01 intro toxicology

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL

TOXICOLOGY

MK Toksikologi Industri

2014

HAZARDOUS WASTE START DATE:______________

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CONTENTS:________________

HANDLE WITH CARE

History of Industrial Toxicology

Ca 400 BC Hippocrates

in ancient Greece first

noted illness in mercury

sulphide workers

Ca 1540 Paracelsus

(1493-1541) in Austria

described lung diseases

in mineworkers

Ca 1556 Agricola

1700 Ramazzini, the father of industrial medicine,

and Professor of Medicine in Padua, wrote De

Morbis Artificum Diatriba, the first formal study of

industrial diseases.

It was he who added an addition to Hippocrates list of

questions to patients when taking a history, namely

what is your occupation?


The Industrial revolution from the late 1700s through to the late

1800s led to increased urbanisation and industrialisation. Picture

of Manchester UK


1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal impregnated mask

to control exposure to gases and vapours

1889 - Exposure limits are set for humidity and carbon

dioxide in cotton mills in the UK


1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide by

exposing rats mice and even himself to varying concentrations within an

exposure chamber.

He used these results to develop dose v time plots for severity and discomfort of health effects.

He introduces the use of small animals and in particular Canaries

as the first way of monitoring to give

an indication of the levels of toxic

gas.


1910 Alice Hamilton works in the US as

the first Industrial toxicologist

pioneering the field of toxicology and

occupational hygiene.

1917 - During the first world war, the

urgency of the work in munitions

factories led to poor working conditions.

The work of the Health of Munitions

Workers Committee laid the ground for

many subsequent practices in

ergonomics, psychology, welfare, and

shift-work regime


ALL THINGS ARE POISONS, OR THERE IS NONE WHICH IS NOT A

POISON. THE RIGHT DOSE

DIFFERENCIATES A POISON FROM

A REMEDY.

PARACELSUS (1493 - 1541)

(Continued)

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

TOXIN -

TOXICITY -

(Continued)

Any of a group of poisonous, usually

unstable compounds generated by

microorganisms, plants or animals.

Certain toxins are produced by specific

pathogenic microorganisms and are the

causative agents in various diseases,

such as tetanus, diphtheria, etc.

The effect a specific quantity or dosage of

a specific toxin has on a living

microorganism. This is not an absolute!

INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY

The Type of Substance.

The Amount (Dose) Absorbed.

The Period of Time Over Which It Is Absorbed.

The Susceptibility/Sensitivity of the Person Exposed.

EVERYTHING IS TOXIC;

IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DOSE

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY (Continued)

How Well the Body Accepts a Substance Depends on:

TOXICANT CLASSIFICATION

Hepatotoxicant cause damage to the liver

Nephrotoxicant damage to kidney

Neurotoxicant damage to the nervous system

Immunotoxicant damage to the immune system

Hematotoxicant damage to the circulatory system

Dermatotoxicant damage to the skin

Pulmonotoxicant damage to the lung

Carcinogens agents that increase cancer risk

FOUR PRIMARY ROUTES

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION


Breathing and smoking causes

us to inhale substances which

enter the lungs. Substance

inhaled into the lungs are

readily absorbed into the blood

stream.

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF TOXICOLOGY

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION

(Continued)

INHALATION

Swallowing a substance causes

penetration into the blood

stream via the stomach and

small intestine.


INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION

(Continued)

INGESTION

FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE

We Could Potentially Eat Toxic Food

BARLEY GROUND CONTAMINATION

START


Entering the body through the

skin causes substances to enter

the blood stream at a slower rate

than by inhalation or absorption.

However, the resulting entry and

distribution within the body is

the same.


INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION

(Continued)

ABSORPTION

Injection occurs when substances

are forced through this skin. This

can occur as a result of such

means as compressed air, or by

having the skin abraded by a

penetrating object.


INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION

(Continued)

INJECTION

EXPOSURE LIMITS

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

American Conference of Gov. Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

SOURCES INCLUDE:

(Continued)


EXPOSURE LIMITS

American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists:

Threshold Limit Values (TLV). (Respiratory)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI). (Dermal)

8 Hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA).

- How Much a Worker Can Be Exposed to in an 8 Hr. Shift.

Published by ACGIH Annually, Provides Exposure Levels.

Legally Enforceable.


EXPOSURE LIMITS

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

Found in 29 CFR 1910.1000 (The Z Tables)

Establishes OSHAs Exposure Levels

Legally Enforceable


EXPOSURE LIMITS

National Institute for Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH):


Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)

Used to Develop New OSHA Standards

Found in: NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational

Health Standards

(Continued)

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from

which one could escape within 30 minutes without

experiencing any escape-impairing symptoms or any

irreversible adverse health effects.

IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a

given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for

determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed

when entering the area.

TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of

chemical exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.

TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average:

The time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-

hour workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all

workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.

Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an

absolute.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE

TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure

Limit: A 15 minute time-weighted average exposure that

should not be exceeded at any time during the work day.

TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration

that should not ever be exceeded, even instantaneously.

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (Continued)

RATE OF ENTRY

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL

STATE OF HEALTH

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE LEVELS

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY

FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXIC ACTION

(Continued)

RATE OF ENTRY An IV Injection Can Be Administered Instantaneously

Whereas, a Dose Absorbed

Through the Skin May Take

Several Minutes to an Hour to

Absorb Into the Bloodstream.

The Body Can Sometimes

Defend Itself Against Dosages

Where The Rate of Entry is Slow.


(Continued)

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE A Dose Absorbed Through the Skin Will Be Deposited in the

Blood Much Slower Than a

Dose Inhaled Through the

Lungs and Transferred Directly

Into the Blood. Four Routes:

INHALATION

INGESTION

ABSORPTION

INJECTION


(Continued)

AGE OF INDIVIDUAL Older Persons Are Often More Sensitive to Toxic Action

Than Are Younger Adults.

With Aging Comes a

Diminished Reserve Capacity

in the Face of Toxic Stress.


(Continued)

STATE OF HEALTH Pre-Existing Disease or Other Medical Conditions Can Result

in Greater Sensitivity to Toxic

Agents. An Individual With a

Pre-Existing Sensitivity to a

Known Material Should Not Be

Placed in a Work Environment

That Might Compound the

Condition.


(Continued)

PREVIOUS EXPOSURE Previous Exposure to Work Place Chemicals or Vapors

Can Sometimes Result in

Cumulative Effects Within

the Body. In Addition,

Some People Can Develop

a Sensitivity to These

Materials Over Time.

INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE

HISTORY


(Continued)

WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTAL

FACTORS In Industries Such As

Smelting or Steel Making,

High Temperatures Are

Encountered. As Well As

Air Contaminants That

Must Be Controlled. CAUTION ENSURE

EXHAUST VENTILATION IS OPERATING


(Continued)

INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY,

HEREDITY, AND GENDER

Males and Females may

respond differently to the

Same Material. Hereditary

Factors Also Can Be of

Importance. Genetic Defects

May Render Certain

Individuals More Sensitive to

a Given Material.


EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY

Acute Exposure:

Usually Minutes, Hours or Several Days.

Chronic Exposure:

Regular Exposure Over Months, Years, or a Lifetime.

The Toxicity of the Chemical or Material Combined With

the Susceptibility of the Individual Determines Whether

the Exposure Is Acute or Chronic.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY (Continued)

Latent Exposure: An injury or disease that remains undeveloped until an incubation

period has elapsed. The period of time

could be hours, days, months or years.


the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

Irritant: A chemical substance that injures the tissues of the respiratory system and

lungs, thereby causing inflammation of the

respiratory passages.


the Susceptibility of the Individual Is a Key Factor.

EXPOSURE TERMINOLOGY (Continued)

FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE

The Amount Entering the Body. The Length of Time of Exposure. The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood. The Physical Nature of the Chemical. The Chemical Nature of the Chemical. The Age of the Individual. The Health of the Individual.

MEASUREMENT OF TOXICITY

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm PARTS PER BILLION - ppb PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt LETHAL DOSE - LD50 LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH

PARTS PER MILLION - ppm

ONE PART IN ONE MILLION PARTS

(Continued)


PARTS PER BILLION - ppb

ONE PART IN ONE BILLION PARTS

(Continued)


PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt

ONE PART IN ONE TRILLION PARTS

(Continued)


01 intro toxicology

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