01 - introduction to wireless communication
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as • Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques • Wireless networking issues & constraints • Wireless internetworking devicesTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Wireless Communication
CS5440 Wireless Access Networks
Dilum Bandara
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Outlines Elements of a wireless system
Transmitter Frequency spectrum Modulation Antenna
Medium Propagation Attenuation
Receiver Antenna Demodulation
Issues & constraints
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Wireless Communication Transfer of data between 2+ points that aren’t
connected by an electrical conductor Typically use electromagnetic waves
Why wireless? Running cables not always possible Low footprint Rapid (re)configuration Low cost
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Wireless History Ancient systems – Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons, etc. Radio invented in 1880s by Marconi Many sophisticated military radio systems developed
during & after WW2 Exponential growth in Cellular systems since 1988
Ignited wireless revolution Voice, data, & multimedia ubiquitous 6.8 billion subscribers worldwide as of Feb. 2013 (source ITU) Use in 3rd-world countries growing rapidly
3.5 billion subscribers in Asia Pacific in 2013
Wi-Fi enjoying tremendous success & growth Wide area networks (e.g., WiMax) & short-range systems other
than Bluetooth (e.g., UWB) less successful
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Future Wireless Networks
Next-generation CellularWireless Internet AccessWireless MultimediaSensor Networks Smart Homes/SpacesAutomated HighwaysIn-Body NetworksIoT
Ubiquitous communication among People & Devices
Source: Andrea Goldsmith, “Cross Layer Design in Wireless Networks”, Stanford University
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Wireless Services Telemetry control & traffic control systems Infrared & ultrasonic remote control devices Professional LMR (Land Mobile Radio) & SMR (Specialized
Mobile Radio) Used by business, industrial & public safety entities
Consumer 2-way radio Airband & radio navigation equipment Amateur Radio Service (Ham radio) Cellular telephones & pagers Global Positioning System (GPS) Cordless computer peripherals Cordless phones Satellite television
Source: www.access.kth.se
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Medium
Elements of a Wireless System
Transmitter
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
Receiver n
Source: www.mikroe.com/old/books/rrbook/chapter2/chapter2.htm
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Transmitter
Elements depend on transmission technology Frequency & wavelength, c = f λ Modulation Antenna
AM Transmitter
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Exercise Wavelength of an electromagnetic wave travelling
in space is 60 cm. What is its frequency? Assume speed of light is 3×108 m/s
a) 500 MHz
b) 3 GHz
c) 5 GHz
d) 15 GHz
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Frequency Spectrum Range of available frequencies To avoid interference, various wireless
technologies use distinct frequency bands Signal power is well controlled Assigned by regulatory agencies
e.g., FCC, ITU, TRC
Source: www.cosmosportal.org
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Government license not requiredIndustrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) band
VLF – very low frequencyLF – low frequencyMF – medium frequencyHF – high frequencyVHF – very high frequencyUHF – ultra-high frequencySHF – super-high frequencyEHF – extremely high frequency
Source: P. Zheng et al., Wireless Networking Complete
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Key Frequency Bands AM – 520 - 1650.5 KHz FM – 87.5 - 108 MHz Direct broadcast satellite – 10.9 - 12.75 GHz Global System for Mobile (GSM)
890 - 960 MHz & 1710 - 1880 MHz Referred as 900 & 1800 bands
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 900 & 1800 bands
3G wideband CDMA (UMTS) 1900 - 1980, 2020 - 2025, & 2110 - 2190 MHz bands
Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) 902 - 928 MHz, 2400 - 2483 MHz, 5.15 - 5.725 GHz ISM band – 2.4 GHz in US
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Key Frequency Bands (Cont.) Bluetooth – 2.402 - 2.480 GHz in US WiMax – 2 - 11 GHz (includes both licensed &
unlicensed) Ultra-wideband (UWB) – 1.1 - 10.6 GHz Radio-frequency IDentification (RFID)
LF (120 – 140 KHz), HF (13.56 MHz), UHF (868 – 956 MHz), & Microwave (2.4 GHz)
IrDA – 100 GHz Wireless sensors
300 - 1000 MHz & 2.4 GHz ISM band Global Positioning System (GPS)
1575.42 MHz (referred to as L1) & 1227.60 MHz (L2)
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Antenna Converts signal to electromagnetic waves Size must be consistent with wavelength Types
Directional Satellite communication
Omnidirectional Cell phones, car radios
MIMO Wireless routers
Source: www.flann.com
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Antenna Gain How well an antenna converts input power into
radio waves headed in a specified direction Depends on antenna's directivity & electrical
efficiency Gain
Ratio of power produced by antenna to power produced by a hypothetical lossless isotropic antenna
Unitless Usually expressed in decibels (dB) Directional high gain Omnidirectional low gain
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Attenuation Reduction in signal strength with distance,
propagation medium, & atmospheric conditions Typically high for high frequencies Friis free-space equation
PR, PT – Power at receiver (in Watts or Milliwatts)
GT, GR – gain of antenna λ – wavelength (in meters) d – distance (in meters)
22
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Example Transmission frequency is 881.52 MHz & antenna gains
are 8 dB & 0 dB for base station & mobile station What is the signal attenuation at a distance of 1,500 m?
c = 299 792 458 m/s
Solution c = f λ λ = 299 792 458/881.52×106 = 0.34 m 8 dB = 100.8 = 6.3 0 dB = 100 = 1 Loss = PT – PR
Loss = 86.89 dB
8
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Attenuation (Cont.) Based on empirical evidence, more reasonable to
model PR as a log-distance path-loss model
np – path loss exponent
Xσ – zero-mean Gaussian random variable with STD σ All power values are in dBm
)/log(10)()( 000 ddndPdP pR
Source: S. Rao, “Estimating the ZigBee transmission-range ISM band,” EDN, May 2007.
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Complex Attenuation When signal encounters obstacles High-frequency signals experience
1. Absorption
2. Shadowing When object >> λ
3. Reflection When object >> λ
4. Refraction
5. Diffraction
6. Scattering When object ≤ λ
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Complex Attenuation (Cont.)
Source: http://computer-help-tips.blogspot.com/2011/04/radio-frequency-behaviors.html
Absorption
Source: http://elmag.org/en/propagation-modeling-of-shadowing-by-vegetation-for-mobile-satcom-%26-satnav-systems
Shadowing
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Complex Attenuation (Cont.)
ReflectionSource: http://wireless.navigator.co.uk/radio_link.htm
Refraction
Source: http://computer-help-tips.blogspot.com/2011/04/radio-frequency-behaviors.html
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Complex Attenuation (Cont.)
Scattering
Diffraction
Source: http://newhorizons.bg/blog/2010/12/wireless-101-terminology-part-2-implementing-cisco-unified-wireless-networking-essentials-iuwne/
Source: http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/qsl-propa.htm
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Example – Attenuation Experienced by Mobile Phones
Source: www.intechopen.com/books/matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-2/mobile-radio-propagation-prediction-for-two-different-districts-in-mosul-city
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Exercise Reflection of wireless signals occurs when
a) wavelength is constant
b) object size << wavelength
c) object size ≈ wavelength
d) object size >> wavelength
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Noise Disturbances introduced to wireless signals
Source: www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/video/ps8806/ps5684/ps2209/prod_white_paper0900aecd805738f5.html
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Noise (Cont.) Sources
Thermal (white) noise From electronic circuit PThermal = KTB K – Boltzmann constant, T - Ambient temperature, B - receiver BW
Intermodulation noise When 2 frequencies of signals are transmitted over same medium
2 signals at 270 & 275 MHzSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation
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Noise (Cont.) Crosstalk between channels Impulse noise
Due to instantaneous electromagnetic changes
Source: http://volpefirm.com/impact-of-impulse-noise-on-adaptive-pre-equalization-part-ii/impulse-noise/
Source: www.chalmers.se/en/departments/s2/research/ Pages/Hardware-constrained-communication.aspx
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio To cope with noise, transmitted signal > noise
High Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Or use spread spectrum technology Embed signal over wide range of frequencies with low power
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Example PT = 10 W, free space loss 117 dB, antenna gains 8 dB &
0 dB, total system losses 8 dB, receiver antenna temperature 290 K, & receiver bandwidth 1.25 MHz
Find PR
Find thermal noise, K = 1.38×10-23 W/Kelvin-Hz Find SNR at receiver Solution
PR = -107 dBW
PThermal = KTB = 1.38×10-23 × 290 × 1.25×106 = -143 dBW SNR = -107 + 143 = 36 dB
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Multipath Propagation Receive same signal through different paths
Different arrival times Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
Different levels of attenuation Different levels of distortion
Source: http://www.ni.com/white-paper/6427/en/
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Signal Propagation Amplitude domain
Amplitude change with time
Frequency domain Frequency change
with time Phase domain
Phase change with time
Frequency & phase modulation require high-frequency carriers
Source: www.ni.com/white-paper/4805/en
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AM & FM
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
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Phase Modulation
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Phase Modulation (Cont.) Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
Binary ASK 1 – By presence of a signal 0 – No signal
Pros Bandwidth efficient Simple to implement
Cons Low power efficiency Susceptible to noise & multipath propagation Unclear absence of a signal vs. binary 0
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Phase Modulation (Cont.) Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
Binary FSK 1 – High frequency 0 – Low frequency
Pros Better SNR Simple decoding Long distance
Cons Slightly less bandwidth efficient than ASK & PSK More complicated circuitry than ASK
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Phase Modulation (Cont.) Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Encode based on phase of carrier wave Binary PSK
1 – 180o
0 – 0o
Quadrature PSK 0o, 90o, 180o, 270o
Pros Power efficient
Cons Low-bandwidth efficiency More complicated circuitry than FSK
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Phase Modulation (Cont.) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Combines ASK & PSK Widely used
Source: www.physics.udel.edu/~watson/scen103/projects/96s/thosguys/qam.html
Source: www.scicos.org/ScicosModNum/modnum_web/src/modnum_421/interf/scicos/help/eng/htm/MODQAM_f.htm
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Multiplexing Transmitting multiple signals simultaneously
Maximize capacity Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Multiple channels occupy same frequency in alternating slices
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Use different carrier frequencies
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) Same frequency & same time but different codes Code – like Tx & Rx speak different languages
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Multiplexing (Cont.)
Source: http://m.ztopics.com/Time%20division%20multiple%20access/
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CDMA
Source: http://electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-sdma
Source: www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.htm
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Exercise Which of the following multiplexing technique
allow signals to use different frequencies at the same time?a) Amplitude Division Multiplexing
b) Frequency Division Multiplexing
c) Code Division Multiplexing
d) Time Division Multiplexing
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Narrowband Transmission
Pros Efficient use of frequency
Cons Require regulation Easier to intercept & jam
Source: www.tapr.org
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Spread Spectrum
Spread signal over a large range of frequencies Low power density (power per frequency) Signal appear as background noise
www.intercomsonline.com/Spread-Spectrum-Technology_a/162.htm
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Spread Spectrum (Cont.) Only receivers that know the spreading scheme
can reconstruct original signal Spreading scheme defined by a code
Only designated receiver knows the code Pros
Improved channel capacity Resistance against interference Security against tapping & jamming
Cons Complex circuits
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Signal With & Without Noise
Source: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888327009003756
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Types of Spread Spectrum Systems
1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
2. Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
3. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Spread signal over broader frequency band
Chipping technique to spread signal
Transmitter & receiver needs to be synchronized
Used in WiFi
Source: www.maximintegrated.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1890
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Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Hoping sequence of frequencies Only subset of the available
frequencies are used to hop Transmitter & receiver needs
to be synchronized Relatively simple to implement
than DSSS Relatively easier to recover Tx
signal than DSSS Relatively less robust to signal
distortion & multipath effects Used in Bluetooth
Source: www.maximintegrated.com/app-notes/index.mvp/id/1890
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Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Utilize orthogonal multiple subcarriers in parallel Much higher data rates Low multipath interference Used in IEEE 802.11 a/g
Source: http://wiki.hsc.com//Main/OFDM
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Challenges Wireless channels are a difficult & capacity-
limited communications medium Typically less efficient Traffic patterns, user locations, & network
conditions are constantly changing Applications are heterogeneous with hard
constraints that must be met by networks
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More Challenges
Network challenges Scarce spectrum Demanding/diverse applications Reliability Ubiquitous coverage Seamless indoor/outdoor operation
Device challenges Size, power, cost Multiple antennas in Silicon Multi-radio Integration Coexistance
Cellular
AppsProcessor
BT
MediaProcessor
GPS
WLAN
Wimax
DVB-H
FM/XM
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53Growth in mobile data, massive spectrum deficit & stagnant revenues require technical & political breakthroughs for ongoing success of cellular
Careful what you wish for…
Exponential Mobile Data
Growth
Leading to massive spectrum deficit
Source: Unstrung Pyramid Research 2010Source: FCC
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Software-Defined (SD) Radio
Wideband antennas & A/Ds span BW of desired signals DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized
HW
Cellular
AppsProcessor
BT
MediaProcessor
GPS
WLAN
Wimax
DVB-H
FM/XM A/D
A/D
DSPA/D
A/D
Is this the solution to the device challenges?
Today, this isn’t cost, size, or power efficient
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Summary Bandwidth & QoS is in demand
Many applications & services Spectrum is scare
Many elements & solutions Still not enough It’s only going to be even more interesting...