01 - gender of nouns 1
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StudySpanish com
NegationYou have already learned how to make simple affirmative statements.
Ella habla inglés ................................................. She speaks English.Él es profesor ..................................................... He is a professor.
To make a sentence negative, place the word “no” before the verb.
Ella no habla inglés ............................................ She doesn’t speak English.Él no es profesor ................................................ He is not a professor.
When the answer to a question is negative, two negative words are required.
¿Habla Ud. español? .......................................... (Do you speak Spanish?)No. No hablo español ......................................... (No. I don’t speak Spanish.)
¿ Está Gerardo en la clase? ................................. (Is Gerardo in the class?)No. Gerardo no está en la clase .......................... (No. Gerardo is not in the class.)
¿Siempre estudias? ............................................ (Do you always study?)No, nunca estudio .............................................. (No, I never study.)
Study the following list of affirmative words and their negative counterparts:
algo ................................................................... (something)nada .................................................................. (nothing)
alguien ............................................................... (somebody)nadie ................................................................. (nobody)
algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) ......................................... (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) ....................................... (no, none)
siempre .............................................................. (always)nunca, jamás ...................................................... (never, ever)
también ............................................................. (also)tampoco ............................................................ (neither, not either)
o . . . o ............................................................... (either . . . or)ni . . . ni ............................................................. (neither . . . nor)
The negative words can be used alone, preceding the verb.
Nadie habla ........................................................ Nobody speaks.Él nunca come ................................................... He never eats.Alfredo tampoco baila ........................................ Alfredo doesn’t dance either.
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The negative words can also be used with the word “no,” following the verb. Note thatunlike English, double negatives are acceptable in Spanish.
No habla nadie ................................................... Nobody speaks.Él no come nunca .............................................. He never eats.Alfredo no baila tampoco .................................. Alfredo doesn’t dance either.
Sometimes, three negative words occur in the same sentence.
No compro nada nunca ...................................... I never buy anything.Él no compra nada tampoco .............................. He doesn’t buy anything either.
You can even have four negative words in the same sentence.
Yo no veo nunca a nadie tampoco ..................... I never see anybody either.
Unlike English, Spanish does not normally mix negative and affirmative words.
ENGLISHMaria doesn’t need anything.NOT Maria doesn’t need nothing.
SPANISHMaría no necesita nada.NOT María no necesita algo.
Alguno and ninguno drop the -o before a masculine singular noun.
¿Tienes algún libro? ........................................... No, no tengo ningún libro.
Ninguno(-a) is generally used in the singular.
¿Tienes algunas revistas? .................................... No, no tengo ninguna.¿Tienes algunos libros? ...................................... No, no tengo ninguno.
The plural of ninguno(-a) is used only when the noun it modifies exists only in plural, or isnormally used in plural.
Ningunas vacaciones a Alaska son completas sin una excursión a Mt. McKinley.No vacation to Alaska is complete without a trip to Mt. McKinley.
In this example “ningunas” is used because “vacaciones” is normally used in plural form.
C o p y r i g h t © 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 5 S p a n i s h L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e s —
A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d .
T h i s p a g e m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d f o r n o n - p r o fi t e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , p r o v i d e d i t i s r e p r o d u c e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y .
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Weather ExpressionsRemember, an idiom is an expression that cannot be immediately understood by analyzingits literal meaning. A few examples of idioms in English are:
to “drive someone crazy”
to “lose it”to be “raining cats and dogs”
Spanish also has many idiomatic expressions. Although their literal translations sound oddto English speakers, they sound perfectly natural to native speakers. Here is one example:
Idiom .......................Hace mucho frío
Literally .................... It makes much coldTrue Meaning ........... It is very cold
In Spanish, there are a number of idiomatic expressions that employ the verb hacer (literalmeaning: to do or to make), and are used to describe the weather.
¿Qué tiempo hace? ... What’s the weather like?
Hace frío .................. It’s cold.Hace calor ................ It’s hot.Hace viento .............. It’s windy.Hace sol ................... It’s sunny.Hace buen tiempo .... The weather is good.Hace mal tiempo ...... The weather is bad.
Hace fresco .............. It’s brisk.
Like the idioms that use tener, these idioms also contain a noun.
el fríoel calorel viento
el solel tiempo
Because the idioms use nouns, they are modified by adjectives, not adverbs.
Hace mucho frío ...... It’s very cold.
There are also weather expressions that use the verb hay:
Hay niebla .......................................................... It’s foggy.Hay neblina ........................................................ It’s misty.Hay sol ............................................................... The sun is shining.
Hay luna ............................................................ The moon is out.Hay relámpagos ................................................. It’s lightning.
Hay humedad .................................................... It’s humid.Hay nubes .......................................................... It’s cloudy.Hay lluvias torrenciales ....................................... It’s pouring.Hay un vendaval ................................................. There’s a windstorm.Hay granizo ........................................................ It’s hailing.Hay lloviznas ...................................................... It’s sprinkling.
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Other weather expressions use the verb estar along with an adjective:
Está oscuro .............. It’s dark.Está nublado ............ It’s cloudy.Está lluvioso ............. It’s raining.
Other weather expressions simply use a single verb:
Llueve.
It is raining. or It rains.From the verb llover (to rain)
Nieva.It is snowing. or It snows.From the verb nevar (to snow)
Truena.It is thundering. or It thunders.From the verb tronar (to thunder)
Llovizna.It is drizzling. or It drizzles.From the verb lloviznar (to drizzle)
Here are some common ways to ask about the weather:
¿Qué tiempo hace?¿Qué clima hace?
¿Cómo está el clima en . . .?¿Cómo está el tiempo?¿Cómo está el clima hoy?
The first practice exercise and test will cover ten of the most common and useful of theseexpressions:
¿Qué tiempo hace?Hace frío.Hace calor.Hace viento.Hay niebla.Hay granizo.
Hay relámpagos.Llovizna.Nieva.
Llueve.
Practice exercises 2–4 and test 2 will cover all of the expressions in this lesson.
C o p y r i g h t © 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 5 S p a n i s h L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e s —
A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d .
T h i s p a g e m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d f o r n o n - p r o fi t e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , p r o v i d e d i t i s r e p r o d u c e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y .
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Direct Object Pronouns: Part IThe object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.
Bill hit the ball.“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”
Sherry reads the book.
“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
The direct object can also be a person.
Sherry hit Bill. (DO=Bill)
The direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?” with regard to what thesubject of the sentence is doing.
Bill hit the ball.Bill hit what?Bill hit the ball.
Sherry hit Bill.Sherry hit whom?Sherry hit Bill.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1:
Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2:
Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediatelybefore the conjugated verb.
Tengo = I haveTengo la pluma. = I have the pen.La tengo. = I have it.
The pronoun (la) comes immediately before the verb (tengo).
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Notice that if the subject of the sentence changes, this does not affect the direct objectpronoun.
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.
and
María la tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene la pluma. = Mary has the pen.María la tiene. = Mary has it.
However, if the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculinepronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
Juan la tiene.Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural
pronoun must be used.Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene = John hasJuan tiene el libro. = John has the book.Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
María los tiene.María tiene = Mary hasMaría tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.
María los tiene. = Mary has them.
Look at how Spanish and English are different.
“Lo tengo” and “La tengo” BOTH mean “I have it.”
Differences: 1 ..“It” has two forms in Spanish: lo, la2 “Tengo” one word in Spanish = two words in English (I have)3 The word order is different. In Spanish, the pronoun (lo, la) comes before the
verb; in English, the pronoun (it) comes after the verb. C o p y r i g h t © 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 5 S p a n i s h L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e s —
A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d .
T h i s p a g e m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d f o r n o n - p r o fi t e d u c a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s , p r o v i d e d i t i s r e p r o d u c e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y .
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When you try to translate literally from English to Spanish, sometimes it works very well:
John eats the soup.
John = JuanJohn eats = Juan comeJohn eats the = Juan come laJohn eats the soup = Juan come la sopa.
Other times, direct translation doesn’t work so well:
I eat the soup.
I = Yo
I eat = Yo comoI eat the = Yo como laI eat the soup = Yo como la sopa.
Because “como” means “I eat,” the word “yo” is redundant. A better translation might be:
I eat the soup. = Como la sopa.
Sometimes, when you try to translate literally, you run into much bigger problems:
I eat it. (the soup - la sopa)I = YoI eat = Yo comoI eat it. = Yo como la.
This is completely incorrect!
The correct translation would be:
I eat it. (the soup) = La como.
As you can see, directly translating sentences with direct object pronouns doesn’t work,
so . . . don’t do it! There is a better, easier way.
Learn to translate groups of words, rather than individual words. The first step is to learnto view two Spanish words as a single phrase.
Try to think of each line as a single phrase, not two separate words:
la como
lo como
la leolo leo
la veolo veo
la tengolo tengo
la comprolo compro
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Read each line again. Before you do, glance at the translation beneath it. Then, read eachline thinking of it as a phrase that has the same meaning as the English phrase below it.
la comoI eat it (feminine DO - la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo comoI eat it (masculine DO - el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leoI read it
lo leoI read it
la veoI see it
lo veo
I see it
la tengoI have it
lo tengoI have it
la