0 250- 250 500 temperature ( c) pressure ( bars) 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 jupiter probes venus...
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![Page 1: 0 250- 250 500 Temperature ( C) Pressure ( bars) 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 Jupiter Probes Venus Surface Exploration CNSR Europa Surface and Subsurface Titan](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d2e5503460f94a05c4f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
0 250 - 250 500 Temperature ( C)
Pressure ( bars)
1000
100
10
1.0
0.1
0.01
Jupiter Probes
Venus Surface Exploration
CNSR
Europa Surface and Subsurface
Titan In-Situ
0 250 - 250 Temperature ( C)
Radiation( MRad)
10
1.0
0.1 Jupiter Probes
Europa Surface and Subsurface
Titan In-Situ
Earth
Earth
Venus Surface Exploration
CNSR
Pressure vs. Temperature Radiation vs. Temperature
500
Temperature, Pressure, and Radiation in Reference Missions
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Mission Advanced Thermal Control
Technology
Pressure Vessel
Technology (100 bar)
High Temperature
(460 C) Components
Low Temperature
( - 180 C) Components
Corrosion Protection Technology
Radiation Hard
(> 5 Mrad) Components
Radiation Shielding
Technology (> 5 Mrad)
Venus Surface Exploration and Sample
Return
X X X X
Giant Planets Deep Probes X X X
Comets Nucleus Sample
Return X X
Titan In-Situ X X X
Europa Surface and Subsurface X X X X
Challenge: All reference missions have to survive and operate in extreme temperature, pressure, and radiation environments.
Summary of Reference Mission Technology Needs
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Venus Dynamics Explorer
Objective: Obtain Measurements to explain the general circulation of the Venus atmosphere
• The cloud-level atmosphere (~70 km) rotates about 60 times faster than the planet’s slowly-rotating surface (4 days vs 242 day period)– The mechanisms responsible for this
superrotation have evaded theoretical explanation for >30 years
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Venus Dynamics Explorer
Approach: Long-lived balloons and Orbiter• Network of 12 to 24 long-lived balloons
• Deployed between the surface and cloud tops at 3-4 latitudes (equatorial, mid, high)
• Time resolved measurements over ~1 week
• Discriminates eddies from mean flow• VLBI tracking, p, T, solar/thermal
radiation• Orbiter
• Required for communications/ tracking• UV and Near IR imaging spectrometers
for tracking the upper, middle, and lower clouds S- and/or X-band radio science package to retrieve density profile at 34 km and 100 km
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Zonal Wind (m/s)
50
40
30
20
10
0
60
70
80
Alti
tude
(km
)
0 50 1007525
Balloon Deployment Approach
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300
400
500
200
25
100
Temperature (C)
Technological Limits for Components
Hard solders melt at ~ 400 C
Soft solders melt at about ~180 CConnector problems start at ~150 C
TFE Teflon degenerates at 370 CSilicon electronics can’t
operate above 350 C
Water boils @ 1 atm at 100 C
Terrestrial Applications
Geothermal
Airplane
Military
Automotive
Venus
Jupiter Probes
Enhanced Oil Recovery
NA
SA
Nee
ds
Geothermal
Limit of commercial and military applications is
currently about 350 C
Oil WellsGas
Extreme high temperature/high pressure environments are unique to
NASA missions
High Temperature Limits of Conventional Components
Magnets and actuators operational limit is ~ 300-350 C
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Power: Battery systems
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Li/ CFx (-40 to 85)
Li/ S (Sion Power; Moltech) (-40 to 80)
Na/ S (220 to 360)
(Li;K;CsBr) Li(Si)/ FeS2 (350 to 550)
(LiF;Cl;Br) 44% Li(Si)/FeS2 (450 to 550)
Li ion (-40 to 60)
General Atomics (claimed 25 to 300)
Li(Mg)/ SOCl2 (70 to 200)
Li/ SOCl2 (-40 to 150)
aqueous (-20 to 65)
current survivability (-55 to 125)
Desired extreme range (-180 to 460)
Temperature (degrees C)
![Page 8: 0 250- 250 500 Temperature ( C) Pressure ( bars) 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 Jupiter Probes Venus Surface Exploration CNSR Europa Surface and Subsurface Titan](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d2e5503460f94a05c4f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Thermal Control Technology Needs for Decadal Missions
Mission T/C Devices Applicable Environment
Comments
Venus Surface Exploration and Sample
Return
• Thermal insulation• Thermal storage•Thermal Switches•Active cooling systems•Active refrigeration
Over 460 C0 to 90 bar
Missions lasting more than a few hours on surface will need active refrigeration system
Giant Planets Deep Probes
•Thermal insulation, PCM storage, thermal switches, heat pipes
- 180 C to +380 C0.1 to 100 bar
Temperature and pressure increase with depth in the atmosphere
Comets Nucleus Sample Return
•Thermal insulation•PCM thermal storage•Thermal switches, Heat pipes
Generally cold, below -140 CNo environment
Waste heat from RPS can be used for thermal control of avionics
Titan In-Situ Explorer •Thermal insulation•PCM thermal storage•Thermal switches, Heat pipes, active cooling loops
-180 to -140 C0.1 to 1.5 bar
Long term operation on the surface requires radioisotope power source
Europa Surface and Subsurface
•Thermal insulation, thermal storage, active cooling loops
-160 C -`0.1 bar
Waste heat from RPS can be used for thermal control of avionics
All reference missions need advanced thermal control to survive and operate in extreme temperature and pressure.