01. introduction to c++
TRANSCRIPT
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Haresh Jaiswal
Rising Technologies, Jalna.
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Agenda Introduction
Input/Output
Manipulators
Reference Variables
C++ Data Types
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Origin of C++ C++ began as an expanded version of C.
The C++ extensions were first invented by BjarneStroustrup in 1979 at Bell Laboratories.
Initially called the new language "C with Classes”
Later in 1983 the name was changed to “C++”
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Origin of C++ Over the years, computer programs have become larger
and more complex.
Even though C is an excellent programming language, ithas its limits. In C, once a program exceeds from 25,000to 100,000 lines of code, it becomes so complex that it isdifficult to grasp as a totality.
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Origin of C++ Although C was one of the most liked and widely used
professional programming languages in the world, theinvention of C++ was necessitated by one majorprogramming factor: increasing complexity.
The essence of C++ is to allow the programmer tomanage larger, more complex programs.
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Input/Output in C++ The most common way in which a program
communicates with the outside world is through simple,character oriented Input/Output (IO) operations.
C++ provides two useful operators for this purpose:
>> for input and
<< for output.
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Input/Output in C++ Every C++ Program must include the header ‘iostream.h’
It contains declarations for the stream objects
cout & cin
stream insertion & stream extraction operators.
<< (Stream insertion)
>> (Stream Extraction)
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Input/Output in C++ An Example of console output using cout & << operator
cout << “Hello”;
Causes the string in quotation mark to be displayed onthe screen/console.
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Input/Output in C++
cout << “Hello…”
VariableInsertion operator
Object
Hello…
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Input/Output in C++ An Example of console input using cin & >> operator.
cin >> myVariable;
Will receive input from keyboard and store it inmyVariable
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Input/Output in C++
cin >> 45.6
Object
Extraction Operator
myVariable
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Manipulators Manipulators are operators that are used to format the
output data display. The most commonly usedmanipulators are…
endl
setw
setprecision
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Manipulators The endl manipulator, when used in an output statement,
causes a line feed to be inserted. It has the same effect asusing the newline ‘\n’ in ‘C’.
cout << “Rising Technologies” << endl;
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Manipulatorsint a = 2314, b = 28, c = 327;
cout << “A = ” << a << endl;
cout << “B = “ << b << endl;
cout << “C = “ << c << endl;
Above code will print 3 lines of output as follows
A = 2314
B = 28
C = 327
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ManipulatorsA = 2314
B = 28
C = 327
But above form is not ideal, it should rather appear likethis,
A = 2314
B = 28
C = 327
Here output is right aligned.
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ManipulatorsA = 2314
B = 28
C = 327
Above form of output is possible only if we specify acommon field width for all the numbers and force themto print right aligned.
setw manipulator can do this job.
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Manipulators
int myVariable = 372;
cout << setw(5) << myVariable;
The manipulator setw(5) specifies a field width 5 forprinting the value of myVariable, this value is rightjustified within the field.
3 7 2
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Manipulators
setprecision(argument);
The setprecision manipulator sets the floating-pointprecision to the specified argument.
float myVariable = 1.123456;
cout << setprecision(2) << myVariable;
Will print following output
1.12
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Reference Variable. A ‘Reference Variable’ provides an Alias (Alternate Name)
for a previously defined variable.
int a = 10;
int &r = a;
// in above statement „r‟ is declared as
reference to „a‟, hence
r++;
Will increase both ‘a’ & ‘r’ by 1
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Reference Variable.
int &r = a;
After this declaration ‘a’ and ‘r’ both refer to the samememory location, as if they were the same variable.
int a = 10;
10
Variable in memory
int &r = a;
One location two names
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Reference Variable. Notice that a reference does not create a copy of an
object/variable, it simply provides an alias/alternatename for it, Hence after following declaration…
int &r = a;
Both ‘a’ and ‘r’ will refer to same memory location.
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Reference Variable. A Reference must be initialized when it is declared, it
must be an alias for something upon declaration.
It would be illegal to declare a reference variable andthen initialize it later.
int a;
int &r; // illegal : reference without initializer
r = a;
int a;
int &r = a; // legal
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C++ Data Types
Derived Types
ArrayFunctionPointerReference
User defined Types
StructureUnionClassEnumeration
Built In Types
Empty Type Floating TypesIntegral Types
Int char float double
C++ Data Types
void