ".0 - ".7m ad2ance in top heading
7. ?ery poor rock 'ultiple dr ifts:
4'4 J /" 0.7 - ".7m ad2ance in top heading
ED%a-ation !drill and blast% 4ock bolts
ocally bolts in crown, $m long,spaced /.7m with occasionalwire mesh
*ystematic bolts 1m long,spaced ".7 - /m in crown andwalls with wire mesh in crown
*ystematic bolts 1 - 7m long,spaced " - ".7m in crown andwalls with wire mesh)nstall support concurrently with eNca2ation - "0 m
from face
*ystematic bolts 7 - @m long,spaced " - ".7m in crown andwalls with wire mesh. Bolt in2ert)nstall support concurrently with eNca2ation
shotcrete as soon as possible after blasting
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Ro%& su''ort
*hotcrete *teel sets
no support reMuired eNcept for occasional spot bolting
70mm in crown where reMuired one
one
ight ribs spaced ".7m where reMuired
70 - "00mm in crown, and $0mm insides
"00 - "70mm in crown and "00mmin sides
"70 - /00mm in crown, "70mm insides, and 70mm on face
'edium to hea2y ribs spaced 0.7mwith steel lagging and forepoling ifreMuired. +lose in2ert
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"00
70
/0
"0
7
/
"
0.00" 0.001 0.0" 0.01 0." 0.1 " 1 "0 10 "00 100 "000
G F E C B A
ENceptionallypoor
ENtremelypoor
?erypoor (oor air Good
?erygood
ENt.good
ENc.good
/0
""
7
$
/.1
".7
BoltlengthinmforE*4
H"
S'anorhei>htin$
ESR
Ro%& $ass ua)it# Q ? D D
ROC C(ASSES
; : 9 @ 4 3 2 1 0
/7cm
"7cm "/
cm
#cm
7cm
1cm
".0 m
".$ m
".@ m
/.0 m
$.0 m
1.0 m
".0 m
"./ m".$ m
".7 m". m
/." m/.$ m /.7 m
Bolts
pacin
ginunsh
otcret
edar
eas
Boltspa
cingins
hotcrete
darea
RQ =r =
=n =a SRF
REINFORCEMENT CATEGORIES""% &nsupported
/% *pot bolting
$% *ystematic bolting
1% *ystematic bolting, !and unreinforced shotcrete, 1 - "0 cm%
7% ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, 7 - # cm
@% ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, #- "/ cm
% ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, "/ - "7 cm
8% ibre reinforced shotcrete, I "7 cm,
reinforced ribs of shotcrete and bolting
#% +ast concrete lining
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The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%& and ea&ness ones The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or o-erstres
088
8 0
@ 0
@ 00
1 0
1 00
/ 0
/ 00
08
/
"
1
@
8
SiCeratio
.Sr/
"70m
m
1 0mm
ON(Y ROC BO(TS
70mm
G% ? RMi D 0
"00m
m
8780 0 . 0 / 0 . 0 1 87 0 0 . / 0 . 1 0. @ 0 / 1 @ 08 / 0 1 0 @ 0 @ 0 0088 / 0 0 1 0 0
Ground %ondition *a%tor
*rH!DtLDb%N5/
short)astround,
shot%reteAui%&)#
a*ter)ast, ')us
CONCRETE(INING
SPEC
IA(E
SIGNE
SHO
TCRE
TE
or%on%
rete
)inin>
fibrereinforcement
Eim
it
Eimit
s'a%in>in
shot%re
tedarea
imit
RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%&s and ea&ness onesalso for initial support in o2erstressed, particulate ground
Dt H diameter of tunnel !span or wall height%
Db H diameter of representati2e rock block
T6 H thickness !width% of weakness 6ones
5" and 5/ are ad3ustment factors
5" H* H stress le2elB
%
! + H factor for roof 2s. wallB G; H water inflowB
) H interlocking of rockmass structure%
* N + N G; N )
ForBea&nessConeswiththicknessT6JDt:*rH!T6LDb%N5/
else*rH!DtLDb%N5/
".7-"
.G
"./-".7"N" - ".7N".7m
".G
-/
/-/
.7
/.7
-$
".7-/
/-/.7
/.7
-$
4ockbo
ltspacin
g
I$N$
m
SHOTCRETE AN ROC BO(TS
/00m
m
@0mm
5/ H !+oL 3% !+o H factor for orientati on of 3oint set or weakness 6one,3 H factor for number of 3oi nt sets%
For)o%and'arti%u)ate
>round
80mm
Ro%&,o)t
*(E+)-DE*)GED
4.+5
*&((.4T
*(E+)-DE*)GE
D
4.+5
*&((.4T
i m i t
0
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d ro%&
ote: use it with care, as there might be uncertainties in stress measurement or in calculations,and the fact that the chart for sMuee6ing is based on a limited amount of cases
Co$'eten%# *a%tor C> ? RMi
"0/.7"
"0.
0.7
0.70.$7
0./
mild
lightfairhea2y2ery hea2y
highstressle2elhea2y2ery hea2y
SCA(INGJ
SPOT BO(TINGNO ROCSUPPORT
FOR MASSI
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So$e ro%& 'ro'erties
4+5 T=(E
&niaNial 4ating of
4+5 T=(E
&niaNial
compressi2e the factor compressi2e
strength !'(a% strength !'(a%
low - a2erage - high !see notes% low - a2erage - high
*ED)'ET4=
4.+5*
+oal "@ - /"- /@
'ET'.4(F)+
4.+5*
mphibolite 7 - "/7 - /70
+laystone / - 7 - "0 $.1 mphibolitic gneiss #7 - "@0 - /$0
+onglomerate 0 - 87 - "00 !/0% ugen gneiss #7 - "@0 - /$0
+oral chalk $ - "0 - "8 ./ Black shale $7 - 0 - "07
Dolomite @0 - "00 - $00 "0." Garnet mica schist 7 - "07 - "$0
imestone 70 - "00 - "80 8.1 Granite gneiss 80 - "/0 - "77
'udstone 17 - #7 - "17 Granulite 80 - "70 - /80
*hale $@ - #7 - "/ Gneiss 80 - "$0 - "87
*andstone 7 - "/0 - "@0 "8.8 Gneiss granite @7 - "07 - "10
*iltstone "0 - 80 - "80 #.@ Greenschist @7 - 7 - 87
Tuff $ - /7 - "70 Greenstone "/0 - "0 - /80
)GE
.&*4.+5*
ndesite 7 - "10 - $00 "8.# Greywacke "00 - "/0 - "17
northosite 10 - "/7 - /"0 'arble @0 - "$0 - /$0
Basalt "00 - "@7 - $77 !"% 'ica gneiss 77 - 80 - "00
Diabase !dolerite% // - /80 - $"# "7./ 'ica Muart6ite 17 - 87 - "/7
Diorite "00 - "10 - "#0 !/% 'ica schist /0 - 80 - "0
Gabbro "#0 - /10 - /87 /7.8 'ylonite @7 - #0 - "/0
Granite #7 - "@0 - /$0 $/. (hyllite /" - 70 - 80
Granodiorite 7 - "07 - "$7 !/0% Quart6 sandstone 0 - "/0 - "7
'on6onite 87 - "17 - /$0 !$0% Quart6ite 7 - "17 - /17
epheline syenite "/7 - "@7 - /00 Quart6itic phyllite 17 - "00 - "77
orite /#0 - /#8 - $/@ /". *erpentinite @7 - "$7 - /00
(egmatite $# - 70 - @/ *late "/0 - "#0 - $00
4hyolite - 87 R - !/0% Talc schist 17 - @7 - #0
*yenite 7 - "70 - /$0 !$0%
<rabasic rock 80 - "@0 - $@0
*.)
?ery soft clay 0.0/7
*.)
*tiff clay 0." - 0./7
*oft clay 0.0/7 - 0.07 ?ery stiff clay 0./7 - 0.7
irm clay 0.07 - 0." Fard clay 0.7 - "
*ilt, sand 0.000" - 0.00"
ote": The Foek - Brown failure criterion for rock masses ote /: ?alues in brackets ha2e been assumed
The compressi2e strength 2alues gi2en are based on measurements by *)TE, orway
LIAOIA3 =-MPR/11I&/ 1.R/?. A$ RA.I?1 -F ./ mi
FA=.-R I -/Q*R-H FAI3
=RI./RI- F-R R-=Q MA11/1
mi
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