00034 the corrosion inhibitor availability model (51300-00034-sg)

13
7/21/2019 00034 the Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model (51300-00034-Sg) http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/00034-the-corrosion-inhibitor-availability-model-51300-00034-sg 1/13 THE CORROSION INHIBITOR AVAILABILITY MODEL Bill Hedges BP Amoco Sunbury, UK Dominic Paisley and Richard Woollam BP Amoco Alaska, USA ABSTRACT The traditional Corrosion Inhibitor Efficiency Model has been reviewed and shown to have some failings partic with respect to the design of new facilities. The problem of considering a single, deterministic corrosion rate has discussed and the distribution of corrosion rates about a mean or modal ) value has been considered. The role of a corr inhibitor to not only reduce the mean corrosion rate but also decrease the spread of corrosion rates has been highlighted. A Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model has been introduced, the benefits of which are: A focus on the required corrosion rate. Removes focus from the mean corrosion rate only. Accounts for realistically achievable corrosion rates. Identifies the importance of the availability of corrosion inhibitor. Accounts for the interruption or the absence of inhibitor from time to time. Does not allow dangerously low corrosion allowances to be used. The limitations on the use of corrosion inhibitors has been discussed and a Corrosion Inhibitor Risk Categor been introduced. Data from the Prudhoe Bay operation in Alaska is used to support the ideas discussed. Much o discussion focuses on the design of new facilities. However, the approach is equally applicable to existing operations. Keywords: Corrosion Inhibitor, Efficiency, Availability, Distribution, Risk INTRODUCTION For many years the Corrosion Inhibitor Efficiency Model has been used to quantify the benefits of a cor inhibitor treatment program when designing new pipelines and facilities. However, recently some operators have foun model to have some shortcomings. This paper discusses these and introduces the Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model alternative approach. As part of the discussion, consideration is given to the benefits of using a distribution of corrosion about a mean value, rather than a single, deterministic corrosion rate. It is shown that the role of a corrosion inhibitor is only reduce the mean corrosion rate but also decrease the spread of corrosion rates. Field data from Alaska is used to support the ideas discussed. Much of the discussion focuses on the design o facilities. However, the approach is equally applicable to existing operations 00034 CORROSION 2000 Paper No.

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Page 1: 00034 the Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model (51300-00034-Sg)

7/21/2019 00034 the Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model (51300-00034-Sg)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/00034-the-corrosion-inhibitor-availability-model-51300-00034-sg 1/13

T H E C O R R O S I O N I N H I B I T O R A V A I L A B I L I T Y M O D E L

B i ll H e d g e s

B P A m o c o

S u n b u ry , U K

D o m i n i c P a is l e y an d R i c h a r d W o o l l a m

B P A m o c o

A l a sk a , U S A

A B S T R A C T

T h e t r ad i ti o n a l C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r E f f ic i e n c y M o d e l h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d a n d s h o w n t o h a v e s o m e f a il in g s p a r t ic

w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e d e s i g n o f n e w f a c il i ti e s . T h e p r o b l e m o f c o n s i d e r i n g a s i n g l e , d e t e r m i n i s t ic c o r r o s i o n r a t e h a s

d i s c u s s e d a n d t h e d i s t r ib u t i o n o f c o r r o s i o n ra t e s a b o u t a m e a n o r m o d a l ) v a l u e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d . T h e r o l e o f a c o r r

i n h i b i t o r to n o t o n l y r e d u c e t h e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r a t e b u t a l s o d e c r e a s e t h e s p r e a d o f c o r r o s i o n r a t e s h a s b e e n h i g h l i g h t e d .

A C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y M o d e l h a s b e e n i n t ro d u c e d , t h e b e n e f i t s o f w h i c h a r e :

• A f o c u s o n t h e r e q u i r e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e.

• R e m o v e s f o c u s f r o m t h e m e a n c o r ro s i o n r a te o n l y .

• A c c o u n t s f o r r e a l i s ti c a l l y a c h i e v a b l e c o r r o s i o n r a te s .

• I d e n t i f i e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e a v a i l a b i li t y o f c o r r o s i o n i n h i b it o r .

• A c c o u n t s f o r th e i n t e r ru p t i o n o r t h e a b s e n c e o f i n h i b i t o r f r o m t i m e to ti m e .

• D o e s n o t a ll o w d a n g e r o u s l y lo w c o r r o s io n a l lo w a n c e s t o b e u se d .

T h e l i m i t a t i o n s o n t h e u s e o f c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o rs h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d a n d a C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r R i s k C a t e g o r

b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . D a t a f r o m t h e P r u d h o e B a y o p e r a t i o n i n A l a s k a is u s e d t o s u p p o r t t h e i d e a s d i s c u s s e d . M u c h o

d i s c u s s i o n f o c u s e s o n t h e d e s i g n o f n e w f a c i li t ie s . H o w e v e r , t h e a p p r o a c h i s e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o e x i s t i n g o p e r a t i o n s .

K e y w o r d s : C o r r o s i o n I n h i b it o r , E f f i c ie n c y , A v a i l a b i l it y , D i s t r i b u ti o n , R i s k

I N T R O D U C T I O N

F o r m a n y y e a r s th e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b it o r E f fi c i e n c y M o d e l h a s b e e n u s e d t o q u a n t i fy t h e b e n e f i t s o f a c o r

i n h i b i t o r t r e a t m e n t p r o g r a m w h e n d e s i g n i n g n e w p i p e l i n e s a n d fa c i li t ie s . H o w e v e r , r e c e n t l y s o m e o p e r a t o r s h a v e f o u n

m o d e l t o h a v e s o m e s h o r t c o m i n g s . T h i s p a p e r d is c u s s e s th e s e a n d i n t r o d u c e s th e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y M o d e l

a l t e r n a ti v e a p p r o a c h . A s p a r t o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n , c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e b e n e f i t s o f u s i n g a d i s t r ib u t i o n o f c o r r o s i o n

a b o u t a m e a n v a l u e , r a t h e r t h a n a s i n g l e , d e te r m i n i s t i c c o r r o s i o n r a t e . I t i s s h o w n t h a t th e r o l e o f a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r i s

o n l y r e d u c e t h e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r a t e b u t a l s o d e c r e a s e t h e s p r e a d o f c o r r o s i o n r a t e s.

F i e l d d a t a f r o m A l a s k a i s u s e d t o s u p p o r t th e i d e a s d i s c u s s ed . M u c h o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n f o c u s e s o n t h e d e s i g n o

f a c i li t ie s . H o w e v e r , th e a p p r o a c h i s e q u a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o e x is t i n g o p e r a t i o n s

00034CORROSION2000

Paper No.

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D I S C U S S I O N

T r a d i t i o n a l A p p r o a c h : T h e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r E f f i c i e n c y M o d e l

U n t i l r e c e n t l y , t h e u s u a l w a y t o d e s c r i b e h o w e f f e c t i v e i n h i b i t o r s w e r e a t r e d u c i n g t h e c o r r o s i o n r a t e w a s t o u s

c o n c e p t o f e f fi c i e n c y . E f f i c i e n c y i s d e f in e d a s :

E % = 100 x ( CRu - CRi ) / CRu

W h e r e :

C R u i s t h e u n i n h i b i te d c o r r o s i o n r a t e ( m m / y )

CRi i s t he i nh i b i t ed cor r os i on r a t e ( mm/ y )

E i s t he cor r os i on i nh i b i t o r e f f i c i ency ( % )

C R u a n d C R i w e r e s o m e t i m e s d e t e r m i n e d i n a la b o r a t o r y s tu d y , o r th r o u g h f i e l d w o r k . T h e s e v a l u e s w e r e u s

c a l c u l a te E % a s s h o w n i n e q u a t i o n 1 . F o r f u r t h e r w o r k i n v o l v i n g t h e s a m e i n h i b i t o r, s u c h a s t h e d e s i g n o f n e w f a c il i ti e s

a p p l i c a t i o n in d i f f e r e n t f lu i d s , it w a s g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t E % w a s a c o n s ta n t . T h u s t h e p r e d i c t e d i n h i b i te d c o r r o s i o

c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d b y r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f e q u a t i o n 1 t o g i v e C R i . D u r i n g t h e d e s i g n p h a s e o f n e w p r o j e c t s , t h e u n in h

c o r r o s i o n r a t e i s g e n e r a l l y p r e d i c t e d u s i n g a d e t e r m i n i s t i c m o d e l a n d a s t a n d a r d c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r e f f i c i e n c y a p p l i e d

a u t h o r s c o m p a n y u s e d t o u s e 9 0 % a n d o t h e r O p e r a t o r s a p p l i e d e f f i c ie n c i e s r a n g i n g t y p i c a l l y f r o m 6 0 t o 9 5 % .

I n t h i s a p p r o a c h , t h e e s t i m a t e d c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e ( C A / m m ) f o r a n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n d e s i g n e d t o l a s t a s p

t i m e ( L i f e t i m e / y e a r s ) c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g E q u a t i o n 2 :

C A = C R i x L i f e ti m e

T h e c o n c e p t o f ' e f f i c i e n c y ' i s a s i m p l e m a t h e m a t i c a l d e v i c e w i t h w h i c h m o s t p e o p l e a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h i n e v e

l if e , p a r t i c u l a r ly w i t h r e s p e c t t o m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s . H o w e v e r , a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e e f f i c i e n c y i s a c o n s t a n t , i r r e sp e c t i v e

c o n d i t io n s , m a k e s s e v e r a l a s s u m p t i o n s w h i c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r r e la t e d p r o b l e m s , a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .

C o n c e r n s w i t h th e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r E f f i c i e n c y m o d e l

H i g h C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r E f f ic i e n c i e s a n d C o r r o s i o n R a t e s. T h e o n l y p u r p o s e f o r a p p l y i n g a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o

r educ e t he cor r os i o n r a t e t o an accep t a b l e l eve l . W h en d i scus s i ng c or r os i on i nh i b i t o r e f f i c i enc i e s , e spec i a l l y h i gh va l ue

easy t o l ose t h i s f ocus and , i f the un i nh i b i t ed cor r os i on r a t e i s h i gh , i t is pos s i b l e f o r t he i nh i b i t ed r a t e t o be abo ve t he

va l ue .

F o r e x a m p l e , i n t he P r u d h o e B a y f i e ld i n A l a s k a , t h e f l o w l i n e s a re t r e a te d w i t h c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i to r . H i s t o r i c a l re

s h o w t h a t i n 1 9 9 4 t h e i n h i b i t o r a p p e a r e d t o b e p r o v i d i n g g o o d p r o t e c t i o n w i t h a l l t h e e f f i c i e n c y v a l u e s i n t h e r a n g e o f 9 8 .

9 9 . 7 % . D e s p i t e th i s o n l y 4 0 % o f t h e f l o w l i n e s h a d a c c e p t a b l e r a t es o f c o r r o s i o n , d e f i n e d a s l e s s t h a n 0 . 0 5 m m / y .

D e f i n i n g a s i m p l e e f f i c i e n c y a ls o i g n o r e s t h e p r a c ti c a l m e a s u r e s t h a t m u s t b e t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h e e x p e c t e d r e d u c t

c o r r o s i o n r a t e s i s a t ta i n e d . T h e I n h i b i t o r E f f i c ie n c y M o d e l d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e t y p e o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f i n h i b it o r r e q u i

a c h i e v e a n e . g . 9 0 % r e d u c t i o n i n c o r r o s i o n r a t e ; it w a s n o t u n k n o w n f o r s o m e f a c i li t ie s t o b e d e s i g n e d o n t h e b a s i s

I n h i b i t o r E f f i c ie n c y M o d e l b u t f o r l it tl e o r n o i n h i b i t o r t o b e u s e d a f t e r c o m m i s s i o n i n g .

A c h i e v e m e n t o f L o w V a l u e s o f I n h i b i t e d C o r r o s i o n R a t e . T h e e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l p r e d i c t s t h a t i n h i b it o r s c a n a

r e d u c e t h e u n i n h i b i te d c o r r o s i o n r a t e b y a f i x e d p e r c e n t a g e , i r re s p e c t i v e o f it s v a l u e . F o r e x a m p l e , f o r a p ip e l i n e w

u n i n h i b i te d c o r r o s i o n r a t e ( C R u ) o f 0 .2 r a m / y , t h e m o d e l s t a te s t h a t a n in h i b i t o r w i t h a n e f f i c i e n c y o f 9 0 % w i l l r e d u c e t h

t o 0 .02 mm / y . I n a des i gn s i t ua t i on , i f t he r equ i r ed l i f e t i me o f t he p i pe l i ne w as 25 yea r s th i s mi gh t re su l t i n a spe

c o r r o si o n a l l o w a n c e o f o n l y 0 . 5 m m , w h i c h c o u l d b e e a s i ly c o n s u m e d d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f u p s e t

T h i s i n tr o d u c e s t h e q u e s ti o n : D o i n h i b it o r s w o r k b y r e d u c i n g t h e u n i n h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e b y a f ix e d p e r c e n t

b y r e d u c i n g t h e r a te t o a g i v e n v a l u e ? . T h e e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l a s s u m e s a f i x e d p e r c e n t a g e . A t t h is t i m e i t i s u n c l e a r e

h o w i n h i b it o r s w o r k a n d s t u d i e s c o n t i n u e i n a n a t t e m p t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e m e c h a n i s t i c d e t a il s . I n d e e d , m u c h o f t h e e x

d a t a s u g g e s t s th a t th e t w o c h o i c e s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e a r e to o s i m p l i st i c. M o s t r e c e n t l y t h i s h a s b e e n s h o w n f o r C O : s a t

b r i n e s c o n t a i n i n g d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a c e ti c a c i d ' , a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2 .

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2 0

5

10

~ 5

0

• - -12- .-3 NaC I on ly

• h a - - 1 0 0 p p m A c e t a t e ( N a )

- - o - - 1 00 0p pm A c e ta t e ( N a )

- ~ 2 5 p p m I n h i b i t o r

a d d e d

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2

T i m e ( h o u r s )

F I G U R E 1 : T H E R E D U C T I O N O F D I F F E R E N T C O R R O S I O N R A T E S B Y C O R R O S I O N I N H I B I T O R

0 . 2 5

0 . 2

~ . 0 .15

d

0 ]

0 . 0 5

0

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2

Time hours )

F I G U R E 2 : A S F I G U R E 1 B U T W I T H A N E X P A N D E D C O R O S I O N R A T E S C A L E

T h e d a t a i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e i n h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e i s r e la t e d t o t h e u n i n h i b i t e d r a t e f o r a g i v e n i n h i b i t o r c o n c e n t r

b u t n o t b y a f i x e d p e r c e n t a g e . I n p r a c ti c e h o w e v e r , t h e m o r e c o r r o s i v e c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d b e t r e a t e d w i t h h i g h e r c o n c e n t r

o f i n h ib i t o r to a c h i e v e t h e t a r g e t c o r r o s io n r a t e . T h i s m a k e s t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a c o n s t a n t i n h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e v a li d , a

as a t t en t i on i s pa i d t o t he r equ i r ement s t o ach i eve t ha t co r ros i on r a t e .

T h e d a t a i n F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2 d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e to o b s e r v e h i g h c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r e f f ic i e n c i e s ( >

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o lo w c o r r o s i o n r a t e s ( < 0 . 0 2 m m / y ). H o w e v e r , e x p e r i e n c e f r o m t h e f i e ld s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s e lo w c o r

r a t e s a re n o t a l w a y s a c h i e v a b l e i n p r a c t i c e o v e r t h e e n t i r e l i fe t i m e o f a p i p e l i n e . I n a r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n 2 S h e l l p r e

c o r r o s i o n r a t e d a ta f r o m s e v e r a l o f th e i r o i l a n d g a s f i e l d s f r o m a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . T h e d a t a r e l a t e s t o p i p e l i n e s o f d i

a g e s a n d m a y b e u s e d t o e s t im a t e t h e c o r r o s i o n r a te s a c h i e v e d i n p r a c ti c e o v e r t h e l if e t i m e o f t h e p i p e l i n e . A s u m m a r y

d a t a i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 i n w h i c h t h e a c t u a l c o r r o s i o n r a t e s a r e c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e w h i c h h a d b e e n p r e d i c t e d f o r e a c h

T h e s t r a i g h t l in e s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 i n d i c a t e s t h e i n h ib i t e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e s w h i c h w o u l d b e p r e d i c t e d i f a c o r r o s i o n e f f i c i e

8 5 w e r e u s e d .

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3

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Predicted f

orr rate sw ith 85 efficiency [

corrrates measured I j

[ ]

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

P r e d i c t e d U n i n h i b i te d C o r r o s i o n r a te s m m / y )

F I G U R E 3 : C O R R O S I O N R A T E S F O R S E V E R A L O I L A N D G A S F I E L D S

T h e d a t a i n F i g u r e 3 h i g h l i g h t s t w o i m p o r t a n t o b s e r v a t i o n s r e l a t e d t o th i s d i s c u s si o n :

1 . H i g h c o r r o s i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n p r a c t i c e ( > 9 9 ).

2 . T h e l o w e s t c o r r o s i o n r a t e s o b s e r v e d i n p r a c t i c e a r e in th e r a n g e o f 0 .1 m m J y to 0 . 2 m r n / y .

T h i s s u p p o r t s t h e u s e o f a c o n s t a n t c o r r o s i o n r at e f o r d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . S i m i l a r d a t a h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r t h e P r u d h o

f i e l d see be l ow ) .

T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r w h y t h e l o w c o r r o s i o n r a t e s o b s e r v e d i n l a b o r a t o r i e s a r e n o t o b s e r v e d i n t h e

C e r t a i n l y , o n e r e a s o n i s d u e t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o e n v i r o n m e n t s a n d i t i s t h i s d i f f e r e n c e t h a t t e

r e c e i v e m o s t a t te n t i o n w h e n a t t e m p t i n g t o c o m p a r e l a b o r a t o r y a n d f i e l d r e s u lt s . L a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s a r e h i g h l y c o n

a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y c a n o n l y a p p r o x i m a t e t h e a c tu a l si tu a t io n . L a b o r a t o r y p r e p a r e d m e t a l s u r fa c e s a r e g e n e r a l l y s m o o

r e l a t i v e l y c l e a n w h e r e a s r e a l p i p e w o r k i s o f t e n r o u g h d u e t o c o r r o s i o n a n d t h e p r e s e n c e o f a v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i c a n d i n o

s c a l e s a n d d e p o s i t s. I n p r a c t i c e t hi s s i m p l y m e a n s t h a t t h e l a b o r a t o r y d o e s n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t t h e r e a l s i tu a t io n .

A n o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t t h e c o r r o s i o n r a t e s d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a r e

c o r r o s i o n r a te s , g e n e r a t e d o v e r a s m a l l s u r f a c e a r e a o v e r a re l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d o f t im e . T h e c o r r o s i o n r a t e s q u o t e d f o

c o n d i t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y w o r s t - c a s e c o r r o s i o n r at e s, o f t e n g e n e r a t e d f r o m f a i lu r e i n v e s t ig a t i o n s o r r e p a i rs . T h e m e a n c o r

r a t e i n t he f i el d , ave r age d ove r the en t i r e su r f ace o f a p i pe l i ne i s f a r l ow er t han t he co r ros i on r a t e a t t he f a i l u r e l oca t i on .

w a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e l a b o r a t o r y r e s u lt s , th e a g r e e m e n t m a y b e b e t t e r .

H o w e v e r , a n o t h e r p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n f o r th e a c t u a l c o r r o s i o n r a t e s b e i n g l o w e r i s t h a t th e i n h i b i t o r i s n o t a l w a y s a d

t he sys t em , i .e . i t is no t ava i l ab l e ov e r t he en t i r e su r f ac e fo r a l l o f t he t i me .

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I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i ty . T h e e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l a s s u m e s t h a t t h e c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r w i ll b e i n j e c t e d i n to t h e s y s

t h e c o r r e c t d o s a g e , w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t io n f o r th e l i f e t im e o f th e s y s t e m , i . e. i t i s a v a i l a b l e f o r 1 0 0 % o f t h e t im e . E x p e r i e n

s h o w n t h a t t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s a r e i n v a l i d f o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a so n s : p u m p s f a i l o r a r e s e t in c o r r e c t ly , i n j e c t i o n v a l v

p i p e w o r k b l o c k o r l e a k , s u p p l i e s o f i n h ib i t o r a r e i n te r r u p te d , p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s o r w a t e r c u t s c h a n g e o r s o l i d s d e p o s i t i n t h

p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n h i b i t o r r e a c h i n g t h e s u r f a c e e t c . T h e E f f i c i e n c y M o d e l a t t e m p t e d t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e s e f a i li n g s a s w e l l

p e r f o r m a n c e o f th e i n h i b i t o r b y a p p l y i n g a b l a n k e t i n h i b i t o r e ff i c i e n c y ; th i s is f l a w e d a s a g r e a t d e a l c a n b e d o n e t o e n s u

s u c h f a i l i n g s a r e m i n i m i s e d .

D i s c r i m i n a t i n g b e t w e e n I n h i b it o r s . H i s t o r i ca l l y , n o t a ll c o r r o s io n i n h i b i t o rs h a v e b e e n e f f e c t i v e a n d l a b o r a t o r

w e r e u s e d t o i d e n t i f y th e b e s t o n e s f o r a g i v e n a p p l i ca t i o n . I n r e c e n t y e a r s i n h i b i t o r te c h n o l o g y h a s i m p r o v e d s i g n i f ic a n

a l l o f t h e m a j o r s u p p l i e r s a r e a b l e t o o f f e r p r o d u c t s w h i c h a r e h i g h l y e f f e c t i v e f o r al l b u t t h e m o s t d e m a n d i n g a p p l i c

T h u s , i n l a b o r a t o r y t e st s , m a n y p r o d u c t s w i l l r e d u c e t h e c o r r o s i o n r at e to b e l o w a t a r g e t v a lu e . I n a n e n v i r o n m e n t w h

e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l i s r o u t i n e l y u s e d t h i s c a n l e a d t o s o m e q u e s t i o n a b l e s e l e c t i o n s b e i n g m a d e i .e . t h e i n h i b i t o r th a t a c h i e v

g r e a t e s t p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n c o r r o s i o n r at e f o r a g i v e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s o f t e n s e l e c te d . T h i s l o s e s t h e f o c u s o

p e r f o r m a n c e a n d c o s t , e .g . a p r o d u c t r e s u l ti n g i n a c o r r o s i o n ra t e o f 0 . 0 5 m m / y b e i n g s e l e c t e d i n p r e f e r e n c e t o o n e r e s u l

0 . 0 8 m m / y w h e n t h e t a r g e t w a s 0. 1 m m / y . C l e a r l y b o t h p r o d u c t s m e e t t he r e q u i r e d t e c h n i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e a n d s o a l

f a c t o r s b e i n g e q u a l , t h e c o s t - p e r f o r m a n c e s h o u l d b e c o m p a r e d .

F o r a l l o f t h e re a s o n s n o t e d a b o v e , s e v e r a l o i l a n d g a s c o m p a n i e s h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e u s e o f t h e c o r r o s i o n i n

e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l a n d c o n s i d e r e d a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s . I n o r d e r to d o t h i s it i s h e l p f u l t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w c o r r o s i o n r a

d i s t ri b u t e d a n d w h a t i s e x p e c t e d o f a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i to r .

T h e D i s t r ib u t i o n o f C o r r o s i o n R a t e s

W h e n c o r r o s i o n e n g i n e e r s d i s c u s s c o r ro s i o n r a t es t h e y o f te n f o c u s o n a d e t e rm i n i s t ic , s i n g l e v a l u e , e . g. t h e c o r

r a t e is 1 . 0 m m / y . T h i s o b s c u r e s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t f o r a g i v e n s e t o f c o n d i ti o n s ( o r n a r r o w r a n g e o f c o n d i ti o n s ) t h e

no t be a s ing l e cor r os i o n r a t e bu t a r ange o f va l ue s d i s t r i bu t ed abo u t a me an . I n p r ac t i ce ( s ee l a t e r ) such d i s t r i bu t i o

o b s e r v e d to b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y L o g N o r m a l . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s a th e o r e t ic a l l o g n o r m a l d i s t r ib u t i o n f o r w h i c h t h e m o s t f r e q

m o d a l ) c o r r o s i o n r a te i s 1 .0 m m J y a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i s 0 . 4 m m / y .

0 9

0 8

0 7

0 6

= 0 5 [ Uninhibi ted]

0.4

0 3

0 2

°

C o r r o s i o n R a t e m m / y 8 1 0

F I G U R E : L O G N O R M A L D I S T R I B U T I O N O F C O R R O S I O N R A T E S

F i g u r e 4 i l lu s t r at e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e d i s tr i b u t io n o f c o r r o s i o n r a te s . W h i l s t t he m o d a l v a l u e

m m / y a n d t h e m e a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 ra m / y , i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t m u c h h i g h e r c o r r o s i o n r a t e s o c c u r a n d i t i s t h e h i g h e s t p r o

r a t e t h a t is o f m o s t c o n c e r n .

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T h e R o l e o f C o r r o s i o n I n h i b it o r s

C o r r o s i o n E n g i n e e r s t y p i c a l l y f o c u s o n t h e a b i l it y o f c o r r o s i o n i n h ib i t o r s t o r e d u c e t h e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r at e .

t h i s i s im p o r t a n t , i t i s t h e a u t h o r s o p i n i o n t h a t o f g r e a t e r i m p o r t a n c e i s a n i n h i b i t o r s a b i l it y t o r e d u c e t h e s p r e a d o f c o r

r a t es . I n m a t h e m a t i c a l t e r m s t h e y r e d u c e t h e s ta n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f th e d i s t r ib u t i o n s . T h i s i s i l l u s tr a t e d g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i

w h i c h s h o w s t h e d i s tr i b u t i o n f r o m F i g u r e 4 t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d i s t r ib u t i o n s f o r t w o d i f f e r e n t i n h i b i to r s . I n h i b i t o r 1 r e d u

m o s t f r e q u e n t c o r r o s i o n r a te to 0 .1 m m / y a n d t h e s t a n d a rd d e v i a t i o n t o 0 . 4 m r n / y . I n h i b i t o r 2 a l s o r e d u c e s t h e m o s t f r e q

0 .1 m r n / y b u t th e s t an d a r d d e v i a t i o n i s r e d u c e d t o 0 .2 m m / y . F i g u r e 6 s h o w s t h e s a m e d a t a a s F i g u r e 5 b u t w i t h a l o g a r

c o r r o s i o n ra t e a x i s w h i c h i l l u s t r at e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s m o r e c l e a r l y .

2 - -

1.8

1 . 6

1 . 4

1 . 2

1

0 . 8

0 . 6

0 . 4

0 . 2

0

l

',.

_ _ _

• - ' . . . .

0 . 5 I 1 . 5 2

C o r r o s i o n R a t e , m m / y

U n i n h i b i t e d

. . . . . . . I n h i b i t o r I

. . . . I n hi b it o r 2

F I G U R E 5 : L O G N O R M A L D I S T R I B U T I O N O F I N H I B I T E D A N D

U N I N H I B I T E D C O R R O S I O N R A T E S

2

1 . 8

1 . 6

1 . 4

1 . 2

~

~ 1

r ~

~ o.8

0 . 6

0 . 4

0 . 2 -

0 0 0 1

; i

: I

I

I

,

i , , - ~ .

: ? / \

, , I '

t

0 . 0 | 0 . 1 1

L o g C o r r o s i o n R a t e ,

r a m / y

U n i n h i b i t e d

. . . . I n h ib i t o r 1

. . . . . I n h i b i t o r 2

] 0

F I G U R E 6 : A S F IG U R E 5 B U T W I T H A L O G C O R R O S I O N R A T E A X I S

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It is clear from Figures 5 and 6 that the primary benefit of the inhibitors is to reduce the spread of corrosion rat

eliminate the extremely high values. A good inhibitor is therefore one which reduces the extreme corrosion rate to the re

target value. To achieve this, the mean and most frequent corrosion rates may have to be signi ficantly lower than the

value.

Whilst Figures 4 to 6 are for illustration only the same trends are seen in practice. Figure 7 shows the distribu

inhibited, general corrosion rates for the towlines in Prudhoe Bay on an annualised basis since 1996, during which

significant effort was undertaken to improve the corrosion inhibitor chemistry and the injection strategy. The data, wh

summarised in Table 1, were obtained using corrosion coupons.

70

60

50

40

o~

20

10

0

1996

w

, i

I I r ~ ~ m r -

- - 1998

Target Corrosion Rate

.... 1997

m ~ 1999

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0. 06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11

Corrosion Rate mm /y

F I G U R E 7: T H E D I S T R I B U T I O N O F IN H I B I T E D C O R R O S I O N R A T E S F O R P R U D H O E B A Y F L O W L I N

T A B L E 1: A N A L Y S IS O F G E N E R A L C O R R O S I O N R A T E D A T A F R O M C O U P O N S A T P R U D H O E B A Y

Year Coupons < 0.05 mm/y.

1999

Mean Corrosion Rate

rnrrdy.

0.13

97

1996 73

1997 86 0.06 0.08

1998 96 0.03 0.06

0.04

.02

Standard Deviation

mm/y.

0.15

In this case the target value was 0.05 mm/y but to achieve corrosion rates less than this for greater than 9

coupons the mean corrosion rate had to be reduced to 0.02 turn/y, the most frequent corros ion rate to 0.01 mm /y a

standard deviation to 0.04 ram/yr.

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S e v e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s c a n b e m a d e f r o m t h i s d a ta :

1 . T h e c o r r o s i o n r a t e s a re l o g n o r m a l l y d i s t ri b u t e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e .

2 . T h e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r a te i s c u r r e n t l y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 .0 2 m m / y ( s e e T a b l e 1 ) .

3 . T h e m o d a l v a l u e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 01 m m / y . r a t e b u t o n l y d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t ly y e a r o n y e a r .

4 . T h e d i s t ri b u t i o n o f c o r r o s i o n r a t e s is re l a t i v e l y n a r r o w .

5 . T h e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f c o r r o s i o n r a te s d o e s d e c r e a s e y e a r o n y e a r . T h i s i s b e s t o b s e r v e d a t th e ' t a i l e n d '

d i s t ri b u t i o n w h e r e a l l o f t h e c o r r o s i o n r a te s g r e a t e r t h a n 0 .1 r n m / y a r e ' p o o l e d ' t o g e t h e r . I t i s c le a r t h a t t h e

o f t h e ' t a i l ' d e c r e a s e s y e a r o n y e a r . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n r e d u c e s f r o m 0 . 1 5 m m / y t o 0. 0 4 r n m / y b e t w e e n

and 1999 .

S i m i l a r e f f e c ts a re s e e n w h e n t h e p i tt i n g c o r r o s i o n r a te s f o r t h e s a m e c o u p o n s a r e e x a m i n e d . T h e d i s t ri b u t io

s i m i l a r t o th o s e s h o w n i n F ig u r e 7 a n d a r e s u m m a r i s e d i n T a b l e 2 .

T A B L E 2: A N A L Y S I S O F P I T T I N G C O R R O S I O N R A T E D A T A F R O M C O U P O N S A T P R U D H O E B A Y

Y e a r

C o u p o n s < 0 . 1 2 5 m m / y .

M e a n P i t t in g R a t e

m m / y .

0 .48

9 9 6 2 2

1 9 9 7 3 1 0 . 2 4 0 . 3 8

1 9 9 8 5 7 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 2

8 0999

0 .10

S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n

rnin/y.

0 . 7 6

0.391

N o t e 1 : A c h a n g e i n re p o r t i n g s p e c i f i c a t io n r e s u l t e d i n a n a p p a r e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e

coupon p i t t i ng r a t e s i n 1999 .

F i g u r e 7 i l lu s t ra t e s t h e s u c c e ss o f t h e c o r r o s i o n m a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m a t P r u d h o e B a y . H o w e v e r , th e i m p r o v e

d i d n o t c o m e w i t h o u t c e r t a i n c o st s . T h e t h r e e m a j o r c o s t s r e l a te d t o th e c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r t r e a t m e n t w e r e :

1 . I n s t a ll a t io n o f i n j e c ti o n p o i n t s a t e v e r y p r o d u c t i o n w e l l h e a d i n c l u d i n g d e d i c a t e d v a l v e s t o e n s u r e c o r r e c t d o

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 0 i n t o t a l.

2 . S p o n s o r s h i p o f a d e d i c a t e d c o r r o s i o n i n h ib i t o r c h e m i s t r y R & D p r o g r a m t o d e v e l o p c o s t - e f f e c t i v e p r o d u c t s .

3 . I n c r e a s i n g t h e d o s a g e r a te a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 f o l d a n d t h e r e f o r e a n n u a l t r e a t m e n t c o s ts .

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The l a s t po in t is i ll u s t r a t e d in F igu re 8 w h ic h s how s h ow the dos a ge o f c o r ro s ion inh ib i to r ha s inc re a s e d s inc e 1990 .

E

e

0

_=

0

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

2O

0 I

M a y - 9 0 M a y - 9 l

m Ir m lj w

.. ~ . ~

I .4... .

Q

11,

i . ~ l '

o

I I I I I I l I

Ma y-92 Ma y-93 Ma y-94 Ma y-95 Ma y-96 Ma y-97 Ma y-98 Ma y-99

D a t e

F I G U R E 8 : P R U D H O E B A Y C O R R O S I O N I N H I B I T O R D O S A G E

W ith h ind s igh t i t i s c l e a r t ha t the dos a ge ra t e s u s e d in the pe r iod 1990 un t i l 1993 w e re no t h igh e nough . F ro m

to 1995 the re qu i re d dos a ge w a s in the r e g ion o f 150pp m, ba s e d o n the w a te r pha s e ( c u r re n t ly the w a te r c u t i s i n the r e g

6 0 ) . B e y o n d 1 99 5 t h e i m p r o v e m e n t s in th e c o r ro s i o n r a t e c a m e f r o m t h e t h r e e i n i ti a t iv e s d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , T h e d e c r

the me a n c o r ro s io n ra te a nd the re duc t ion in the s p re a d o f t he c o r ro s ion ra te s ove r t he s a me t im e pe r iod i s s how n in F igu

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P r u d h o e B a y F l o w l in e C o r r o s i o n I n h ib i t i o n C o n t r o l C h a r t

¢ ~ .0 0 2 5

T a r g e t = 0 . 0 5 m m / y I

Co n ven t io n a l Co r ro s io n In h ib i to r F o cu sed In h ib i to r De ve lo p m en t

9 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 9 8 99

F I G U R E : T H E I M P R O V E M E N T I N C O R R O S I O N R A T E S A T P R U D H O E B A Y

H a v i n g i d e n t i f ie d t h e k e y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a c o r r o s io n i n h i b i to r , i t is i m p o r t a n t t h a t a n y a l t e r n a ti v e a p p r o a c h

t a k e t h e m i n to a c c o u n t .

T h e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y M o d e l

F r o m t h e d i s c u s s i o n a b o v e i t i s c l e a r th a t a n y a l t e r n a ti v e t o t he e f f i c i e n c y m o d e l m u s t e m b r a c e a s m a n y o f t h e

i d e n t if i e d a s p o s s i b l e . H a v i n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s s e v e r a l o il a n d g a s c o m p a n i e s h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s i

m o d e l p o s s i b le s h o u l d b e us e d . I t i s k n o w n a s th e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y m o d e l . I n t h e m o d e l , t he i n

cor ros i on r a t e ( CRi ) i s s e t t o be equa l t o t he des i r ed cor ros i on r a t e .

A n e w v a r i a b l e i s t h e n i n t r o d u c e d , t h e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b i l i t y ( A % ) , w h i c h i s d e f i n e d i n E q u a t i o n 3 .

A % = 1 0 0 x T i m e I n h i b i t o r i s a c t u a l ly a d d e d a t o r a b o v e t he m i n i m u m d o s a g e / L i f e t i m e

T h u s t h e a v a i l a b i l it y is s i m p l y t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f t i m e t h a t t h e i n h i b i to r i s a c t u a l l y ' a v a i l a b l e ' i n t h e s y s t e m

r e q u i r e d d o s a g e . I t i s w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t th i s v a l u e c a n o f t e n b e l o w e r t h a n e x p e c t e d . F o r e x a m p l e , i n o n e o f th e a

c o m p a n i e s a s s e t s a s p e c i a l i s e d c h e m i c a l t r e a tm e n t i s a p p l i e d i n t h e f ie l d o n c e e v e r y w e e k . T h e t r e a t m e n t t a k e s b e t w e e n

2 0 h o u r s d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e t h e c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r h a s t o b e s w i t c h e d o f f d u e t o a n i n c o m p a t i b i l it y o f t h e tw o t r e a t m e n t s

m e a n s t h a t t h is p r o c e s s a l o n e r e d u c e s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y t o ~ 9 0 %

H a v i n g d e f i n e d C R i a n d A % t h e c o r r o s i o n a l lo w a n c e c a n b e c a l c u la t e d a s s h o w n i n E q u a t i o n 4 .

C A = I n h i b i t e d C o r r o s i o n A l l o w a n c e + U n i n h i b i t e d C o r r o s i o n A l l o w a n c e

C A = ( C R i x A % / 1 0 0 x L i f e t i m e ) + ( C R u x [ l - A % / 1 0 0 ] x L i f e t i m e )

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I n t h e a u th o r s c o m p a n y t h e i n h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e i s s e t a t w h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a p r a c t ic a l m i n i m u m v a l u e

t u rn / y , a l t h o u g h t h i s v a l u e i s c o n s t a n t l y u n d e r r e v i e w . T h u s E q u a t i o n 5 b e c o m e s :

C A = ( 0 .1 x A % / 1 0 0 x L i f e t im e ) + ( C R u x [ l - A % / 1 0 0 ] x L i f e t im e )

A l t h o u g h s l i g h tl y m o r e c o m p l e x t h a n t h e E f f i c i e n c y M o d e l t h e b e n e f i t s o f t h e A v a i l a b i l i t y M o d e l a r e :

(

• A f ocus on t he r equ i r e d cor r os i o n r a t e .

• R e m o v e s f o c u s f r o m t h e m e a n c o r ro s i o n r a t e o n l y .

• Acc oun t s f o r r ea l i s t i ca l l y ach i e vab l e cor r os i on r a t e s .

• I d e n t i f ie s th e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e a v a i l a b i li t y o f c o r r o s i o n in h i b it o r .

• A c c o u n t s f o r t h e i n te r r u p t io n o r th e a b s e n c e o f in h i b i t o r f r o m t i m e to t im e .

• D o e s n o t a l l o w d a n g e r o u s l y l o w c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e s t o b e u se d .

• R e d u c e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f p r e d i c t i v e c o r r o s i o n r a te m o d e l s , w i t h a l l t h e i r li m i t a ti o n s , a s i n h ib i t e d c o r r o s i o

a r e a s sum ed t o be e s sen t i a l l y cons t an t a t 0 .1 r n r n / y .

W h e n S h o u ld C o r r o s io n I n h i b it o r s N o t b e U s e d

C l e a r l y c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t i o n i s o n l y o n e w a y t o c o n t r o l c o r r o s i o n i n t h e o i l a n d g a s i n d u s t r y , a l t h o u g h f o r

a p p l i c a ti o n s , e s p e c i a l l y l o n g p i p e li n e s , i t i s o f t e n t he m o s t c o s t e f fe c t i v e . W i t h i n t h e a u t h o r s c o m p a n y t h e r e a r e g u i d

w h i c h i d e n t i f y w h e n t o o m u c h d e m a n d i s b e i n g p l a c e d o n t h e c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r a n d s o p r o m p t a m o r e d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e

C u r r e n t ly , t h e r e a r e f i v e c r i t e ri a w h i c h w o u l d t r i g g e r s u c h c o n s i d e r a ti o n s , w h i c h a r e :

1 . T h e m e a n u n i n h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n r a te i s g r e a t e r t h a n 6 m r n / y .

2 . T h e r equ i r ed i nh i b i t ed cor r os i o n ra t e i s l e s s t han 0 .1 mm / y .

3 . Req u i r ed cor r o s i on i nh i b i t o r ava i l ab i l i t y i s g r ea t e r than 95%,

4 . R e q u i r e d c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e i s g r e a t e r t h a n 8 r a m .

5 . T h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e s y s t e m i m p l i e s a C f a c t o r g r e a t e r t h a n 2 0 0 , a s d e f i n e d b y A P I R P 1 4 E .

C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r R i s k C a t e g o r y

I t i s c o m m o n d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p h a s e s o f a n e w p r o j e c t f o r a l l o p t i o n s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h t h e m a t e r

c o n s t r u c t i o n s e l e c te d o n t h e i d e a l b a s i s o f w h o l e l i fe c o s ti n g . H o w e v e r , a s m o r e d e t a i le d d e s i g n b e g i n s m a n y p r o j e c t s b e

b e c o s t c o n s t r a i n e d ( C A P E X ) a n d t h e f o c u s is o n m i n i m i s i n g t h i s v a lu e . T h e m o v e f r o m c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t a l l o y s ( C

t o t h e u s e o f c a r b o n s t e e l w i t h i n h i b i t i o n i s o f te n a v e r y p r a c t i c a l w a y o f a c h i e v i n g t h i s b y s h i f ti n g t h e c o s t s t o o p e r a t i n g

O P E X ) . O f c o u r s e , i f C R A ' s w e r e b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e c o n d i ti o n s w i l l b e h i g h l y c o r r o s i v e a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e d e m

t he cor r os i on i nh i b i t o r w i l l be h i gh .

W h i l s t t h is a p p r o a c h i s p e r f e c t l y v a l i d i t i s c o m m o n t o s e e a p r o b l e m o n c e t h e f a c i l i t y h a s b e e n b u i

c o m m i s s io n e d . A t th a t p o i n t t h e f o c u s s hi ft s f r o m m i n i m i s in g C A P E X t o m i n i m i s i n g O P E X . O n e v e r y e a s y w a y t o

OP E X i s t o r educ e o r e l i mi na t e t he cor r o s i on i nh i b i t o r i n j ec ti on . S ad l y , t h is appr o ach i s o f t en j us t i f i ed o n the bas i s t

f a c i li t y i s n e w a n d t h e r e is a g o o d c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e . T h i s a r g u m e n t i s t h e n s t r e n g t h e n e d b y t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t w h

a c t i o n i s ta k e n t h e r e a r e n o i m m e d i a t e l e a k s.

T h e a u t h o r s c o m p a n y h a v e i n t r o d u c e d a C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r R i s k C a t e g o r y t o h e l p P r o j e c t a n d O p e r a t i o n a l E n g

u n d e r s t a n d t h e c r i ti c a li t y o f t he c o r r o s i o n i n h i b it o r t r e a t m e n t o n t h e i n t e g r i ty o f th e i r s y s t e m . T h e a i m o f th e g u i d e l i n e

e n s u r e t h a t w h e n c a r b o n s t e e l i s s e l e c t e d a s u i t a b l e c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e i s a p p l i e d a n d t h e r e q u i r e d c o r r o s i o n i n

d e p l o y m e n t a n d c o r r o s i o n m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s a r e p r o v i d e d .

T h e r e a r e f i v e c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h d e s c r i b e t h e r el i a n c e o n i n h i b it i o n a n d t h u s r is k . T h e c a t e g o r i e s a r e n u m b e r e

1 r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e l o w e s t r i s k a n d 5 t h e h i g h e s t. S o m e o th e r o p e r a t o r s h a v e a d o p t e d s i m i l a r s y s t e m s a n d i f t h e s e b

g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d t h e c a t e g o r i e s m a y b e n a m e d t o e m p h a s i s e t h e i r m e a n i n g a n d a l l o w s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n a c r o s s t h e i n

T h e c a t e g o r y o f a s y s t e m i s d e t e r m i n e d b y c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e u n i n h i b it e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e ( p r e d i c t e d u s i n g a m o d e l

a v a i l a b l e c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e ( t y p i c a l l y u p t o a m a x i m u m o f 8 r a m ) a n d t h e r e q u i re d p r o j e c t l i fe t im e . O n c e t h e s e a re

t h e r e li a n c e o n c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i ti o n t o r e d u c e t h e c o r r o s i o n r a t e t o 0 . 1 m m / y c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d . T h e c a t e g o r ie s , t o g e t h

s o m e t y p i c a l d e f in i t io n s f o r a p ip e l i n e a p p l i c a t io n , a n d p r o p o s e d d e s c r i p t i o n s s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 .

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B y a s s i g n i n g o n e o f t h e a b o v e r i s k c a t e g o r i e s to a p r o j e c t i t i s h o p e d t h a t c r e d i t t a k e n f o r t h e u s e o f c o

i n h i b it o r s a t th e d e s i g n s t a g e w i l l b e u n d e r s t o o d d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n a l p h a s e .

T A B L E : C O R R O S I O N I N H I B I T O R R I S K C A T E G O R I E S

C a t e g o r y

4

M a x i m u m

R e q u i r e d

A v a i l a b i l i t y

0

5 0

9 0

9 5

> 9 5

M a x i m u m E x p e c t e d

U n i n h i b i t e d C o r r o s i o n R a t e

ram/y)

0.4

0.7

> 6

C o m m e n t

B e n i g n f l u i d s w h e r e c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r u s a g e i s

no t an t i c i pa t ed ( d r y gas , s t ab i l i s ed c r ude o i l ) .

P r e d i c t e d m e t a l l o s s c a n b e a c c o m m o d a t e d b y

c o r r o s i o n a l l o w a n c e a l o n e .

C o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r w i l l p r o b a b l y b e r e q u i r e d

b u t a t t h e e x p e c t e d c o r r o s i o n r a t e s t h e r e w i l l b e

t i m e t o r e v i e w t h e n e e d f o r i n h i b i t i o n b a s e d o n

i nspec t i on da t a .

C o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t i o n w i l l b e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e

ma j or i t y o f t he f i e l d l if e bu t t he f ac i l i t ie s nee d

n o t b e a v a i l a b l e f r o m d a y 1 .

I n h i b i t i o n i s r e l i e d o n h e a v i l y a n d w i l l b e

r e q u i r e d f o r t h e l i f e ti m e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n .

I n h i b i t o r m u s t b e a v a i l a b l e f r o m d a y 1 t o e n s u r e

s u c c e s s o f t h e i n h i b it i o n p r o g r a m m e .

C a r b o n s t e e l a n d i n h i b i t i o n i s u n l i k e l y t o

pr o v i de i n t egr i t y f o r t he f u l l f i e l d l i fe . S e l ec t

c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t m a t e r i a l s o r p l a n f o r r e p a i r s

& r e p l a c e m e n t s .

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U n a c c e p

T h e c a t e g o r i e s c a n a l s o u s e d t o d e f i n e m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s f o r c o r r o s i o n m o n i t o r i n g , i n s p e c t i o n a n d e x p e c t e d c o

i n h i b i to r d o s e r a t e s. T h i s e n s u r e s t h a t p r o j e c t s t h a t r e l y h e a v i l y o n c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t io n t o m a i n t a i n f u t u r e i n t e g r it y , p r o v

n e c e s s a r y t o o ls to m a n a g e t h e c o r r o s i o n i n h ib i t io n p r o g r a m . N o t e t h a t t h e m a x i m u m r e c o m m e n d e d I n h i b i t o r A v a i l a b

9 5 . T h i s is n o t s tr i c tl y t h e m e c h a n i c a l a v a i l a b i l it y o f p u m p s a n d c h e m i c a l , a s s u c h v a l u e s c a n e a s i l y e x c e e d 9 9 b u t t

t o c o n s i d e r a t io n t h e m a n y o t h e r r e a s o n s t h a t i n h i b i to r p r o g r a m r n e s c a n b e l e s s t h a n f u l l y e f f e c t i v e , as d i s c u s s e d e a r l i er .

de t a i l s r ega r d i ng t he Co r r os i o n I nh i b i t o r R i sk Ca t eg or i e s a r e ava i l ab l e 3.

S U M M A R Y

1 . T h e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r E f f i c i e n c y M o d e l h a s b e e n r e v i e w e d a n d s h o w n t o h a v e s o m e f a il i n g s.

2 . T h e p r o b l e m s o f c o n s i d e r i n g a s i n g le , d e t e r m i n is t i c c o r r o s io n r a t e h a v e b e e n d i s c u s se d .

3 . T h e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f c o r r o s i o n ra t e s a b o u t a m e a n v a l u e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d .

4 . T h e r o l e o f a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i to r t o n o t o n l y re d u c e t h e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r a t e b u t a l s o d e c r e a s e t h e s p r e a d o f c o r r o s i o

h a s b e e n h i g h l i g h t e d .

5 . T h e C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i to r A v a i l a b i l i t y M o d e l h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . T h e b e n e f i t s o f s u c h a m o d e l a r e:

• A f ocus on t he r equ i r ed cor r os i on r a te .

• R e m o v e s f o c u s f r o m th e m e a n c o r r o s i o n r a t e o n l y .

• A c c o u n t s f o r r e a l is t i c a ll y a c h i e v a b l e c o r r o s i o n r a te s .

• I d e n t i fi e s th e I m p o r t a n c e o f t h e a v a i l a b i l it y o f c o r r o s i o n in h i b i to r .

• A c c o u n t s f o r th e i n t e r ru p t i o n o r t h e a b s e n c e o f i n h i b i to r f r o m t im e t o ti m e .

• D o e s n o t a l l o w d a n g e r o u s l y l o w c o r r o s i o n a ll o w a n c e s t o b e u s e d .

6 . T he l i mi t a t i ons on the use o f cor r os i on i nh i b i t o r s has bee n d i scus sed .

7 . A C o r r o s i o n I n h i b i t o r R i s k C a t e g o r y h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to the Shell Oil Company and in particular the authors of reference 2 for the use o f Figure 3.

REFERENCES

1. Bill Hedges & Lorraine McVeigh, The effect of acetate on CO2 corrosion: The Acetate Double Whammy , Paper

NACE 1999, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

2. Sergio Kapusta, B.F.M. Pots and Ross Connell, Corrosion Management of Wet Gas Pipelines , Paper 99046, NACE

San Antonio, Texas, USA.

3. A.J. McMahon and D.M.E. Paisley, Corrosion Prediction Modelling: A guide to the use of corrosion prediction mod

risk assessment in oil and gas production and transportation facilities , BP Amoco Guideline, Sunbury Report N

ESR.96.ER.066, November 1997.