01. advrevch01 po1 - pro-edauditory discrimination skills as factor in speech sound disorders, 199...

623

Index

A

AAC. See Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

ABAB design, 529–530ABA design, 529–530Abdomen, 4Abdominal muscles of expiration, 6Abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), 29, 30Abductor spasmodic dysphonia, 300Absolute zero point, 544Abuse, language problems related to, 146–147Abuse-based disorders of phonation, 302–307Academic language, 164Academic performance and speech sound disorders, 199Acceleration, 81Acceleration–deceleration head injuries, 366Accent training, 219–220Accreditation, 600Acculturation, 393Acetylcholine, 28Achalasia, 372Acoustic analysis of speech, 82–83, 282–283Acoustic branch, 438Acoustic immitance, 455–456Acoustic nerve (cranial nerve VIII), 29, 31, 438Acoustic neuroma, 450Acoustic phonetics, 61, 62Acoustic refl ex, 437, 456Acoustics

defi ned, 78frequency and intensity, 440–441sound pressure level and hearing level, 442sound waves, 440, 441source of sound, 439–440

Acquired immune defi ciency syndrome (AIDS), 563–565as cause of strokes, 420dementia complex, 357–358

Acquired stuttering, 258. See also Neurogenic stutteringAcronyms

SCERTS, 142STORCH, 449–450TOSS, 275

Active sentence, 93Acute otitis media, 445

Adaptation as stimulus control in stuttering, 242–243Adductor spasmodic dysphonia, 300Adenoidectomy, 288ADHD (attention-defi cient/hyperactivity disorder),

149–150Adjacency effect as stimulus control in stuttering, 243Admittance of sound, 455Adolescents

assessment, 160–163language assessment, 151language impairments, 417–418stuttering treatment for, 256, 257voice changes, 275–276

Adopted children, second-language acquisition of, 407–408

Adultswith neurologically based communication disorders,

420–422stuttering in, 241–242stuttering treatment for, 256, 257voice changes, 276

Aerodynamic measurements, 284Afferent nerves, 29Affordable Health Care Act, 607Affricates, 71, 189Affrication, 197African American English (AAE), 395–396African American Language

articulation and phonology characteristics, 396, 399background, 395bias against AAL speakers on tests, 397examples of acceptable utterances, 396, 400misconceptions about, 395–396morphology and syntax characteristics, 396, 398

African American medical conditions and communica-tion disorders, 418–419

Age and counseling issues, 557Agnosia, 338Agraphia, 338AIDS. See Acquired immune defi ciency syndrome

(AIDS)Air–bone gap, 458Air conduction of sound, 443Air-conduction testing, 455Alaryngeal speech, 292

From An Advanced Review of Speech-Language Pathology: Preparation for Praxis and Comprehensive Examination, 4th Ed., by C. Roseberry-McKibbin and M. N. Hegde, 2016, Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Copyright 2016 by PRO-ED, Inc.

6666266 4444 Index

Alcohol abuseas cause of strokes, 420language problems related to, 147–149

Alexia, 338Allomorph, defi ned, 92Allophones, defi ned, 62, 188Alternate form reliability, 492, 524Alternative assessment, 152Alternative hypothesis, 522–523Alveolar arch, 19Alveolar ducts, 3Alveolar process, 18Alzheimer’s disease, 352–353American Academy of Audiology (AAA), 435American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, 367American English, dialects, 394–395American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), 172American Psychiatric Association

DSM-V. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-V)

intellectual disability defi nition, 139American Sign Language (ASL), 172, 470American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

(ASHA)accreditation, 600aphasia, 322audiology degree, 435autism spectrum disorder, 142bilingual children, 410Certifi cate of Clinical Competence, 618certifi cation, 600–602children’s language development, 97Code of Ethics, 602cultural competence, 394Dementia Evidence Map, 352dynamic assessment, 416dysphagia, 374evidence-based practice, 480, 541functions, 595goals, 596–597Head and Neck Cancer Evidence Map, 291history of, 595–596membership, 596, 597multicultural issues, 393–394National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS),

609orofacial myofunctional disorders, 201professional regulatory body, 599–600special interest groups, 597–598speech–language pathology assistants, 602–603speech sound disorders, 204

Speech Sound Disorders Evidence Map, 198standard precautions and hygiene, 563stuttering information, 239telepractice, 609traumatic brain injury, 365

Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), 606–607Amplifi cation aids for hearing impairment, 463–467

assistive devices, 467cochlear implants, 465–466hearing aids, 463–465tactile aids, 466–467

Amplitude, 78, 81–82, 440–441Amplitude perturbation (shimmer), 277Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (ANELT),

331Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 301, 343Analog hearing aid, 464Angelman Syndrome (AS), 575Anger reaction and communication disorders, 558Angular gyrus, 45Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 200Ankylosis, 299–300Anomic aphasia, 328Antagonistic Recovery Theory, 421Antecedents, 499, 500Anterior belly of digastric muscle, 20Anterior sounds, 69Anticipatory struggle hypothesis of stuttering, 248Anxiety reaction, 558Aorta, 52AOS. See Apraxia of speech (AOS)Aperiodic vibrations, 81, 440Aperiodic waves, 78Apert syndrome, 575Aphasia, 321–338

agnosia, 338agraphia, 338alexia, 338assessment, 329–334

foundational concepts, 329functional tools, 330–331outline, 331–334standardized tests, 330

in bilingual populations, 329classifi cation, 323defi ned, 321, 322, 323fl uent, 325–328

anomic aphasia, 328conduction aphasia, 327transcortical sensory aphasia, 326–327Wernicke’s aphasia, 46, 326


Index 666266 555

foundational concepts, 322nonfl uent, 323–325

Broca’s aphasia, 323–324global aphasia, 325mixed transcortical aphasia, 325transcortical motor aphasia, 324

statistics, 322subcortical, 328–329treatment, 334–337

auditory comprehension, 334–335bilingual speakers, 337experimental approaches, 337foundational concepts, 334group treatment, 337reading skills, 336social approaches, 337types of, 321verbal expression: expanded utterances, 336verbal expression: naming, 335writing skills, 336

Aphasia Diagnostic Profi les (ADP), 330Aphasia Language Performance Scale (ALPS), 330Aphasia Screening Test–Second Edition (AST-2), 330Applied (clinical) phonetics, 62Approach–avoidance hypothesis of stuttering, 248Approximants, 69Apraxia of speech (AOS), 339–343

Apraxia Battery for Adults (ABA), 341assessment, 203, 341causes of, 202characteristics, 203communication defi cits in, 340–341defi ned, 321, 339distinctions, 339neuropathology of, 339–340primary progressive apraxia of speech, 339, 340pure apraxia, 339symptoms, 340treatment, 203–204, 342

Arachnoid, 51, 52Arcuate fasciculus, 50Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Demen-

tia (ABCD), 359Arteries feeding the larynx, 272Arteriosclerosis, 420Articulation

African American English, 396, 399anatomy and physiology, 63Asian-infl uenced languages, 405bunched articulation, 72coarticulation, 77

Deep Test of Articulation, 213–214defi ned, 1, 15, 188disorder, defi ned, 187errors, 200foundations of, 187–190functional articulation disorder, 198fundamentals of, 15–25

face (lips and cheeks), 23–25hard palate, 18–19, 20mandible, 19–20pharynx, 16–17soft palate (velum), 17, 19teeth, 20–21tongue, 21–23

glottal articulation, 70, 190, 197Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, 572lateral articulation, 73manner of, 67, 70–73, 189–190place of, 67, 70, 189, 190skills development, 191–198

in children, 194, 195in infants, 193–194intelligibility, 194–196

skills development theories, 191–192behavioral theory, 191generative phonology theory, 192linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories, 192natural phonology theory, 191–192structural theory, 191

Spanish-infl uenced English, 401Templin Darley Test of Articulation, 572

Articulatory errors, 199–200Articulatory phonetics, 62Articulatory problems, 135Aryepiglottic folds, 11, 12, 272Arytenoid cartilage, 7, 12, 272, 274ASHA. See American Speech-Language-Hearing Asso-

ciation (ASHA)Asian American medical conditions and communication

disorders, 419Asian-infl uenced languages

articulation, 405background, 402characteristics, 403language differences, 404

Asperger, Hans, 140Asperger’s syndrome, 140, 142Assessment

aphasia, 329–334apraxia of speech, 203, 341children with clefts, 571–572


6666266 666 Index

cluttering, 261defi ned, 479dementia, 358–359dynamic, 152, 415, 416Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skill

(DEMSS), 203dysarthrias, 348–349evidence-based practice. See Evidence-based practicehearing impairment, 454–460of information processing skills, 152language disorders, 151–163multicultural population communication disorders,

410–417neurogenic stuttering, 259–260right-hemisphere brain damage, 363–364speech sound disorder, 204–210standardized. See Standardized assessmentstuttering, 249–251swallowing disorders, 372–373traumatic brain injury, 367–368voice disorders, 279–287

Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speakers (AIDS), 349

Assimilation, 77, 393Assimilation processes, 197Assimilative nasality, 288Association fi bers, 50Associative play, 157Astrocytes, 26Ataxia, 42, 344Ataxic CP, 144Ataxic dysarthria, 42, 344–345Athetoid CP, 144Attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

149–150Attention to task defi cits, 138Attrition, 538Audience size effect as stimulus control in stuttering,

243–244Audiologists, 435, 463Audiology. See also Hearing impairment

defi ned, 435education and training for, 435as a profession, 435

Audiometer, 454Audiometry, 454–455, 456Auditory agnosia, 338Auditory association cortex, 45Auditory attention, 119Auditory brainstem response (ABR), 456Auditory branch, 438Auditory comprehension

assessment, 332treatment, 334–335

Auditory Comprehension Test for Sentences (ACTS), 331Auditory development, 442–443Auditory discrimination, 119Auditory discrimination/perceptual training, 212–213Auditory discrimination skills as factor in speech sound

disorders, 199Auditory-evoked potentials, 456Auditory feedback problems of stutterers, 246–247Auditory memory, 120Auditory nervous system, 438Auditory nervous system impairments, 450–454

central auditory disorders, 450–452retrocochlear disorders, 452–454

Auditory–oral skills, 112Auditory phonetics, 62Auditory rate, 120Auditory sequencing, 120Auditory training, 468Auditory verbal agnosia, 338Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC),

171–173basic principles, 171–172gestural (unaided) AAC, 172gestural-assisted (aided) AAC, 173neuro-assisted (aided) AAC, 173

Aural atresia, 445Aural/oral training method, 470Aural rehabilitation, 462–463Auricle of the outer ear, 436Auricular muscle, 31Authentic assessment, 496Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 140–142

Asperger’s syndrome, 140, 142background of term, 140characteristics, 140–141language problems, 141manifestations, 140treatment, 141

Autistic psychopathy, 140Autoclitics, 114Automated speech and singing assessment, 333Automatic reinforcer, 504Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 35–37Average score, 543Aversive stimuli, 499Avoidance

defi ned, 499escape vs., 500stuttering and, 241, 248

Axon, 26, 27


Index 666266 77

B

Backing, 197Back sounds, 69Backup reinforcer, 504Back vowels, 73, 75Basal ganglia, 40–41Baselines, 499Base morpheme, 92Base rating, 529Basilar artery, 54Basilar membrane, 437, 438Bedside Evaluation Screening Test–Second Edition (BEST-

2), 330Behavioral theory

articulatory skills development, 191counseling, 555–556language development, 113–115

Behavioral treatment, 166Behavioral variant of FTD, 353–355Behavior Assessment Battery for School-Age Children Who

Stutter, 251Behavior Inattention (BIT), 363Behavior therapy, 309Bel, 79Bell-shaped curve, 544Bells Test, 363Bernoulli effect, 12Bicultural immigrants, 393Bifi d (cleft) uvula, 569Bilabials, 70, 190Bilateral paralysis of vocal folds, 299Bilingual populations with aphasia

assessment, 333–334Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT), 334generally, 329treatment, 337

Birth defects as cause of hearing loss, 449Birth order as factor in speech sound disorders, 199Black Dialect, 395Black English, 395Black English Vernacular, 395Blade of the tongue, 21, 22Blast (multisystem) head injury, 366Blends, 73Blessed Dementia Scale, 359Blissymbols, 173Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP), 292,

294Blood, cerebral blood supply, 52–54Bloodstein, O., 248Bolus, 371

Bone-conduction hearing aids, 465Bone conduction of sound, 443Bone-conduction testing, 455Bony growths, 445Booster treatment, 500, 509Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination–Third Edition

(BDAE-3), 330Botox injections, 300Bound morpheme, 92, 139Brachycephaly, 575Brain

connecting fi bers, 50–51damage. See Right-hemisphere brain damage

(RHBD); Traumatic brain injury (TBI)illustration, 38injury

as cause of cerebral palsy, 144stuttering prevalence and, 238traumatic brain injury, 143–144

protective layers, 51–52Brainstem, 38–40

functions, 38medulla, 39–40midbrain, 38–39pons, 39structures, 38, 39

Breastbone (sternum), 3Breathing

abnormalities and stuttering, 240clavicular, 286diaphragmatic–abdominal, 286thoracic, 286

Breathy voice, 278Brief Test of Head Injury (BTHI), 367Broca’s aphasia, 323–324Broca’s area, 13, 43, 45Broken words, 235Bronchi, 3Bronchioles, 3Brooks Publishing assessment instruments, 156Buccal branches, 23Buccinator muscle, 23, 24, 25, 31Bunched articulation, 72Burden of Stroke Scale (BOSS), 331

C

Cancer of the larynx, 290–291Canonical babbling stage of sound development, 193Carcinoma and laryngectomy, 290–294

alaryngeal speech, 292–294


6666266 888 Index

basic principles, 290–291medical treatment, 291rehabilitation issues, 291–292

Caregiversimpact on language development, 96–97infant–caregiver interaction assessment, 156parental impact on language development, 120

Carhart’s notch, 446Carotid arteries, 54Carrier symbols, 173CAS (childhood apraxia of speech), 202–204Case history

communication disorder description, 481educational history, 482family constellation and communication, 481function of, 481medical history, 482multicultural population communication disorders,

414occupational history, 482prenatal, birth, and developmental history, 482prior assessment and treatment, 481prognosis, 483research history, 537speech sound disorder assessment, 205–206voice disorders, 279–280

Cauda equina, 35, 36Caudate nucleus, 40, 41Causal–comparative studies, 533Cause–effect (functional) units, 114Cause–effect relationships, 525Central auditory disorders, 450–452Central auditory function of stuttering, 246Central auditory processing, 451Central electroauditory prosthesis (CEP), 466Central nervous system (CNS), 37–54

basal ganglia, 40–41basic principles, 37–38brainstem, 38–40

functions, 38medulla, 39–40midbrain, 38–39pons, 39structures, 39

cerebellum, 41–42cerebral blood supply, 52–54cerebral ventricles, 51cerebrum, 42–46

basic principles, 42–43frontal lobe, 43–45occipital lobe, 45

parietal lobe, 45temporal lobe, 45–46

connecting fi bers in the brain, 50–51diencephalon, 40extrapyramidal system, 48nerve cells, 26protective layers of the brain, 51–52pyramidal system, 46–48

basic principles, 46corticobulbar tract, 48, 49corticospinal tract, 46–48

reticular activating system, 40Central sulcus (fi ssure of Rolando), 42Central tendency, 543–544Central vowels, 75Cephalometric analysis, 571Cephalometric Assessment of Velopharyngeal Structures

(CAVS), 571Cerebellopontine angle, 438Cerebellum, 13, 41–42Cerebral aqueduct, 51Cerebral blood fl ow and stuttering, 246Cerebral blood supply, 52–54

aorta, 52carotid arteries, 54circle of Willis, 53, 54vertebral arteries, 52, 54

Cerebral dominance theory, 234, 246Cerebral palsy

ataxic CP, 144athetoid CP, 144causes of, 144defi ned, 144paralysis manifestations, 144spastic CP, 144speech and language problems, 144treatment, 144

Cerebral ventricles, 51Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 322Cerebrum (cerebral cortex), 42–46

basic principles, 42–43frontal lobe, 43–45occipital lobe, 45parietal lobe, 45temporal lobe, 45–46

Certifi cate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A), 601

Certifi cate of Clinical Competence in Speech–Language Pa-thology (CCC-SLP), 601

Certifi cation, 600–602, 618Cerumen, 436


Index 666266 999

Cervical vertebrae, 3, 4CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Defi cit/

Hyperactivity Disorder), 149Chemotherapy, 291Chest, 3–4Chewing (mastication), 20Child-directed speech (CDS), 96–97Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), 202–204Children. See Adolescents; Elementary-age children; In-

fants; Preschoolers; ToddlersChildren and Adults with Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactiv-

ity Disorder (CHADD), 149Chomsky, Noam, 115–116Chomsky-Halle distinctive features of English conso-

nants, 67, 189Chondroglossus muscle, 22Choroid plexus, 51Chronic otitis media, 445Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME), 570Cilia, 437Cineradiographic studies of stuttering, 246Circle of Willis (circulus arteriosus), 53, 54Circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis), 53, 54Citation form of sound, 76Classes of evidence for evidence-based practice, 540–541Classically conditioned negative emotion hypothesis of

stuttering, 247–248Classifi cation of speech sounds, 67–68

distinctive feature analysis, 67place-voice-manner analysis, 67–68

Classifi cation variable, 532Clause, independent (main), 93Clavicular breathing, 286Cleft lip, 567Cleft palate, 567–574

assessment of children with clefts, 571–572as cause of hypernasality, 288classifi cation of, 569Cleft Palate Foundation, 571congenital palatopharyngeal incompetence, 569embryonic growth of facial structures, 567–568etiology of, 568hearing loss and, 569–570language disorders, 570laryngeal and phonatory disorders, 570speech sound disorders, 570treatment, 572–574

Client-centered theory of counseling, 554–555Client-specifi c assessment, 495–496Client-specifi c treatment strategy, 506Clinical certifi cation, 601–602

Clinical science. See Scientifi c methodClosed-captioning on television, 467Closed-head (nonpenetrating) injury, 366Closed syllables, 66Cluttering, 231, 260–262. See also Fluency

assessment, 261defi ned, 260description of, 260–261treatment, 261

CO2 laser surgery for spasmodic dysphonia, 300Coarticulation, 77Cocaine-exposed-children, effects of enriched environ-

ment on, 149Coccyx, 3, 4Cochlea, 437Cochlear implants, 465–466Coda of syllables, 66Code of Ethics, 602Code-switching, 406Cognate pairs, 70Cognitive–behavioral theory of counseling, 556–557Cognitive connectionism, 119Cognitive constructionism, 116Cognitive defi cits, 134Cognitive processing defi cits, 138Cognitive processing skills, 171Cognitive rehabilitation, 360, 368Cognitive stimulation, 360Cognitive theory of language development, 116–118Cognitive training, 360Collaboration in treatment, 165Collection of independent features, 188Coloboma, 579Coma Recovery Scale–Revised (CRS-R), 367Commenting, 95Commissural fi bers, 50–51Common Core State Standards

achievement by students with language impair-ments, 165

goals, 112–113teaching literacy skills, 170

Communication, nonverbal, sign language, 470–471Communication development in medically fragile in-

fants, 583–584Communication training for the hearing impaired,

467–471auditory training, 468aural/oral training method, 470cued speech, 469desktop auditory trainers, 468FM auditory trainer, 468


6666366 000 Index

generally, 467manual training approach, 470oral language training, 469sign language, 470–471speech, rhythm, and voice training, 469–470speech reading, 468total communication, 470

Communicative Abilities in Daily Living–Second Edition (CADL-2), 330

Communicative disorders, 321–376agnosia, 338agraphia, 338alexia, 338aphasia, 321–338

assessment, 329–334in bilingual populations, 329defi nition and classifi cation, 323fl uent aphasias, 325–328foundational concepts, 322nonfl uent aphasias, 323–325subcortical aphasia, 328–329treatment, 334–337

apraxia of speech, 339–343assessment, 341communication defi cits, 340–341defi nition and distinctions, 339neuropathology of, 339–340symptoms, 340treatment, 342

case history, 481clefts and, 569–570

hearing loss, 569–570language disorders, 570laryngeal and phonatory disorders, 570speech sound disorders, 570

dementia, 351–361Alzheimer’s disease, 352–353assessment, 358–359cerebrovascular accidents, 358clinical management, 359–360defi nition and classifi cation, 351–352frontotemporal dementia, 353–355Huntington’s disease, 357infectious dementia, 357–358Lewy body, 358Parkinson’s disease, 356Pick’s disease, 353–355primary progressive aphasia, 353–355traumatic brain injury, 358vascular dementia, 358

dysarthrias, 343–351

assessment, 348–349ataxic dysarthria, 344–345communicative disorders of, 344defi ned, 343fl accid dysarthria, 345hyperkinetic dysarthria, 345–346hypokinetic dysarthria, 346–347mixed dysarthrias, 347–348neuropathology of, 343–344spastic dysarthria, 347treatment, 350unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, 348

hearing impairment, 461–462in multicultural populations. See Multicultural

population communication disordersreactions and emotions related to, 558right-hemisphere brain damage, 361–365

assessment, 363–364foundational concepts, 361–362symptoms, 361, 362–363treatment, 364

swallowing disorders, 370–376assessment, 372–373nature and etiology of, 370normal and disordered swallow, 370–372treatment, 373–376

traumatic brain injury, 365–370assessment, 367–368causes of, 366defi nition and incidence, 365dementia, 358treatment, 368–369types and consequences of, 366–367

treatment paradigm, 499Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI), 331Communicative intent, 101–102Communicative potency, 211Communicative temptations, 164Comparative research, 534Competence of language, 115Complex sentence, 93Complex tone, 81, 439Compound sentence, 93Comprehension of sentences, paragraphs, and discourse

assessment, 333Comprehension of single words assessment, 332Comprehensive assessment, 497Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Skills–

Second Edition (CTOPP-2), 415Compression, 78, 81Compression of sound, 440


Index 666366 1

Computed tomography, 565Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan, 565Computers

axial tomography, for hearing impairment assess-ment, 456

Computerized Profi ling computer software, 153Computer Speech Laboratory, 283hearing aid technology, 465language therapy software, 165Lingquest 1, 153Praxis computer-generated questions, 621–622sampling program software, 153sensorineural hearing loss simulation, 450Speech Intelligibility Test for Windows, 349swallowing disorder treatment applications, 376Systemic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), 153

Conceptual scoring, 415Concordance and concordance rate of stuttering in

twins, 237–238Concrete operations, cognitive development, 118Concurrent validity, 490, 523Condensation, 78Conditioned generalized reinforcer, 504Conditioned reinforcers, 505Conduction aphasia, 327Conductive hearing loss, 444–446Confounding variables, 525–526Congenital hearing loss, 461Congenital laryngeal stridor, 295Congenital palatopharyngeal incompetence (CPI), 569Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice

(CAPE-V), 284Consequences of target responses, 500Consistency (core vocabulary) treatment approach, 216Consistency effect as stimulus control in stuttering, 243Consonantal sounds, 68Consonant-cluster simplifi cation or reduction, 197Consonants

basic principles, 68Chomsky-Halle distinctive features, 67clusters, 73distinctive feature analysis, 68–69, 189, 190harmony, 197place-voice-manner analysis, 70–73place-voice-manner paradigm, 189–190syllable as a unit, 66voicing of, 188

Constituent defi nitions, 500, 501Construct validity, 490, 523Contact ulcers, 295, 299, 304–305Content validity, 491, 523

Contexteffect on speech production

dynamics of speech production, 76–77suprasegmentals, 77

of language, 95naturalistic, 414

Continuant sounds, 69Continuous reinforcement, 503Contralateral motor control, 43Contralateral pathways, 438Contrastive analysis, 496Contrast treatment approaches, 215Control group, 526Conus medullaris, 35Conversational informal language fl uency (CILF),

408–410Conversational speech samples for assessment, 207Conversion aphonia, 309Cooing or gooing stage of sound development, 193Cooperative play, 157Coprolalia, 578Core vocabulary (consistency) treatment approach, 216Corniculate cartilage, 7, 274Coronal sounds, 69Corona radiata, 50Corpus callosum, 50, 51Corpus of the sternum, 3Corpus striatum, 40Corrective feedback, 500Correlational coeffi cient, 491, 524Correlational research, 535Cortex, brain, 42Cortical areas, 13Corticobulbar tract, 48, 49Corticospinal tract, 46–48Costal cartilages, 4Council for Clinical Certifi cation, 600Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and

Speech–Language Pathology (CAA), 600Counseling, 553–559

behavioral theory, 555–556client-centered theory, 554–555cognitive–behavioral theory, 556–557defense mechanisms, 559defi ned, 553eclectic approach, 557psychodynamic theory, 554qualities of audiologists for, 553–554reactions and emotions in communication disor-

ders, 558special issues in, 557–558


6666366 22 Index

Country of birth and communication disorders, 393Coupling the nasal and oral cavities, 14Cover-body theory of phonation, 271Cranial nerves, 28–34

abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), 29, 30acoustic nerve (cranial nerve VIII), 29, 31, 438facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), 13, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32functions, 29glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX), 29, 32hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII), 19, 29, 34, 35illustration, 30motor nerves, 29nuclei, 38oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), 29, 30olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), 29, 30optic nerve (cranial nerve II), 29, 30peripheral nervous system, 28–34sensory nerves, 29spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), 16–17, 29,

33–34structure, 28–29trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), 19, 29, 30, 31trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), 29vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

functions, 29, 32–33neuroanatomy, 13structure, 16, 32–33vocal anatomy and physiology, 272

vocal mechanism, 13Craniofacial anomalies, 566–574

cleft lip, 567cleft palate, 567–574

Craniosynostosis, 575Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 357, 358Cricoid cartilage, 7, 8, 9, 272Cricopharyngeal myotomy, 376Cricothyroid artery, 272Cricothyroid muscle, 8, 9Cri du chat syndrome, 575Criteria, defi ned, 500Criterion-referenced assessment, 152, 496Criterion-related validity, 491Criterion validity, 523Criterion variable, 532Cross-sectional research, 534–535Crouzon syndrome, 575CSG system, 79CT scan, 565Cubitus valgus, 580Cued speech, 469Cul-de-sac resonance, 289

Cultureacculturation, 393assessment and treatment considerations, 510–511assimilation, 393bicultural immigrants, 393counseling issues, 557cultural competence, 392, 394culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) people.

See Multicultural population communication dis-orders

cultural sensitivity, 392defi ned, 392pragmatics and, 95stereotyping, 392variables infl uencing individual behavior, 392–393

Cuneiform cartilage, 7, 12, 274Cycles of vibration, 81Cytomegalovirus as cause of hearing loss, 450

D

DAS (developmental apraxia of speech), 202Data

defi ned, 523organization and analysis, 542–544

foundational concepts, 542measurement scales, 544statistical techniques, 543–544

qualitative, 523quantitative, 523reliability of, 523validity of, 523

Deaf, defi ned, 444Deaffrication, 197Deceleration, 81Decibel (dB), 79, 82, 441Deciduous teeth, 20Declarative sentence, 93Deductive method of research, 522Deep structure, 115Deep Test of Articulation, 213–214Defense mechanisms, 559Defi ciencies, language disorders, 134Defi nitions

acoustics, 78–80phonetics, 61–62reinforcement, 503–504reinforcers, 504–505stuttering, 232–234treatment terms, 499–503


Index 666366 333

Degree of treatment structure, 507Delayed auditory feedback for stuttering treatment, 255Delayed hard palate closure surgery, 573Deletions, 200Demands and capacities model of stuttering, 248Dementia, 351–361

assessment, 358–359classifi cation of, 351–352clinical management of, 359–360defi ned, 321, 351Dementia of the Alzheimer Type, 352–353frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 353–355Huntington’s disease, 357infectious dementia, 357–358Lewy body dementia, 358mild cognitive impairment, 351multiple cerebrovascular accidents, 358Parkinson’s disease, 356Pick’s disease, 353–355primary progressive aphasia, 353–355traumatic brain injury, 358vascular dementia, 358

Demographics in the United States, 391–392Denasality, 288Dendrites, 26, 27Denial, 558Density, 79Density of matter, 79Dental deviations, 200–201Dental malocclusion, 200Depalatization, 197Dependent clause, 93Dependent variable or effect, 525Depressor anguli oris (triangularis) muscle, 24, 25, 31Depressor labii inferioris muscle, 24, 25, 31Depressors (infrahyoid muscles), 10, 19, 275Descriptive phonetics, 62Desktop auditory trainers, 468Determinism, 522Developmental (normative research), 534–535Developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), 202Developmental inventories, 493–494Developmental Sentence Scoring, 152Developmental stuttering, 247Development of language. See Language development in

childrenDevoicing, 200Diabetes, 420Diacritical marks (diacritics), 65Diadochokinetic rate, 201Diagnosis, defi ned, 479

Diagnosogenic theory of stuttering, 248Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–

Fifth Edition (DSM-V)ADHD characteristics, 149autism spectrum disorders, 140language disorder, defi ned, 133

Dialogic reading, 168Diaphragm, 2, 4Diaphragmatic–abdominal breathing, 286Diary studies, 191Dichotic listening tasks, 452Diencephalon, 40Dieticians, roles of, 561Differential reinforcement, 503Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors

(DRA), 503Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors

(DRI), 503Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding

(DRL), 503Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), 503Digastric muscle, 10, 20, 31Digastric posterior muscle, 23Digital devices used for treatment, 337Digital hearing aid, 464Diminutization, 197Diphthongs, 76, 188Diplegia of CP, 144Diplophonia, 279Direct laryngoscopy, 280Direct methods of response reduction, 500, 501Direct selection for AAC, 172Direct speech acts or requests, 95Direct stuttering reduction treatment, 255–256Disability Rating Scale (DRS), 367Disability vs. handicap, 606Disbelief reaction, 558Disconnection syndromes, 50Discontinuity theory, 191Discourse, 95Discourse comprehension, 335Discrete trial procedure, 166Discrete trials, 500Disorder of fl uency, 232Disorder of rhythm, 232Disorders. See Autism spectrum disorder (ASD); Com-

municative disorders; Impairments; Language dis-orders; Multicultural population communication disorders; Organically based disorders; Speech sound disorder (SSD); Swallowing disorders (dysphagia)

Displacement, 79


6666366 4444 Index

Displacement defense mechanism, 559Displays for AAC, 171Distinctive feature analysis, 67Distinctive features paradigm, 188–189Distinctive features treatment approach, 214–215Distributions of test scores, 489Dodd, B., 216Dominant hemisphere hypothesis for stuttering, 246Dopamine, 28Dorsum of the tongue, 21, 22Down syndrome

cause of, 139, 576characteristics, 576stuttering prevalence and, 238

Drug abuseas cause of strokes, 420language problems related to, 147–149

Drug treatment, for aphasia, 337Dry spirometers, 284DSM-V. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-V)DTTC (Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing), 203Dual Iceberg Model of specifi c language impairment, 136Dura mater, 51, 52Dynamic assessment, 152, 415, 416, 496–497Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech Skill (DEMSS),

203Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC), 203Dyne, 79Dysarthria, 343–351

assessment, 348–349ataxic dysarthria, 344–345cerebral palsy and, 144characteristics, 202communicative disorders of, 344defi ned, 41, 202, 321, 343fl accid dysarthria, 345hyperkinetic dysarthria, 345–346hypokinetic dysarthria, 346–347mixed dysarthrias, 347–348neuropathology of, 343–344spastic dysarthria, 347treatment, 202, 350unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, 348

Dysfl uencybroken words, 235defi ned, 231defi nition of stuttering, 233–234incomplete sentences, 235interjections, 234–235pauses, 235repetitions, 234

revisions, 235silent prolongations, 234sound prolongations, 234theoretical and clinical signifi cance of, 235

Dyskinesias, 41Dyslexia, 338Dysphagia, 370. See also Swallowing disorders (dyspha-

gia)

E

Eardrum (tympanic membrane), 436Ebonics, 395Echoics, 114Echolalia, 139Eclectic approach to counseling, 557Economics

poverty, language problems related to, 145–146socioeconomics. See Socioeconomic status

Educationcase history, 482cultural variables, 393educator of the deaf, 463language problems and, 146records of multicultural students, 415special education, 606

Efferent nerves, 29Effortful swallow, 375EFL (English as a foreign language), 218–220Elasticity, 79Electrocochleography, 456Electroencephalographic studies of stuttering, 246Electroencephalography (EEG), 565Electroglottography (EGG), 283Electromyography (EMG), 283Electrophysiological audiometry, 456Elementary-age children

articulation development, 194, 195assessment of, 157–160

guidelines and procedures, 158–159language disorder description, 157–158response to intervention, 160standardized tests, 159–160

cognitive development, 117–118hearing loss assessment, 457language assessment, 151language development and education, 112–113language impairments, 417–418morphology

5–6 years, 1096–7 years, 1107–8 years, 111


Index 666366 555

pragmatics5–6 years, 1096–7 years, 1107–8 years, 111

semantics5–6 years, 1086–7 years, 1107–8 years, 110–111

stuttering in, 241stuttering treatment for, 256syntax

5–6 years, 1086–7 years, 1097–8 years, 110

voice changes, 276Elevators (suprahyoid muscles), 10, 19, 275Elfi n-face syndrome, 580Embolus, 322Emergent literacy skills, 112Emotional control defi cits, 138Emotions and stuttering, 240–241Empiricism, 522Employment legislation, 606–607End button, 27Endolymph, 437Endoscopy, 282English as a foreign language (EFL), 218–220English language arts standards, 113Environmental factors of clefts, 568Ependymal cells, 26Epenthesis, 197Epiglottis, 7, 9, 12, 272Episodic paroxysmal laryngospasm, 298Epithelium, 11Epithelium lamina propria, 12, 271Escape behavior, 500Esophageal phase and its disorders, 372Esophageal speech, 292Esophagostomy, 376Ethnocultural status and stuttering prevalence, 238Ethnographic research, 536Etiology

clefts, 568hearing loss, 442–454of stuttering, 234, 258–259swallowing disorders, 370

Eustachian tube, 437, 570Evaluation, 479. See also AssessmentEvidence-based practice, 479–511

authentic assessment, 496client-specifi c assessment, 495–496communication disorder treatment, 498–505

paradigm, 499reinforcement, 503–505reinforcers, 504–505terms, 499–503treatment, defi ned, 498

comprehensive and integrated assessment, 497criterion-referenced assessment, 496cultural-linguistic considerations, 510–511developmental inventories, 493–494dynamic assessment, 496–497functional assessment, 494–495levels of evidence, 540–541overview, 479–480portfolio assessment, 497procedures, 480–486

case history, 481–483hearing screening, 483interview, 484obtaining related assessment data, 486orofacial examination, 483–484screening, 480–481speech and language sample, 484–486

questionnaires, 493rating scales, 493standardized assessment, 487–492

limitations of standardized tests, 487–488nature and advantages of standardized assess-

ment, 487prudent use of standardized tests, 488–489reliability of, 491–492types of scores, 489–490validity of, 490–491

treatment process, 505–509booster treatment, 509follow-up, 508–509maintenance program, 508treatment sequence, 506–508treatment targets, 505–506

treatment program outline, 509–510Evoked response, 500Evoked speech samples for assessment, 207Evoked trial, 500, 501Examining for Aphasia–Fourth Edition, 330Exclamatory sentence, 93Executive functioning

attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder, 149defi cits of SLI, 138defi ned, 138targeting treatment, 171

Exemplars, 214, 500Exhalation, 1, 2Expanded utterances, 336


6666366 666 Index

Expansion, 166–167Expansion stage of sound development, 193Experimental group, 526Experimental phonetics, 62Experimental research, 525–532

experiment, defi ned, 525foundational concepts, 525–526group designs, 526–528single-subject designs, 528–531

Ex post facto (retrospective) research, 532–533Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Text–Revised,

523Expressive Vocabulary Test–Second Edition (EVT-2), 523,

524Extension, 167External intercostals, 4, 5External otitis, 445External validity, 539–540Extinction, 500Extracerebral ruptures, 322Extraneous variables, 525–526Extrapyramidal system, 41, 48Extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 9–10, 275Extrinsic tongue muscles, 22Eye-blink encoding, 172Eye contact used for language development, 97

F

Face muscles, 23–25Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), 13, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32Facial structure embryonic growth, 567–568Fading, 166, 500FAE (fetal alcohol effects), 148–149Falsetto, 309False vocal folds, 11, 272Family

case history, 481prevalence of stuttering, 237stuttering and, 244stuttering treatment and, 257

Fasciculus, 50FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder), 147–148Fast mapping, 94Feedback, 166, 501Feeding development of infants, 582–583Fetal alcohol effects (FAE), 148–149Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), 147–148Fetal alcohol syndrome, 139Fibers in the brain, 50–51Filum terminale, 35, 36

Final-consonant deletion, 197Final-position errors, 200Fingerspelling, 471Fissure of Rolando (central sulcus), 42Fissures, 42Fixed-interval (FI) schedule, 504Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule, 504Flaccid dysarthria, 345Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES),

373Flexible fi ber-optic laryngoscopy, 281–282Fluency. See also Dysfl uency

aphasia. See Aphasiacharacteristics, 231–232cluttering. See Clutteringdescription of, 231–232disorders, 231fl uency reinforcement stuttering treatment, 254–255fl uency shaping stuttering treatment (speak-more-

fl uently), 253–254fl uent stuttering treatment method (stutter-more-

fl uently), 253hearing impairment and, 462neurogenic stuttering, 231. See also Neurogenic stut-

teringstuttering. See Stuttering

Fluent aphasia, 325–328anomic aphasia, 328conduction aphasia, 327transcortical sensory aphasia, 326–327Wernicke’s aphasia, 326

FM auditory trainer, 468Focused stimulation, 167Focusing for hyponasality treatment, 290Follow-up, 500, 508–509Foramen magnum, 39Foramina, 29Force, 79Formal academic language fl uency (FALF), 408–410Formal operations, cognitive development, 118Formant frequency, 79Fourth ventricle, 51Fragile X syndrome, 576Free morpheme, 92Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA), 349Frequency

acoustics, 440–441defi ned, 79, 81, 439intensity, 440–441

Frequency perturbation (jitter), 277Freud, 554


Index 666366 77

Fricatives, 71, 189, 200Frontalis muscle, 31Frontal lisp, 200Frontal lobe, 43, 44Fronting, 199Frontonasal process, 567Frontotemporal dementia, 353–355Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 353–355Front vowels, 73, 75Functional articulation disorder, 198Functional assessment, 494–495Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for Adults

(FACS), 331Functional communication skills assessment, 332Functional communication treatment strategy, 506Functional Independence Measure (FIM), 331Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory, 359Functional MRI (fMRI), 565Functional outcomes, 500–501Functional units of verbal behavior, 114Function words, 139Fundamental frequency, 79, 83, 277

G

Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), 367Games for language development, 97Gargoylism, 576Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD), 298–299Gastrostomy, 376Gastrostomy tube (G-tube), 577Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test (GMRT), 331Gender

counseling issues, 557as factor in speech sound disorders, 198stuttering prevalence and, 237transgender voice issues, 309–310

Generality of treatment, 501Generalizability, 539Generalization of stuttering treatment, 257Generalized production, 501Generative phonology theory of development, 192Genetics

clefts, 568hypothesis for stuttering, 245syndromes, 139, 574–581

Angelman syndrome, 575Apert syndrome, 575Cri du chat syndrome, 575Crouzon syndrome, 575defi ned, 574

Down syndrome, 576fragile X syndrome, 576Hurler’s syndrome, 576Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 576–577Marfan syndrome, 577Moebius syndrome, 577Pierre-Robin syndrome, 577Prader-Willi syndrome, 578Russell-Silver syndrome, 578Tourette syndrome, 578–579Treacher Collins syndrome, 579Trisomy 13, 579Turner syndrome, 579–580Usher syndrome, 580velocardiofacial syndrome, 580Williams syndrome, 580–581

Genioglossus muscle, 10, 22, 23Geniohyoid muscle, 10, 19, 20, 23Geriatric voice, 276German measles as cause of hearing loss, 450Gestural (unaided) AAC, 172Gestural-assisted (aided) AAC, 173Gestures and pantomime assessment, 333Glasgow Coma Scale, 367Glial cells, 26Glides

defi ned, 72manner of articulation, 189onglide, 72substitution processes, 196

Global aphasia, 325Global Deterioration Scale, 359Global Disability Action Plan, 419Globus pallidus, 40Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX), 29, 32Glossoptosis, 577Glottal articulation

description of, 190place-voice-manner analysis, 70replacement, 197

Glottal fry, 278–279Glottis, 271Government binding theory, 116Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 491, 523Grammar, defi cient, 134Grammatical morpheme, 92Granuloma, 294, 295Gray matter, 42. See also BrainstemGrief reaction, 558Group designs, 526–528

advantages and disadvantages of, 527–528


6666366 888 Index

control group, 526experimental group, 526multigroup pretest–posttest design, 527, 528pretest–posttest control group design, 526–527

Group treatment for aphasia, 337Guilt reaction, 558Gyrus, 42

H

Handicap vs. disability, 606Hard palate, 18–19, 20Harmonics, 83Harshness vocal quality, 278Hawthorne effect, 539Head and neck surgeons, roles of, 561–562Health care

Affordable Health Care Act, 607future trends, 608–609Health Insurance Marketplace, 607legislation affecting health care settings, 607–608limited access and language development, 145

Health Insurance Marketplace, 607Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

(HIPAA), 607–608Health literacy, 561Hearing

acoustics, 439–442frequency and intensity, 440–441sound pressure level and hearing level, 442sound waves, 440, 441source of sound, 439–440

anatomy and physiology, 436–439auditory nervous system, 438inner ear, 437–438middle ear, 436–437outer ear, 436

medically fragile infants and hearing conservation, 583

Hearing aids, 463–465Hearing Health Foundation, 471Hearing impairment, 442–471. See also Audiology

air and bone conduction of sound, 443assessment, 454–460

acoustic immitance, 455–456audiometry, 454electrophysiological audiometry, 456hearing screening, 456–457infants and children, 457interpretation of test results, 457–460medical imaging, 456

pure-tone audiometry, 455screening, 483speech audiometry, 455

assessment result interpretation, 457–460audiograms, 458bilateral losses, 458conductive hearing loss, 458levels of hearing loss, 457–458mixed hearing loss, 458, 459noise-induced hearing loss, 458, 460sensorineural loss, 458, 459unilateral losses, 458

auditory development, 442–443auditory nervous system impairments, 450–454clefts and, 569–570conductive hearing loss, 444–446deaf, 444defi ned, 443hard of hearing, 444management of, 460–471

amplifi cation, 463–467aural rehabilitation, 462–463communication disorders, 461–462communication training, 467–471language disorders, 462speech disorders, 461voice, fl uency, and resonance disorders, 462

mixed hearing loss, 450nature of, 443–444normal hearing, 442–443range and categories of, 444sensorineural hearing loss, 446–450

Hearing level (HL), 82, 442Hearing loss and speech sound disorders, 201–202Hearing screening, 206Hemangioma, 294Hemilaryngectomy, 291Hemiplegia of CP, 144Hemorrhagic strokes, 322Herpes simplex as cause of hearing loss, 450Hertz (Hz), 81, 440Heschl’s gyri, 45Heuristic communicative intent, 101High-amplitude sucking paradigm, 193High sounds, 69High-technology devices for AAC, 171High vowels, 73Hispanics. See also Spanish-infl uenced English

articulation differences, 401background, 396–397, 400characteristics, 400–401


Index 666366 999

language differences, 402medical conditions and communication disorders, 418

History, 537. See also Case historyHoarseness vocal quality, 277–278Hodson and Paden’s cycles treatment approach, 215–216Holophrastic speech, 99Holoprosencephaly, 579Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)

encephalopathy, 357–358infectious dementia, 357–358working with patients with, 563–565

Huntington’s disease, 357Hurler’s syndrome, 576Hygiene, 562–563Hyoglossus muscle, 10, 22, 23Hyoid bone

structure, 7, 8, 9vocal anatomy and physiology, 272

Hyperkeratosis, 295Hyperkinetic dysarthria, 345–346Hypernasality

causes of, 288defi ned, 287resonance assessment, 286treatment, 289

Hypertension, 420Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII), 19, 29, 34, 35Hypokinetic dysarthria, 346–347Hyponasality

causes of, 288defi ned, 288resonance assessment, 286treatment, 290

Hypothalamus, 40Hypothesis. See also Theory

alternative, 522–523defi ned, 522null hypothesis, 522–523

Hypotonia, 578Hysterical aphonia, 309

I

Iconic symbols for AAC, 171IEP (Individualized Education Program), 501IFSP (Individualized Family Service Plan), 501Illocutionary behavior, 99Imaginative communicative intent, 101Imaging techniques, 565–566Imitation

defi ned, 501

evoked samples, 207Impairments. See Disorders; Hearing impairment; Lan-

guage disorders; Specifi c language impairment (SLI)Impedance, 79Impedance bridge, 456Impedance meter, 456Impedance to sound, 455–456Imperative sentence, 93Incidence

culturally and linguistically diverse clients, 418–419defi ned, 418stuttering

defi ned, 235in the general population, 236

traumatic brain injury, 365Incidental teaching, 167Incomplete sentences, 235Incus, 437Independent analysis of assessment data, 208Independent clause, 93Independent variable, 525Indirect laryngoscopy, 280, 281Indirect methods of response reduction, 500, 501Indirect speech acts or requests, 95Individualized assessment, 495–496Individualized Education Program (IEP), 501Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), 501Individuals With Disabilities Education Act of 1990

(IDEA), 606Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement

Act of 2004, 410–411Inductive method of research, 522Infants

articulatory and phonological skills development, 193–194perception, 193production, 193–194

assessment of, 154–157guidelines and procedures, 155–156infant–caregiver interaction, 156language comprehension, 156language-related skills, 156late talkers, 155play activities, 157prelinguistic behavioral defi ciencies, 155risk factors for language disorders, 154–155verbal communication, 156

bilinguality, 409cognitive development, 117hearing loss assessment, 457language developmental milestones, 99–102


6666466 000 Index

medically fragile, 581–584feeding development, 582–583hearing conservation and aural habilitation, 583infant behavior, development, and communica-

tion, 583–584neonatal intensive care units for, 581–582

semantics, 99–101syntax, 99voice changes, 275

Infectious dementia, 357–358Infectious disease control, 562–563Infectious disease specialists, roles of, 561Inference, 542Inferior (lower) temporal gyrus, 45Inferior cerebellar peduncles, 41Inferior laryngeal artery, 272Inferior longitudinal muscle, 22Inferior peduncles, 39, 41Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus

muscle, 17Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, thyropharyngeus

muscle, 17Inferior temporal gyrus, 46Information-processing theory of language development,

119–120Informative communicative intent, 102Informative feedback, 501Infrahyoid laryngeal muscles, 275Infrahyoid muscle (depressors), 10, 19, 275Inhalation, 1, 2Inhalation method of esophageal speech, 292Initial-position errors, 200Initial response, 501Injection method of esophageal speech, 292Inner ear, 437–438Innermost intercostal, 6Inspiration, 4–6Instructions, behavioral technique, 166Instrumental communicative intent, 102Instrumentation, 537Intact repetition skill, 324Integrated assessment, 497Integrated treatment approach, 506Intellectual disability

causes of, 139characteristics, 139–140defi ned, 139stuttering prevalence and, 238

Intelligence as factor in speech sound disorders, 199Intelligibility, 194–196

Intensity of sound, 77, 78, 440–441Intensity threshold, 455Interactional communicative intent, 102Interaction of factors, 539Interactive effects of pretesting, 540Intercostal muscles, 4, 5, 6Interdisciplinary teams, 486Interference and second-language acquisition, 406Interhemispheric fi bers, 50Interjections, 234–235Interjudge reliability, 491, 524Interjudge reliability coeffi cient, 491Intermediate response, 501Intermittent reinforcement, 503Intermixed probes, 501, 502Internal auditory meatus, 438Internal capsule, 50Internal intercostals, 4, 5, 6Internal oblique abdominis, 6Internal thyroarytenoid, 8Internal validity of research, 537–539International Classifi cation of Functioning, Disability, and

Health–Children and Youth (ICF-CY), 187International Cluttering Association, 261Internationally adopted children, second-language ac-

quisition of, 407–408International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 63–64Interneurons, 28Interobserver reliability, 491, 524Interpreters for assessment of CLD students, 416Interrogative sentence, 93Interrupted sounds, 69Interval scale, 544Intervention for children in poverty to enrich language

skills, 146Interview, 484, 533Intervocalic errors, 200Intracerebral ruptures, 322Intrahemispheric fi bers, 50Intrajudge reliability, 492, 524Intralexical pauses, 235Intraobserver reliability, 492, 524Intraverbals, 114Intrinsic laryngeal muscles, 8–9, 274–275Intrinsic tongue muscles, 22Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, 572iPad technology for AAC, 172Ipsilateral pathways, 438Ischemic strokes, 322Isolation and language skill development delays, 147


Index 666466 1

J

Jitter (frequency perturbation), 277Johnson, W., 248Joint book reading, 168Joint reference, 99Joint routines or interactions, 168Juncture (vocal punctuation), 77Justice, L. M., 217Juvenile papillomas, 296

K

Kangaroo care, 584Kanner, Leo, 140

L

Labeling, 95Labialization, 200Labial muscles, 31Labiodentals, 70, 190Labyrinths, 437Lamina propria, 11, 271Laminography, 565Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), 576–577Language

context, 95conversational informal language fl uency, 408–410defi ned, 61, 91, 133, 188, 405development. See Language development in childrenformal academic language fl uency, 408–410functions, 91, 95loss, 406sampling, 152–154second-language acquisition, 406–408spoken within a culture, 393

Language acquisition device (LAD), 115Language and Academic Development Credential (LAD),

604Language Assessment, Remediation, and Screening Pro-

cedure (LARSP), 152Language comprehension assessment of elementary-age

children, 159Language development in children, 91–121

developmental milestones, 96–113birth–1 year, 97–991–2 years, 99–1022–3 years, 102–103, 1043–4 years, 103–1064–5 years, 106–107

5–6 years, 108–1096–7 years, 109–1107–8 years, 110–111caregiver roles, 96–97literacy milestones, 111school-age education, 112–113

as factor in speech sound disorders, 199morphology, 91–92pragmatics, 95–96semantics, 94syntax, 92–93theories, 113–121

behavioral theory, 113–115cognitive theory, 116–118information-processing theory, 119–120nativist theory, 115–116social interactionism theory, 120–121

variables, 96Language differences vs. language impairments, 404–

406, 407, 414Language disorders, 133–173

assessment, 151–163adolescents, 160–163alternative assessment, 152elementary-age children, 157–160general procedures, 151infants and toddlers, 154–157language sampling, 152–154preschool children, 157–160screening, 151standardized assessment, 152

attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder, 149–150characteristics

cognitive processing/executive functioning defi -cits, 138

subtle brain abnormalities, 136clefts and, 570, 572, 574culturally and linguistically diverse clients, 417–418description of, 134DSM-V defi nition, 133hearing impairment and, 462infants and toddlers, 154–155kinds of defi ciencies, 134language differences vs., 404–406, 407, 414multicultural populations. See Multicultural popu-

lation communication disordersphysical and sensory disabilities, 139–145

autism spectrum disorders, 140–142brain injury, 142–144cerebral palsy, 144


6666466 22 Index

intellectual disability, 139–140traumatic brain injury, 143–144

risk factors, 134service delivery models, 417–418SLI characteristics, 135–138

generally, 135speech and language defi cits, 135–137subtle brain abnormalities, 135

social-environmental factors, 145–149neglect and abuse, 146–147parental drug and alcohol abuse, 147–149poverty, 145–146

treatment, 164–173augmentative and alternative communication,

171–173behavioral techniques, 166cognitive processing skills, 171discrete trial procedure, 166executive functioning skills, 171expansion, 166–167extension, 167focused stimulation, 167general principles, 164–165gestural (unaided) AAC, 172gestural-assisted (aided) AAC, 173joint book reading (dialogic reading), 168joint routines or interactions, 168milieu teaching, 167–168narrative skills training, 168–169neuro-assisted (aided) AAC, 173parallel talk, 169recasting, 169–170self-talk, 170story grammar, 169teaching literacy skills, 170

working with interpreters, 416Language Sampling, Analysis, and Training procedure

(LSAT), 152LARSP (Language Assessment, Remediation, and Screen-

ing Procedure), 152Laryngeal disorders and clefts, 570Laryngeal dysfunction hypothesis for stuttering, 246Laryngeal dyskinesia, 298Laryngeal trauma, 297Laryngeal web, 297Laryngectomy, 290–294Laryngitis, 305Laryngomalacia, 295–296Laryngopharynx, 16Larynx (voice box)

anatomy and physiology, 271–275

structures and cartilages, 272–275vocal folds, 271–272

defi ned, 271extrinsic muscles, 9–10functions, 271illustration, 2intrinsic muscles, 8structures and cartilages, 7–8

Lateral (external) pterygoid muscle, 20Lateral articulation, 73Lateral cerebral fi ssure (Sylvian fi ssure), 43Lateral cricoarytenoid, 8, 9Lateral lisp, 200Lateral sound, 68Lateral sulcus, 30Lateral ventricles, 51Late talkers, 155Latissimus dorsi, 6L-dopa (levodopa) for Parkinson’s treatment, 301Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT), 301Left-Hand Manual Alphabet, 172Legislation. See RegulationsLength of vowels and consonants, 77Lenticular nucleus, 41Leukoplakia, 294–295Levator anguli oris muscle, 24, 25Levator costarum brevis muscles, 5Levator costarum longis muscles, 5Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle, 24, 25Levator labii superioris muscle, 24, 25Levator scapulae, 5, 6Levator veli palatini muscle, 17, 437Level of measurement, 544Levels of evidence for evidence-based practice, 480,

540–541Lewy bodies, 358Lewy body dementia, 358Lexicon, 94Limited manual sign systems, 172Linear phonology theories of development, 192Line of regard, 97Lingquest 1 computer software, 153Lingua-alveolars, 70, 190Linguadentals, 70, 190Lingual frenulum of the tongue, 21Lingual frenum, 200Linguapalatals, 70, 190Linguavelars, 70, 190Linguistics, defi ned, 91Linguistic treatment approaches, 214–216

assessment and treatment considerations, 510–511


Index 666466 333

contrast approaches, 215distinctive features approach, 214–215Hodson and Paden’s cycles approach, 215–216overview, 214phonological process approach, 215service delivery barriers, 419–420

Lip position for vowels, 74Lip surgery for clefts, 573Liquids, 72–73, 189Lisp, 200Literacy milestones, 111Literacy problem assessment of adolescents, 161Literacy skills

defi ciency, 134in education, 112reading skills, 333, 336speech and language treatment, 164teaching, 170writing skills, 333, 336

Localization audiometry, 457Loci of stuttering, 241–242Locutionary stage, 99Logarithmic scale for measuring sound, 441Logopenic PPA, 354, 355Logorrhea, 326Lombard effect, 308Longitudinal fi ber tracts, 38Longitudinal fi ssure, 30, 42Longitudinal research, 534Loudness (volume) of sound, 277

amplitude and, 77, 82assessment, 286defi ned, 82disorders, 307intensity, 440

Lou Gehrig’s disease, 301Lower motor neurons, 48Low sound, 69Low-technology devices for AAC, 171Low vowels, 73LSAT (Language Sampling, Analysis, and Training proce-

dure), 152Lumbar vertebrae, 3, 4Lungs, 2

M

MAE. See Mainstream American English (MAE)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 456, 565Magnitude, 81–82Main clause, 93

Mainstream American English (MAE)dialects, 394–395infl uence of dialects and languages, 394

Maintenance of target behaviors, 507–508Maintenance program, 508Maintenance strategy, 501Malleus, 436–437Malocclusions, 21, 200–201Mandible, 19–20Mandibular branch, 30Mandibular marginal branch, 23Mandibular processes, 568Mand-model technique, 167Mands, 114Manner of articulation, 67, 70–73, 189–190Manometric devices, 284Manual guidance, 166, 501Manual training approach, 470Manubrium, 3Marfan syndrome, 577Marked sounds, 188Masking as stuttering treatment, 255, 455Masseter muscle, 20Mastication (chewing), 20Matching of groups, 526Maturation, 538Maxillary bones, 18Maxillary branch, 30Maxillary processes, 567Maximal contrast therapy, 215Maximal opposition treatment approach, 215Maximum phonation time (MPT), 275–276, 286–287McDonald’s sensorimotor approach, 213–214Mean fundamental frequency (MFF), 275Mean length of utterance (MLU), 153Mean of test scores, 489, 543Measurement

levels of, 544scientifi c, 522validity of, 523

Measures of association, 543Measures of central tendency, 543–544Measures of correlation, 543Measures of variability, 543Mechanical factors of clefts, 568Medial (internal) pterygoid muscle, 20Medial-position errors, 200Median of test scores, 489, 543Medical history, 482Medically fragile infants, 581–584

feeding development, 582–583


6666466 4444 Index

hearing conservation and aural habilitation, 583infant behavior, development, and communication,

583–584neonatal intensive care units for, 581–584

Medical speech–language pathology, 560–566HIV and AIDS patient care, 563–565infectious disease control, 562–563medical imaging, 565–566medical team specialists and roles, 561–562pathologist duties, 560–561

Mediums for sound waves, 439Medulla, 39–40Medulla oblongata, 1Mendelsohn maneuver, 375Meniere’s disease, 450Meninges, 51, 52Mentalis muscle, 24, 25Mental retardation, 139Mesencephalon, 38Meta-analysis, 536Metalinguistic awareness, 217Metathesis, 197Metencephalon, 39Mexican immigrant poverty and communication issues,

406Microdontia, 578Microforms, 569Microglia, 26Micrognathia, 580Microtia, 445Midbrain, 38–39Middle cerebellar peduncles, 41Middle ear, 436–437Middle ear effusion, 445, 446Middle peduncles, 39Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle, 17Middle temporal gyrus, 45, 46Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 351Mild traumatic brain injury, 366Milestones. See Language development in children, de-

velopmental milestonesMilieu teaching, 167–168Mini Inventory of Right Brain Injury–Second Edition

(MIRBI-2), 363Minimal competency core, 496Minimalist Program, 116Minimal pair contrast therapy, 215Minimal pairs, 214Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia

(MTDDA), 330

Mirror laryngoscopy, 280, 281Mixed dementia, 358Mixed dysarthrias, 347–348Mixed hearing loss, 450Mixed nerves, 29Mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA), 325Modeled trial, 500, 501Modeling, 166, 501Mode of response, 501Mode of test scores, 544Moebius syndrome, 577Monoplegia of CP, 144Morpheme

assessment of elementary-age children, 158base morphemes, 92bound morpheme, 92defi ned, 91free morphemes, 92function of, 92grammatical morpheme, 92intellectual disability diffi culties, 139root morphemes, 92rules for counting, 153

Morphological awareness, 111Morphologic skills, 501Morphology

African American English, 396, 398allomorphs, 92assessment of elementary-age children, 158–159defi ned, 91developmental milestones

2–3 years, 102–103, 1043–4 years, 1054–5 years, 1075–6 years, 1096–7 years, 1107–8 years, 111

intellectual disability and, 139morphemes, 91–92specifi c language impairment problems, 136–137

Mortality, 538Motherese, 96–97Motor-based treatment approaches, 212–214

McDonald’s sensorimotor approach, 213–214Van Riper’s traditional treatment approach, 212–213

Motor cortex, 43, 44Motor fi bers, 30Motor impulses, 28Motor nerves, 29Motor neurons, 28, 48


Index 666466 555

Motor programming disorder, 202Motor strip, 43, 45Mucosal wave action, 12, 272Multicultural population communication disorders,

391–422ASHA guidelines, 393–394assessment, 410–417

alternatives to standardized tests, 413–416legal considerations, 410–411sociocultural considerations, 421–422standardized tests, 411–413working with interpreters, 416

conversational interactive language fl uency, 408–410

cultural considerations, 392–393demographics, 391–392formal academic language fl uency, 408–410language differences vs. language impairments,

403–406overview, 391second-language acquisition, 406–408speech-language characteristics, 394–403

African American English, 395–396, 397–400American English dialects, 394–395Asians, 402–403, 404, 405Spanish-infl uenced English, 396–397, 400–402

treatment, 417–422adults with neurological based disorders, 420–

422language impairments in children, 417–418linguistic barriers to, 419–420medical conditions and communication disor-

ders, 418–419sociocultural barriers to, 419–420sociocultural considerations, 421–422

Multidisciplinary teams, 486Multigroup pretest–posttest design, 527, 528Multilingual Aphasia Examination–Revised Edition

(MAE), 334Multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design, 531Multiple-baseline-across-settings design, 531Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design, 530–531Multiple cerebrovascular accidents, 358Multiple sclerosis (MS), 301Multiple-treatment interference, 539–540Muscles of respiration, 4–6Mutational falsetto, 308Myasthenia gravis, 301Myelencephalon, 39Myelin sheath, 26, 27

Mylohyoid muscle, 10, 20Myoelastic–aerodynamic theory, 11–12Myoswitches, 173Myringoplasty, 445Myringotomy, 445

N

Naming, evoked samples, 207Naming skills

assessment, 332treatment, 335

Narrativesassessment of multicultural populations, 415defi ned, 95, 168narrative skills training, 168–169

Narrow phonetic transcription, 65Nasalance, 289, 571Nasal cavity, 14, 15, 16Nasal-glide stimulation, 290Nasalis muscle, 31Nasalization, 200Nasals, 70–71, 190Nasal sounds, 69Nasogastric feeding, 376Nasogastric tube, 577Nasometer, 288, 289, 574Nasopharyngoscopy, 571Nasopharynx, 16National Foundation of Swallowing Disorders, 582National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS), 609National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association

(NSSLHA), 597Native American medical conditions and communica-

tion disorders, 419Nativist theory of language development, 115–116Natural frequency, 79Naturalistic contexts, 414Naturalness, 188Natural phonology theory of development, 191–192Natural recovery from stuttering, 238–239Negative reinforcement, 504Negative reinforcers, 505Neglect, language problems related to, 146–147Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT), 331Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), 581–584Nerve cells, anatomy and physiology of, 26, 27Nerve fi bers, 26Nerve–muscle pedicle reinnervation, 299Nervous system, 25–54


6666466 666 Index

auditory nervous system, 438auditory nervous system impairments, 450–454

central auditory disorders, 450–452retrocochlear disorders, 452–454

autonomic nervous system, 35–37central nervous system, 37–54

basal ganglia, 40–41basic principles, 37–38brainstem, 38–40cerebellum, 41–42cerebral blood supply, 52–54cerebral ventricles, 51cerebrum, 42–46connecting fi bers in the brain, 50–51diencephalon, 40extrapyramidal system, 48protective layers of the brain, 51–52pyramidal system, 46–48reticular activating system, 40

defi ned, 26neurons and neural transmission, 26–28peripheral nervous system, 28–35

Neural transmission, 26Neuroanatomy

defi ned, 25vocal mechanism, 13

Neuro-assisted (aided) AAC, 173Neurogenic stuttering, 231, 258–260. See also Fluency

assessment, 259–260characteristics, 258defi ned, 258description of, 259etiology of, 258–259treatment, 260

Neuroglia, 26Neurological diseases

communication disorders, 420–422voice, 301–302

Neurology, defi ned, 25Neuromuscular rehabilitation for swallowing disorders,

375Neurons, 26, 27Neuropathologies, 202–204

apraxia of speech, 202–204, 339–340dysarthria, 202, 343–344Parkinson’s disease, 356

Neurophysiological hypotheses for stuttering, 245–247Neurophysiology, defi ned, 25Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for

Aphasia (NCCEA), 330Neurosis of stuttering, 233

Neurosurgeons, roles of, 561Neurotransmitter, 26, 28Newton’s Law of Motion, 79Node of Ranvier, 27Noise as cause of hearing loss, 448–449Nominal scale, 493, 544Nonfl uent aphasia, 323–325

Broca’s aphasia, 323–324global aphasia, 325mixed transcortical aphasia, 325transcortical motor aphasia, 324

Nonfl uent variant PPA, 354–355Noniconic symbols for AAC, 171Non-invasive brain stimulation, 337Nonlinear phonology theories of development, 192Nonphonemic diphthongs, 76Nonreduplicate babbling stage of sound development,

193Nontypological defi nitions of aphasia, 323Nonverbal communication skill defi ciency, 134Noonan syndrome, 579Normal distribution, 544Normative (developmental) research, 534–535Normative treatment strategy, 505–506Norm-referenced test, 487Nucleus, 26Nucleus of syllables, 66Null hypothesis, 522–523Nurses, roles of, 561

O

Oblique arytenoid muscle, 8, 9, 11Observation, scientifi c, 522Obstruents, 69Occipital lobe, 43, 45Occlusion, 21Occult cleft palate, 569Occult submucous cleft, 569Occupational history, 482Occupational therapists, roles of, 561Octave, 79Ocular hypertelorism, 575Oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), 29, 30Offglide, 76Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), 29, 30Oligodendroglia, 26Oller, D. K., 193Omissions, 200Omohyoid muscle, 10Onglide, 72, 76


Index 666466 77

On Old Olympus’ Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops, 29

Onset of syllables, 66Open-head (penetrating) injury, 366Open syllables, 66Operant audiometry, 457Operant behavior hypothesis of stuttering, 247Operational defi nitions, 500, 501Ophthalmic branch, 30Optic nerve (cranial nerve II), 29, 30Oral cavity

functions, 15major structures, 18structure, 16

Oral language training, 469Oral–motor control exercises, 374–375Oral–motor coordination skills, 201Oral myofunctional therapy, 201Oral phase and its disorders, 371Oral preparatory phase and its disorders, 371Oral resonance, 14Oral structure variables in speech sound disorders,

200–201ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 200dental deviations, 200–201oral-motor coordination skills, 201orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue thrust),

201Orbicularis oculi muscle, 31Orbicularis oris, 31Orbicularis oris inferioris and superioris muscles, 24, 25Orbicularis oris muscle, 23Order effect, 540Order of mention, 137Ordinal scale, 493, 544Organically based disorders, 200–204

hearing loss, 201–202neuropathologies, 202–204

apraxia, 202–204dysarthria, 202

oral structure variables, 200–201ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 200dental deviations, 200–201oral-motor coordination skills, 201orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue

thrust), 201Organizational defi cits, 138Organ of Corti, 437, 438Orofacial examination for speech sound disorders, 206,

483–484Orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue thrust), 201

Oropharynx, 16Orthographic symbols, 63Oscillation, 79Ossicular chain, 436–437Ossicular discontinuity, 446, 448Otitis media, 445, 446, 450Otolaryngologists, roles of, 561–562Otologist, 463Otosclerosis, 445–446, 447Otoscope, 436Otospongiosis, 446Ototoxic drugs, 448Outer ear, 436Outmarriage, 393Output constraints, 192Oval window, 437Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stutter-

ing (OASES), 251Overbite, 201Overextended words, 136Overextension, 94Overjet, 201Overtones, 83

P

Palatal cleft, 567. See also Cleft palatePalatal surgery for clefts, 573Palatine bone, 19Palatine process, 18Palatoglossus muscle, 17, 22, 23Palatopharyngeus muscle, 17Pantomime, 172Papilloma, 296–297Paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder, 298Parahippocampal gyrus, 30Parallel form reliability, 492Parallel-form reliability, 524Parallel play, 157Parallel talk, 169Paralysis of the vocal folds, 299–300Parameters, 542Paraplegia of CP, 144Parasympathetic branch, 36Parental drug and alcohol abuse, 147–149Parietal lobe, 43, 45Parkinson’s disease, 301, 343, 356Part-word repetition, 234Pascals (pa), 82Passive sentence, 93Pathology. See Medical speech–language pathology


6666466 888 Index

Patterns of sound, 196Pause-and-talk (time-out) stuttering treatment method,

255–256Pauses, 235Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), 490Pectoralis major, 5, 6Pectoralis minor, 5, 6Pediatric dysphagia, 582Pediatricians, roles of, 562Pedunculated polyps, 303Peer training, 502Percentile ranks, 489Perception of sounds, 61, 77Perceptual problems of SLI, 136Performance of language, 115Perilymph, 437Perinatal brain injury, 144Periodic vibrations, 81, 440Periodic waves, 78Period of sound, 81Peripheral hearing problems, 451Peripheral nervous system, 28–35

basic principles, 28cranial nerves, 28–34defi ned, 28spinal nerves, 34–35

Perlocutionary behavior, 99Personal communicative intent, 102Personalization, 558Person-centered theory of counseling, 554–555PEW Research Center, 145Pharmacists, roles of, 562Pharmacological stuttering treatment, 257–258Pharyngeal fl ap surgery, 573Pharyngeal fricative, 200Pharyngeal phase and its disorders, 371Pharyngeal plexus, 17, 32Pharyngoplasty, 573Pharyngostomy, 376Pharynx (throat, pharyngeal cavity)

functions, 16–17muscles, 19structure, 14, 15, 16–17

Phonation, 7–13acoustic analysis of speech, 82–83amplitude and loudness, 81–82anatomy and physiology, 62assessment, 286–287clefts and disorders of, 570, 572context and speech sound production, 76–77

dynamics of speech production, 76–77suprasegmentals, 77

defi ned, 1extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 9frequency and pitch, 81hearing level, 82intrinsic laryngeal muscles, 8–9laryngeal structures and cartilages, 7larynx, 2, 7, 8neuroanatomy of vocal mechanism, 13

cerebellum, 13cortical areas, 13cranial nerves, 13

physiology of, 11–12Bernoulli effect, 12mucosal wave action, 12myoelastic–aerodynamic theory, 11–12

segmentals, 65–76classifi cation systems, 67–68consonants, 68–73syllables, 66vowels, 73–76

sound pressure level, 82sound wave generation and propagation, 80–81speech science, 78–80vocal folds, 11

Phonation stage of sound production development, 193Phoneme, defi ned, 61, 188Phoneme isolation, teaching, 170Phonemic, defi ned, 62, 188Phonemic diphthongs, 76Phonemic transcriptions, 64Phonetics, 61–83

anatomy and physiology, 62–63context, 76defi ned, 61, 62, 188defi nitions, 61–62environment, 213placement, 213transcription, 63–65

Phonological awareness, 111, 170Phonological awareness treatment, 216–217Phonological disorder, defi ned, 187Phonological error patterns, 199Phonological patterns, 196Phonological problems, 135Phonological process approach (PPA) of treatment, 215Phonological processes, 119, 135, 196Phonology

African American English, 396, 399defi ned, 61, 188foundations of, 187–190skills development

assimilation processes, 197


Index 666466 999

categories of processes, 196in children, 194foundational concepts, 196in infants, 193–194intelligibility, 194–196substitution processes, 196–197syllable structure processes, 197

skills development theoriesbehavioral theory, 191generative phonology theory, 192linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories, 192natural phonology theory, 191–192structural theory, 191

Phonotrauma, 302Phrase interjections, 235Phrase repetition, 234Physical exercises for aphasia treatment, 337Physical setting generalization, 502Physical-stimulus generalization, 502Physical therapists, roles of, 562Physiological phonetics, 61, 62Piaget, 116, 117–118, 120Pia mater, 51, 52Pick’s disease (PiD), 353–355Pic symbols, 173Picsyms, 173Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), 173Pierre-Robin syndrome, 577Pinna of the outer ear, 436Pitch (perception)

assessment, 286defi ned, 77, 81, 440disorders, 308frequency perturbation (jitter), 277fundamental frequency, 277measurements, 284monopitch, 286

Place of articulationcategories, 190defi ned, 67, 189place-voice-manner analysis, 70

Place-voice-manner analysisconsonant clusters, 73distinctive features paradigm, 188, 189–190manner of articulation, 67, 70–73place of articulation, 67, 68, 70voicing, 67, 70

Planning and organization defi cits, 138Plastic surgeons, roles of, 562Platysma muscle, 24, 25, 31Play

assessment of, 157

associative, 157cooperative, 157parallel, 157solitary, 157

Plethysmograph, 284Polyps, 303–304Pons, 39Porch Index of Communicative Ability–Revised (PICA-R),

330Portfolio assessment, 152, 415, 497Positive reinforcement, 504Positive reinforcers, 505Positron emission tomography (PET), 565Postcentral gyrus, 45Posterior belly of digastric muscle, 20Posterior cerebral arteries, 54Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, 8, 9, 11Posterior thoracic muscles, 6Postlingual deafness, 461Postnatal brain injury, 144Post-reinforcement pause, 502Posttest, 502, 526Postvocalic errors, 200Poverty, language problems related to, 145–146, 406Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), 578Pragmatics

assessmentadolescents, 161, 162–163elementary-age children, 158, 159

autism spectrum disorders, 142children with SLI, 137cultural infl uences, 95defi ned, 95developmental milestones

birth–1 year, 991–2 years, 101–1022–3 years, 102–1033–4 years, 105–1064–5 years, 1075–6 years, 1096–7 years, 1107–8 years, 111

direct vs. indirect speech acts, 95discourse, 95function of, 96intellectual disability and, 139language context and function, 95

Praxiscertifi cation requirements, 618computer-generated questions, 621–622content categories, 616general tips for taking, 619–621


6666566 000 Index

nonstandard testing arrangements, 618overview, 616purpose of, 615study tips, 619test retakes, 616topics covered, 617–618website information, 615

Precentral gyrus, 43Predictive validity, 491, 523Prefi x, defi ned, 92Prelingual deafness, 461Prelinguistic behavioral defi ciencies in infants and tod-

dlers, 155Preliteracy skills, 112Premack-type symbols, 173Premaxilla, 18Prenatal brain injury, 144Prenatal causes of hearing loss, 447Preoperational cognitive development, 117–118Presbycusis, 450, 451Presbyphonia, 276Preschool Amendments to the Education of the Handi-

capped Act, 154Preschoolers. See also Infants; Toddlers

articulation development, 194, 195assessment of, 157–158cognitive development, 117–118hearing loss assessment, 457language developmental milestones, 103–107morphology, 105, 107pragmatics, 105–106, 107semantics, 105, 106–107stuttering in, 242stuttering treatment for, 256syntax, 103–104, 106voice changes, 275–276

Press of speech, 326Pressure, 79Pressure equalizing tubes, 445Presuppositions, 101Pretest

defi ned, 502, 526pretest–posttest control group design, 526–527reactive or interactive effects of, 540

Prevalenceculturally and linguistically diverse clients, 418–419defi ned, 418stuttering

concordance rates in twins, 237–238defi ned, 236ethnocultural variables, 238familial prevalence, 237

gender ratio, 237in the general population, 236in people with brain injuries, 238in people with developmental or intellectual dis-

abilities, 238socioeconomic variables, 238

Prevocalic errors, 200Primary auditory cortex, 45Primary language impairment, 135–138Primary motor cortex, 13, 43Primary palate, 567Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 323, 353–355Primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS), 339, 340Primary reinforcers, 505Primary stress of syllables, 77Primary visual cortex, 45Print knowledge, 111Probability of statistics, 542Probes, 502Procedures of treatment, 502Procerus muscle, 31Processes of sound, 196Processing speed defi cits, 138Production of sounds

defi ned, 61in infants, 193–194

PRO-ED, Inc.Speech and Language Development Chart, 107standardized tests, 160

Professional issues, 595–609ASHA. See also American Speech-Language-Hearing

Association (ASHA)accreditation, 600functions, 595goals, 596–597history of, 595–596membership, 596membership categories, 597special interest groups, 597–598

audiology, 598–599speech-language pathology, 598–600

Profi ciency in Oral English Communication: An Assess-ment of Accented Speech, 219

Prognosis, 483Progressive assimilation, 197Projection defense mechanism, 559Projection fi bers, 50Prolongations, 234Prompts, 166, 502Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Tar-

gets (PROMPT), 204Prosody, 77


Index 666566 1

Prosthodontists, roles of, 562Protesting, 95Prue alexia, 338Psychiatrists, roles of, 562Psychoacoustics, 78Psychodynamic theory of counseling, 554Psychogenic voice disorders, 308–309Psychological methods of stuttering treatment, 252–253Psychoneurosis theory of stuttering, 249Psychopathology, neurosis of stuttering, 233Pterygoid muscle, 20Puberphonia, 308Puberty, voice changes during, 276Public Law 94-142, 605, 606Public Law 99-457, 154, 605Public Law 101-336, 606–607Public Law 101-476, 606Public Law 105-17, 606Public Law 108-446, 606Pulmonary specialists, roles of, 562Punishment, 502Pure apraxia, 339Pure probes, 501, 502Pure tone, 439Pure-tone audiometry, 455Putamen, 40Pyramidal system, 46–48

basic principles, 46corticobulbar tract, 48corticospinal tract, 46–48defi ned, 46

Pyramidal tracts, 40

Q

Quadratus lumborum, 6Quadriplegia of CP, 144Qualitative data, 523Quantitative data, 523Question (interrogative) sentence, 93Questionnaires, 415, 493, 533Quick Assessment for Aphasia, 330Quick incidental learning, 94

R

Radiation therapy, 291Radical neck dissection, 291Radiologists, roles of, 562Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Function, 367Randomization of groups, 526Range, defi ned, 543

Rapport during interviews, 484Rarefaction, 78, 81, 440Rate of speech, 77Rating scales, 493Rationalization defense mechanism, 559Ratio scale, 544Raw score, 489Reaction formation, 559Reactive effects of pretesting, 540Reading. See Literacy skillsReading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia–Second Edi-

tion (RCBA-2), 331Reading skills. See also Literacy skills


Rebuses, 173Recasting, 169–170Recruitment as hearing loss symptom, 447Rectus abdominis, 6Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

functions, 32neuroanatomy, 13resection for spasmodic dysphonia, 300vocal anatomy and physiology, 272

Reduplicated babbling stage of sound development, 193Reduplication, 197Refl ection, 80Refraction, 80Regressive assimilation, 197Regulations

Affordable Health Care Act, 607Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), 606–607future trends, 608–609health care settings, 607–608Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

(HIPAA), 607–608Individuals With Disabilities Education Act of 1990

(IDEA), 606Individuals With Disabilities Education Improve-

ment Act of 2004, 410–411Preschool Amendments to the Education of the

Handicapped Act, 154Public Law 94-142, 605, 606Public Law 99-457, 154, 605Public Law 101-336, 606–607Public Law 101-476, 606Public Law 105-17, 606Public Law 108-446, 606Social Security Act (SSA), 607state regulation, 604

Regulatory communicative intent, 101Reinforcement, 503–504


6666566 22 Index

Reinforcement withdrawal, 504Reinforcers, 504–505Reinke’s space, 12Reissner’s membrane, 438Relational analysis of assessment data, 208Reliability

alternate-form (parallel-form), 524correlational coeffi cient, 524of data, 523defi ned, 524interobserver (interjudge), 491, 524intraobserver (intrajudge), 492, 524of measurements, 524split-half, 492, 524of standardized tests, 491–492test–retest, 492, 524

Religion issues in counseling, 558Repetitions, 234Repetition skills assessment, 331Repression defense mechanism, 559Research. See also Scientifi c method

defi ned, 522descriptive, 532–536

comparative research, 534correlational research, 535developmental (normative) research, 534–535ex post facto (retrospective) research, 532–533foundational concepts, 532–535survey research, 533–534

ethnographic research, 536evaluation, 536–542

evidence levels for evidence-based practice, 540–541

external validity, 539–540internal validity, 537–539

experimental, 525–532foundational concepts, 525–526group designs, 526–528single-subject designs, 528–531

meta-analysis, 536Resonance

assessment, 286defi ned, 80disorders, 287–290

assimilative nasality, 288clefts, 572, 574cul-de-sac resonance, 289hypernasality, 287–288hyponasality, 288, 290treatment, 289–290

hearing impairment and disorders of, 462Resonation

anatomy and physiology, 63defi ned, 1, 14fundamentals of, 14–15

Respiration, 1–7anatomy and physiology, 62assessment, 286defi ned, 1framework, 2–4

bronchi, 3lungs, 2rib cage, 3–4spinal column, 3, 4sternum, 3trachea, 3

muscles, 4–6abdominal muscles of expiration, 6thoracic muscles of inspiration, 4–6

patterns during speech production, 1Response complexity, 507Response cost

defi ned, 502stuttering treatment method, 256

Response generalization, 502Response-mode generalization, 502Response modes, 507Response to intervention (RtI), 160, 415Reticular activating system (RAS), 40Reticular formation, 38Retrocochlear disorders, 452–454Retrofl ex, 72Retrospective (ex post facto) research, 532–533Revisions, 235RHBD. See Right-hemisphere brain damage (RHBD)Rhomboideus major, 6Rhomboideus minor, 6Rhotic sounds, 69, 72, 73Rhyme, 66Rhyming skills, teaching, 170Rhythm training, 469–470Rib cage (thoracic cage), 3–4, 5RIC Evaluation of Communication Problems in Right

Hemisphere Dysfunction–Third Edition (RICE-3), 363Right-hemisphere brain damage (RHBD), 361–365

assessment, 363–364communication treatment of, 364defi ned, 321foundational concepts, 361–362symptoms, 361, 362–363


Index 666566 333

affective defi cits, 362attentional and perceptual defi cits, 362communicative defi cits, 363

Right Hemisphere Language Battery–Second Edition (RHLB-2), 363

Risorius muscle, 24, 25Rochester method of communication, 471Root morpheme, 92Root of the tongue, 21, 22Rounded vowels, 73Round sounds, 69RtI (response to intervention), 160, 415Rubella as cause of hearing loss, 450Russell-Silver syndrome, 578

S

Sacrum, 3, 4Safety alerting devices, 467Salpingopharyngeus muscle, 17Sampling

conversational speech, 207evoked speech, 207multicultural population communication disorders,

415procedures for obtaining, 485–486representative, 488speech and language, 484–486

Satellite cells, 26Satiation, 502Scales of Cognitive Ability for Traumatic Brain Injury

(SCATBI), 367Scanning used in AAC, 172SCERTS model of treatment, 142Schedules of reinforcement, 504School. See EducationSchool-age children. See Elementary-age childrenSchwann cells, 26Science

deductive method, 522defi ned, 521determinism, 522empiricism, 522hypotheses, 522–523inductive method, 522qualitative data, 523quantitative data, 523of speech, 78–80

Scientifi c method, 521–545data organization and analysis, 542–545

foundational concepts, 542measurement scales, 544statistical techniques, 543–544

descriptive research, 532–536comparative research, 534correlational research, 535developmental (normative) research, 534–535ethnographic research, 536ex post facto (retrospective) research, 532–533foundational concepts, 532–535meta-analysis, 536survey research, 533–534

experimental research, 525–532foundational concepts, 525–526group designs, 526–528single-subject designs, 528–531

philosophy of science, 521–523reliability of measurements, 524research evaluation, 536–542

evidence levels for evidence-based practice, 540–541

external validity, 539–540internal validity, 537–539

validity of measurements, 523Scores in standardized assessment, 489–490Screening

defi ned, 480evidence-based practice, 480–481hearing, 206, 456–457, 483of language skills, 151speech sound disorders, 205

Secondary reinforcers, 505Secondary stress of syllables, 77Secondary stutterings, 239–240Second-language acquisition, 406–408Seeing Essential English (SEE 1), 471Segmentals, 65–76

classifi cation systems, 67–68consonants, 68–73syllables, 66vowels, 73–76

Selective Recovery Theory, 421Self-control, 502Self-talk, 170Semantics

assessmentadolescents, 161, 162elementary-age children, 159

categories, 94categorizing words, 94


6666566 4444 Index

defi ned, 94developmental milestones

1–2 years, 99–1012–3 years, 102–1033–4 years, 1054–5 years, 106–1075–6 years, 1086–7 years, 1107–8 years, 110–111

overextension, 94quick incidental learning, 94semantic PPA, 354, 355semantic relations (utterances), 100, 101underextension, 94vocabulary, 94word knowledge, 94world knowledge, 94

Semicircular canals, 437Semilongitudinal procedure of research, 535Semivowels, 72Sensorimotor cognitive development, 117Sensorineural hearing loss, 446–450Sensory cortex, 45Sensory fi bers, 30Sensory nerves, 29Sensory neurons, 28Sensory strip, 45Sensory substitution method for deaf individuals, 466Sentence

completion, evoked samples, 207and discourse production assessment, 332syntax, 93

Sequence of treatment, 506–508degree of structure, 507multiple targets, 507response complexity, 507response modes, 507shifts in treatment contingencies, 508training and maintenance, 507–508

Sequential bilingual acquisition, 409Serous otitis media, 445Serratus anterior, 5, 6Serratus posterior inferior muscles, 6Serratus posterior superior muscles, 5Sessile polyps, 303Shaping, 166, 502Sheehan, J. G., 248Shimmer (amplitude perturbation), 277Shock reaction, 558Shprintzen syndrome, 580Sibilants, 69

Sibling status as factor in speech sound disorders, 199Sickle cell anemia, 420Signing Exact English (SEE 2), 471Sign language, 172, 470–471Sig symbols, 173Silent period, 406Silent prolongations, 234Simple harmonic motion, 78, 81, 439Simultaneous bilingual acquisition, 409Single-proton emission-computed tomography (SPECT),

565–566Single-subject design (SSD), 528–531

ABAB design, 529–530ABA design, 529–530advantages and disadvantages of, 531basic principles, 528defi ned, 528multiple-baseline designs, 530–531

Sinusoidal motion or wave, 78, 439Skeletal malocclusion, 200Skinner, B. F., 113–114Social approaches to treating aphasia, 337Social communication defi ciency, 134Social interactionism theory of language development,

120–121Social language, 164Social Security Act (SSA), 607Social workers, roles of, 562Sociocultural barriers to service delivery, 419–420Sociocultural rehabilitation considerations, 421–422Socioeconomic status

as factor in speech sound disorders, 199language development and, 145–146Mexican immigrant poverty and communication

issues, 406stuttering prevalence and, 238

Soft palate. See Velum (soft palate)Solitary play, 157Soma (cell body), 26, 27Somatosensory cortex, 13Somesthetic sensations, 45Sona-Graph, 282–283Sonorant sounds, 69, 72, 73Sound

acoustic analysis of speech, 82–83acoustics, 439–442amplitude and loudness, 81–82defi ned, 78frequency and pitch, 81interjections, 234–235patterns, 196


Index 666566 555

processes, 196prolongations, 234sound pressure level and hearing level, 82, 442sound waves

cause of, 440defi ned, 78generation and propagation, 80–81single cycle, 441

spectograph, 82spectography, 282study of, 80–83

Sound blending, teaching of, 170Sound pressure level (dB SPL), 82, 442Sound Production Treatment (SPT), 342Source-fi lter theory, 15Spanish-infl uenced English

articulation differences, 401background, 396–397, 400characteristics, 400–401language differences, 402

Spasmodic dysphonia, 300Spastic CP, 144Spastic dysarthria, 347Special education, 606Special interest groups (SIGs), 597–598Specifi c language impairment (SLI), 135–138

cognitive processing defi cits, 138executive functioning defi cits, 138general characteristics, 135normal variation, 135speech and language defi cits, 135–137subtle brain abnormalities, 135, 136underlying defi cits, 135

Spectrogram, 82–83, 282Speech, defi ned, 1Speech and Language Development Chart, 107Speech audiometry, 455Speech fl uency assessment, 332Speech Intelligibility Test for Windows, 349Speech–language clinician, 598Speech–language pathologist, 463, 598Speech–language pathology, 479–480, 598–600Speech–language pathology assistants (SLPAs), 602–603Speech reading, 468Speech reception threshold, 455Speech science, 61, 78–80Speech sound disorder (SSD)

adults who speak English as a foreign language, 218–220

articulatory errors, 199–200assessment, 204–210

components, 207–208conversational speech samples, 207evoked speech samples, 207objectives, 205procedures, 205–206scoring and analysis, 208–210screening, 205, 206standardized tests, 208stimulability, 207–208

best practices, 204clefts and, 570, 572, 573–574defi ned, 187, 198factors related to, 198–199

auditory discrimination skills, 199birth order and sibling status, 199gender, 198intelligence, 199language development and academic perfor-

mance, 199socioeconomic status, 199

hearing impairment and, 461organically based disorders, 200–204

ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 200apraxia, 202–204dental deviations, 200–201dysarthria, 202hearing loss, 201–202neuropathologies, 202–204oral-motor coordination skills, 201oral structure variables, 200–201orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue

thrust), 201speech sound differences vs., 211treatment, 210–218

complexity approach (least knowledge approach), 212

contrast approaches, 215core vocabulary (consistency) approach, 216developmental approach, 212distinctive features approach, 214–215general considerations, 211–212Hodson and Paden’s cycles approach, 215–216linguistic approaches, 214–216McDonald’s sensorimotor approach, 213–214motor-based, 212–214phonological awareness, 216–217phonological process approach, 215Van Riper’s traditional approach, 212–213

Speech Sound Disorders Evidence Map, 198Speech sound problems, 135Speech therapist, 598


6666566 666 Index

Speech training, 469–470Speed of processing information, 138Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), 16–17, 29,

33–34Spinal column, 3, 4Spinal cord

illustration, 38nerves, 35, 36

Spinal nerves, 34–35Split-half reliability, 492, 524Spontaneous recovery from stuttering, 238–239SSD. See Speech sound disorder (SSD)Stages of cognitive development, 116, 117–118Stampe, D., 191–192Standard deviation

defi ned, 543of test scores, 489

Standardized assessmentadolescents, 163elementary-age children, 159–160multicultural population communication disorders,

411–413nature and advantages of, 487overview, 152prudent use of, 488–489reliability of, 491–492speech sound disorders, 208types of scores, 489–490validity of, 490–491

Standard precautions for infectious disease control, 563Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales–Fifth Edition (SB5), 490Stapedectomy, 446Stapedius muscle, 31, 437Stapes, 437State regulation of the profession, 604Statistic. See also Scientifi c method

aphasia, 322defi ned, 542probability, 542techniques for organizing data, 543–544

measures of central tendency, 543–544measures of variability, 543

Statistical regression, 538Stenosis, 445Stereotypes, 392Sternocleidomastoid, 5Sternohyoid muscle, 10Sternothyroid muscle, 10Sternum (breastbone), 3Stimulability assessment, 207–208Stimulus control in stuttering, 242–244

adaptation, 242–243adjacency, 243audience size, 243–244consistency, 243

Stimulus generalization, 502Stoma, 292Stomodeum, 567Stops, 72, 189, 197STORCH acronym, 449–450Story grammar, 169Strain-strangle voice, 278Stressed syllable, 77Stridency deletion, 200, 214Strident sounds, 69Strident voice, 279Strokes. See also Aphasia

bilingual patient recovery theories, 421causes of, 420defi ned, 321hemorrhagic, 322ischemic strokes, 322recovery in bilinguals, 420–421

Strong cognition hypothesis, 116Structural theory of articulatory skills development, 191Structure, degree of, 507Stuttering. See also Fluency

abnormal motor behaviors, 231assessment, 249–251avoidance behaviors, 241breathing abnormalities, 240causes of, 231characteristics, 232defi nitions, 232

based on all types of dysfl uencies, 233–234based on etiology, 234based on psychopathology (neurosis), 233cerebral dominance theory, 234event of stuttering, 233limited to certain types of dysfl uencies, 233moment of stuttering, 233person’s actions to avoid stuttering, 232social role confl ict, 232in terms of unspecifi ed behaviors, 233

developmental, 247as disorder of rhythm, 232family traits and, 244incidence of

defi ned, 235in the general population, 236

loci of stuttering, 241–242motor behaviors (secondary stutterings), 239–240


Index 666566 77

natural recovery and persistence, 238–239negative emotions, 240–241onset and development of, 236, 239personality and, 244prevalence of

concordance rates in twins, 237–238defi ned, 236ethnocultural variables, 238familial prevalence, 237gender ratio, 237in the general population, 236in people with brain injuries, 238in people with developmental or intellectual dis-

abilities, 238socioeconomic variables, 238

secondary behaviors or secondary stutterings, 231stimulus control, 242–244

adaptation, 242–243adjacency, 243audience size, 243–244consistency, 243

theories, 245–249anticipatory struggle hypothesis, 248approach–avoidance, 248avoidance behavior, 248demands and capacities model, 248diagnosogenic theory, 248foundational concepts, 245genetic hypothesis, 245neurophysiological hypotheses, 245–247operant behavior, 247psychoneurosis, 249reaction of tension and fragmentation, 248speech disruption due to classically conditioned

negative emotion, 247–248treatment, 252–258

age considerations, 256–257direct stuttering reduction methods, 255–256fl uency reinforcement method, 254–255fl uency shaping method (speak-more-fl uently),

253–254fl uent stuttering method (stutter-more-fl uently),

253generalization, maintenance, family training, 257goals of, 252masking and delayed auditory feedback tech-

niques, 255pause-and-talk (time-out), 255–256pharmacological, 257–258psychological methods, 252–253response cost method, 256

Stuttering Foundation of America, 258Styloglossus muscle, 22, 23Stylohyoid muscle, 10, 23, 31Stylopharyngeus muscle, 17, 23Subcortical aphasia, 328–329Subcostal muscle, 6Subglottal stenosis, 296Subject selection biases, 538–539Submucous cleft, 288, 569Subordinate clause, 93Substantia nigra, 38, 41Substitution processes, 196–197Substitutions, 200Successive approximation, 502Successive Recovery Theory, 421Suffi x, defi ned, 92Sulcus, 42Superfi cial lamina propria, 12Superior (upper) temporal gyrus, 45Superior cerebellar peduncles, 41Superior laryngeal artery, 272Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 13, 272Superior longitudinal fi bers, 50Superior longitudinal muscle, 22Superior peduncles, 38Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, 17, 23Superior temporal gyrus, 46Super-supraglottic swallow, 375Supplementary motor cortex, 13, 45Suppression defense mechanism, 559Supraglottic swallow, 375Suprahyoid laryngeal muscles, 275Suprahyoid muscles (elevators), 10, 19, 275Supramarginal gyrus, 45Suprasegmentals, 77Surface structure, 115Surgical management of the clefts, 573Surveys, 533–534Swallowing disorders (dysphagia), 370–376

assessment, 372–373defi ned, 321nature and etiology of, 370normal and disordered swallow, 370–372

achalasia, 372esophageal phase and its disorders, 372oral phase and its disorders, 371oral preparatory phase and its disorders, 371pharyngeal phase and its disorders, 371

treatment, 373–376computer applications, 376direct treatment, 373–374


6666566 888 Index

effortful swallow, 375indirect treatment, 374–375medical treatment, 376Mendelsohn maneuver, 375neuromuscular rehabilitation, 375oral–motor control exercises, 374–375super-supraglottic swallow, 375supraglottic swallow, 375

Syllabics, 66, 69Syllabifi cation, 66Syllable awareness, teaching, 170Syllable interjections, 234Syllables, 66Syllable structure processes, 197Sylvian fi ssure (lateral cerebral fi ssure), 43Sympathetic branch, 35–36Synapses, 26Syndrome, defi ned, 574Synergistic and Differential Recovery Theory, 421Syntactic problems of SLI, 136Syntax

African American English, 396, 398assessment

adolescents, 160, 162elementary-age children, 158

defi ned, 92developmental milestones

1–2 years, 992–3 years, 1023–4 years, 103–1044–5 years, 1065–6 years, 1086–7 years, 1097–8 years, 110

intellectual disability and, 139structures, 93

Syphilis as cause of hearing loss, 449Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) com-

puter software, 153s/z ratio, 287

T

Tactile agnosia, 338Tactile aids, 466–467Tacts, 114Tadoma Method, 466–467Targets of treatment, 502, 505–506, 507Task shifting, 138TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI)Team-oriented approach to evaluation of voice disorders,

280

Teams, working with, 486Tech tips

aphasia, 322assessment of infants and toddlers, 156autism spectrum disorder, 142bilingual children, 410books donated to children in poverty, 146CAPE-V, 284Children and Adults with Attention-Defi cit/Hyper-

activity Disorder (CHADD), 149children’s language development, 97Cleft Palate Foundation, 571cluttering, 261cultural competence, 394dementia, 352DSM-V, 140dynamic assessment, 416dysphagia, 374English language arts standards, 113evidence-based practice, 480, 541Head and Neck Cancer Evidence Map, 291Hearing Health Foundation, 471International Phonetic Alphabet, 63language milestones, 107LSVT, 301pediatric dysphagia, 582Praxis examination, 615, 619, 622PROMPT, 204sensorineural hearing loss, 450Speech Accent Archive, 219speech–language pathology assistants, 603speech science tutorials, 80Speech Sound Disorders Evidence Map, 198standardized tests for language impairments, 160standard precautions and hygiene, 563stuttering, 239, 258telepractice, 609traumatic brain injury, 365WHO Global Disability Action Plan, 419

Teeth, 20–21Tefl on injection into vocal folds, 376Telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDDs), 467Telegraphic speech, 137Telepractice, 609Templin Darley Test of Articulation, 572Temporal auditory processing, 119Temporal bone, 437Temporalis muscle, 20Temporal lobe, 43, 45–46, 439Temporomandibular joint, 19Tense/lax qualities, 74Tense sounds, 69


Index 666566 999

Tense vowels, 73Tension and fragmentation as stuttering reaction, 248Tensor tympani, 437Tensor veli palatini muscle, 17, 437Terminal buttons, 26, 27Terminal response, 503Testing, defi ned, 538. See also Assessment; Standardized

assessmentTest of Visual Neglect, 363Test–retest reliability, 492, 524Texas Functional Living Scale (TELS), 359Thalamus, 40Theory. See also Hypothesis

articulation skills development, 191–192behavioral theory, 191generative phonology theory, 192linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories, 192natural phonology theory, 191–192structural theory, 191

bilingual patient recovery from strokes, 420–421Antagonistic Recovery Theory, 421Selective Recovery Theory, 421Successive Recovery Theory, 421Synergistic and Differential Recovery Theory, 421

cerebral dominance theory, 234counseling, 554–557

behavioral theory, 555–556client-centered theory, 554–555cognitive–behavioral theory, 556–557psychodynamic theory, 554

cover-body theory of phonation, 271defi ned, 522discontinuity, 191government binding theory, 116language development, 113–121

behavioral theory, 113–115cognitive theory, 116–118information-processing theory, 119–120nativist theory, 115–116social interactionism theory, 120–121

phonology skills developmentbehavioral theory, 191generative phonology theory, 192linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories, 192natural phonology theory, 191–192structural theory, 191

stuttering, 245–249anticipatory struggle hypothesis, 248approach–avoidance, 248avoidance behavior, 248demands and capacities model, 248diagnosogenic theory, 248

foundational concepts, 245genetic hypothesis, 245neurophysiological hypotheses, 245–247operant behavior, 247psychoneurosis, 249reaction of tension and fragmentation, 248speech disruption due to classically conditioned

negative emotion, 247–248transformational generative theory of grammar, 116

Third ventricle, 40, 51Thoracic breathing, 286Thoracic cage (rib cage), 3–4, 5Thoracic muscles of inspiration, 4–6Thoracic vertebrae, 3, 4Throat. See Pharynx (throat, pharyngeal cavity)Thrombus, 322Thyroarytenoid, 8, 9Thyrohyoid muscle, 10Thyroid cartilage, 7, 8, 9, 272, 273Thyroplasty type I, 299Time delay technique, 167, 168Time issues in counseling, 558Time-out (pause-and-talk) stuttering treatment method,

255–256Time-out, defi ned, 503Tinnitus, 450Tip of the tongue, 21, 22T lymphocytes, 563Toddlers

assessment of, 154–157guidelines and procedures, 155–156infant–caregiver interaction, 156language comprehension, 156language-related skills, 156late talkers, 155play activities, 157prelinguistic behavioral defi ciencies, 155risk factors for language disorders, 154–155verbal communication, 156

cognitive development, 117–118language developmental milestones, 102–103, 104morphology, 102–103, 104pragmatics, 101–102, 103semantics, 102–103syntax, 102

Tokens, 503Token Test, 331Tomography, 565Tonar II, 574Tones, 439Tongue

anatomy, 21


6666666 000 Index

forwardness or retraction, 74functions, 21height, 74muscles, 22–23

Tongue thrust (orofacial myofunctional disorders), 201

Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia), 200Tonsillectomy, 288TOSS acronym, 275Total communication training, 470Tourette syndrome, 578–579Toxoplasmosis as cause of hearing loss, 449Trachea, 2, 3, 9Tracheal ring, 8Training of target behaviors, 507–508Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA), 324Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), 326–327Transcription, phonetic, 63–65Transdisciplinary teams, 486Transfer and second-language acquisition, 406Transformation, 115Transformational generative theory of grammar, 116Transgender voice issues, 309–310Transmitting medium, 80Transparent messages, 172Transverse arytenoid muscle, 8, 9, 11Transverse fi ssure, 30Transverse muscles, 22Transversus abdominis, 6Transversus thoracis, 6Trapezius, 5Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 365–370

assessment, 143–144, 367–368causes of, 143, 366cognitive and language problems, 143consequences of, 366–367defi ned, 143, 321, 365dementia associated with, 358diffuse injury, 143focal injury, 143immediate effects of, 143incidence of, 365treatment, 368–369types of, 366–367

acceleration–deceleration injuries, 366blast (multisystem) injuries, 366closed-head (nonpenetrating) injury, 366mild traumatic brain injury, 366nonacceleration injuries, 366open-head (penetrating) injury, 366

Traumatic laryngitis, 305

Treacher Collins syndrome, 579Treatment

aphasia, 321, 334–337apraxia of speech, 203–204, 342Asperger’s syndrome, 142autism spectrum disorders, 141cerebral palsy, 144childhood apraxia of speech, 203clefts, 572–574cluttering, 261contingencies, 508defi ned, 498dementia, 359–360dysarthria, 202, 350evidence-based practice. See Evidence-based practiceof hearing impairment, 460–471intervention for children in poverty to enrich lan-

guage skills, 146for language disorders, 164–173multicultural population communication disorders,

417–422neurogenic stuttering, 260oral myofunctional therapy, 201program outline, 509–510right hemisphere brain damage, 364sequence, 506–508

degree of structure, 507multiple targets, 507response complexity, 507response modes, 507shifts in treatment contingencies, 508training and maintenance, 507–508

speech sound disorders, 210–218stimuli, 499stuttering, 252–258swallowing disorders (dysphagia), 373–376targets, 505–506traumatic brain injury, 368–369

Trial, defi ned, 503Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), 19, 29, 30, 31Trigeminal neuralgia, 30Trisomy 13, 579Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), 29TTR (type-token ratio), 154Turner syndrome, 579–580Turn-taking skills, 97Twins, stuttering prevalence and concordance rates,

237–238Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 436Tympanometry, 456Type-token ratio (TTR), 154


Index 666666 1

Typical score, 543Typological defi nitions of aphasia, 323

U

Unaspirated sounds, 200Uncus, 30Underextended words, 136Underextension, 94Underlying defi cits, 135Understandability, 194–196Unilateral paralysis of focal folds, 299Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria, 348University of Delaware speech science tutorials, 80Unmarked sounds, 188Unstressed-syllable deletion, 197Upper lip, 567Upper motor neurons, 48Usher syndrome, 580Utterance functions, 95, 100, 101Uvula, 17

V

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)functions, 29, 32–33neuroanatomy, 13structure, 16, 32–33vocal anatomy and physiology, 272

Validityconcurrent, 523construct, 523content, 523of data, 523defi ned, 523external, 539–540internal validity of research, 537–539of measurements, 523predictive (criterion), 523of standardized tests, 490–491

Valleculae, 12Van Riper’s traditional treatment approach, 212–213Variability

defi ned, 543measures of, 543

Variable-interval (VI) schedule, 504Variable-ratio (VR) schedule, 504Variables

classifi cation, 532criterion, 532dependent, 525

extraneous (confounding), 525–526independent, 525

Variegated babbling stage of sound development, 193Vascular dementia, 358Veau-Wardill-Kilner surgery, 573Velar fronting, 197Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), 580Velocity, 79, 81Velopharyngeal closure, 17Velopharyngeal function assessment of children with

clefts, 571–572Velopharyngeal inadequacy or insuffi ciency (VPI), 288Velopharyngeal port, 14Velum (soft palate)

as cause of resonance disorders, 288function of, 14muscles, 19structure, 17

Ventricular folds, 11, 12, 272Verbal communication assessment, 156Verbal expression

expanded utterances, 336naming, 335

Vertebrae, 3, 4Vertebrae foramina, 48Vertebral arteries, 52, 54Vertical muscles, 22Vestibular branch, 438Vestibular system, 437Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve, 31Vibratory motion, 80–81Videoendoscopy, 282Videofl uoroscopy, 566Videokymography, 283–284Videostroboscopy, 283Visi-Pitch IV, 284Visual agnosia, 338Visual aids for hyponasality treatment, 290Visually reinforced head turn, 193Vocabulary, semantics of, 94Vocal folds

anatomy and physiology, 271–272function, 7structure, 10, 11, 12Tefl on injection into, 376thickening, 305

Vocal fry, 278–279Vocalic sounds, 68, 73Vocalis muscle, 11Vocalization, substitution processes, 196Vocally abusive practices, 302


6666666 22 Index

Vocal nodules, 302–303Vocal punctuation (juncture), 77Voice

anatomy and physiology, 271–276larynx, 271–275voice changes through the life span, 275–276

evaluation of disorders, 279–287case history, 279–280instrumental evaluation, 280–284perceptual evaluation, 284–287team-oriented approach, 280

hearing impairment and voice disorders, 462instrumental evaluation, 280–284

acoustic analysis, 282–283aerodynamic measurements, 284direct laryngoscopy, 280electroglottography (EGG), 283electromyography (EMG), 283endoscopy, 282fl exible fi ber-optic laryngoscopy, 281–282indirect laryngoscopy (mirror laryngoscopy),

280, 281pitch measurements, 284videokymography, 283–284videostroboscopy, 283

perceptual evaluation, 284–287basic principles, 284–285loudness assessment, 286phonation assessment, 286–287pitch assessment, 286resonance assessment, 286respiration assessment, 286

phonation disorders, 290–310abuse-based, 302–307carcinoma and laryngectomy, 290–294gender issues, 309–310loudness disorders, 307physical and neurological, 294–302pitch disorders, 307, 308psychogenic, 308–309

physical and neurological disorders, 294–302gastroesophageal refl ux disease, 298–299granuloma, 294, 295hemangioma, 294hyperkeratosis, 295laryngeal trauma, 297laryngeal web, 297laryngomalacia, 295–296leukoplakia, 294–295neurological diseases, 301

papilloma, 296–297paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder, 298paralysis and ankylosis, 299–300spasmodic dysphonia, 300subglottal stenosis, 296treatment, 301–302

pitch, 277quality, 277–279

breathiness, 278defi ned, 277diplophonia, 279glottal fry, 278–279harshness, 278hoarseness, 277–278strain-strangle, 278stridency, 279

resonance disorders, 287–290assimilative nasality, 288cul-de-sac resonance, 289hypernasality, 287–288hyponasality, 288treatment, 289–290

therapy for spasmodic dysphonia, 300training, 469–470volume, 277

Voice box. See Larynx (voice box)Voiced sounds, 69Voiced vowels, 73Voice onset time, 83Voice onset time delayed in stutterers, 246Voice termination time, 83Voicing

assimilation, 197defi ned, 67distinctive feature, 189place-voice-manner analysis, 70place-voice-manner paradigm, 189source, 15

Volume of sound, 77, 277. See also Loudness (volume) of sound

von Langenbeck surgery, 573von Recklinghausen disease, 454Vowels

back vowels, 75basic principles, 73central vowels, 75dimensions, 74diphthongs, 76distinctive feature analysis, 73front vowels, 75


Index 666666 333

position characteristics, 74–75syllable as a unit, 66voicing of, 188

Vygotsky, Lev, 120–121V-Y retroposition surgery, 573

W

Weak cognition hypothesis, 118Weak stress of syllables, 77Weak-syllable deletion, 197Websites

aphasia, 322assessment of infants and toddlers, 156autism spectrum disorder, 142bilingual children, 410books donated to children in poverty, 146CAPE-V form, 284Children and Adults with Attention-Defi cit/Hyper-

activity Disorder (CHADD), 149children’s language development, 97Cleft Palate Foundation, 571cluttering, 261cultural competence, 394dementia, 352DSM-V, 140dynamic assessment, 416dysphagia, 374English language arts standards, 113evidence-based practice, 480, 541Head and Neck Cancer Evidence Map, 291health care, 607Hearing Health Foundation, 471International Phonetic Alphabet translation, 63LSVT, 301pediatric dysphagia, 582Praxis examination, 615, 619, 622PROMPT, 204Speech Accent Archive, 219Speech and Language Development Chart, 107speech–language pathology assistants, 603speech science tutorials, 80

speech sound disorders, 204Speech Sound Disorders Evidence Map, 198standardized tests for language impairments, 160standard precautions and hygiene, 563Stuttering Foundation of America, 258stuttering information, 239telepractice, 609traumatic brain injury, 365

Wernicke’s aphasia, 46, 326Wernicke’s Area, 46, 326Western Aphasia Battery–Revised (WAB-R), 330Wet spirometers, 284Whole-word repetition, 234Williams syndrome (WS), 580–581Word discrimination, 455Word fi nding problems, 136Word interjections, 235Word knowledge, 94Word recognition test, 455Word retrieval problems, 136Working memory defi cits, 138World Health Organization (WHO)

Global Disability Action Plan, 419health care for disabled people, 419International Classifi cation of Functioning, Disability,

and Health–Children and Youth (ICF-CY), 187World knowledge, 94World Professional Association for Transgender Health

(WPATH), 309–310Writing skills. See also Literacy skills


X

Xiphoid process, 3

Z

Zygomatic major muscle, 24, 25Zygomatic minor muscle, 24, 25Zygomatic muscle, 31


01. advrevch01 po1 - pro-edauditory discrimination skills as factor in speech sound disorders, 199...

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