01 lecture ppt

1

DATE TUESDAY THURSDAY

1 Nov 14 Orientation

2 Nov 19-21 Chapter 1, 4 Chapter 5,6

3 Nov 26-28 Q1, Q2 Chapter 7, 8 LONG QUIZ 1

4 Dec 3 -5 Chapter 9 Chapter 10

5 Dec 9 10 12

Chapter 11 ( MONDAY) LONG QUIZ 2 (TUESDAY)

Chapter 12

6 Dec 17-19 ON LEAVE (TUESDAY) XMAS BREAK

7 Jan 7-9 Chapter 13.1 Chapter 13.2

8 Jan 14 -16 MIDTERMS Chapter 14

9 Jan 21-23 Chapter 19 Chapter 20

10 Jan 28-30 Chapter 21, 22 Chapter 24

11 Feb 4-6 Chapter 27 Chapter 28

12 Feb 11-13 Chapter 29 LONG QUIZ 3



15 Mar 4-6 Chapter 35 Chapter 36

16 Mar 11-13 Chapter 40 Chapter 41, 42

17 March 18-20 FINALS

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DATE WEDNESDAY FRIDAY

1 Nov 15 Orientation

2 Nov 20-22 Chapter 1 ,4 Q1 Chapter 5, 6

3 Nov 27-29 Q2 Chapter 7, 8 LONG QUIZ 1

4 Dec 4-6 Chapter 9 Chapter 10

5 Dec 11-13 Chapter 11 LONG QUIZ 2

6 Dec 16 18 20

Chapter 12 (MONDAY)ON LEAVE ( WEDNESDAY)

XMAS BREAK

7 Jan 8-10 Chapter 13.1 Chapter 13.2

8 Jan 15-17 MIDTERMS Chapter 14

9 Jan 22-24 Chapter 19 Chapter 20

10 Jan 29-31 Chapter 21, 22 Chapter 24


12 Feb 12-14 Chapter 29 HOLIDAY

13 Feb 19-21 LONG QUIZ 3 Chapter 31, 32


15 Mar 5-7 Chapter 35 Chapter 36

16 Mar 12-14 Chapter 40 Chapter 41, 42

17 March 19-21 FINALS

3

BiologySylvia S. Mader

Michael Windelspecht

Chapter 1 A View of Life

Lecture Outline

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into

PowerPoint without notes.

1.1 How to Define Life

• Biology is the scientific study of life.

• Living things:

are composed of the same chemical elements as nonliving things.

obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe.

4

Diversity of Life

5

Despite diversity, all living things share the same basic characteristics.

Characteristics of Life

1. Living things are organized.

• Levels of biological organization: atoms to the biosphere.

• Cell - basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

• Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it.

Each level acquires new emergent properties.

6

AtomSmallest unit of an element composed

of electrons, protons, and neutrons


oxygen

Levels of Biological Organization



MoleculeUnion of two or more atoms ofthe same or different elements


oxygen

methane




CellThe structural and functional

unit of all living things


oxygen

methane

plant cellnerve cell






TissueA group of cells with a common

structure and function


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue








OrganComposed of tissues functioning

together for a specific task


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain










Organ SystemComposed of several organs

working together


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem











working together

OrganismAn individual; complex

individuals contain organ systems


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem

treeelephant











working together



PopulationOrganisms of the same

species in a particular area


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem

treeelephant











working together





CommunityInteracting populations in a

particular area


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem

treeelephant











working together






particular area

Ecosystem A community plus

the physical environment


oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem

treeelephant


BiosphereRegions of the Earth’s crust,

waters, and atmosphereinhabited by living things

Ecosystem A community plus

the physical environment


particular area






working together







MoleculeUnion of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

AtomSmallest unit of an element

composed of electrons, protons,and neutrons

oxygen

methane

plant cell

epidermal tissue

nerve cell

nervous tissue

leavesthe brain

shootsystem

nervoussystem

treeelephant


2. Living things acquire materials and energy.

• Energy is the ability to do work.

Energy is required to maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions.

• Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth.

• Photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates.

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Acquiring Nutrients and Energy

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food


f.

e.

d.

c.b.

a.

a: © John Warden/Purestock/SuperStock RF; b:© Photodisc Blue/Getty RF; c: © Charles Bush Photography; d : © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo


3. Living things maintain homeostasis.

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.

Ability to maintain a state of biological balance

Feedback systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments.

20

4. Living things respond to stimuli.

• Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment.

The ability to respond often produces movement.

Characteristics of Life5. Living things reproduce and develop.

• Living organisms reproduce to maintain a population.

• Manner of reproduction varies among different organisms.

• During reproduction passage on copies of genetic information (genes) to the next generation.

Genes determine the characteristics of an organism.

Genes are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).22


6. Living things have adaptations.

• An adaptation is any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment.

• The diversity of life exists because over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations.

• Evolution is the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment.

23

1.2 Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology

• The theory of evolution:

* explains the diversity and unity of life.

suggests how all living things descended from a common ancestor.

Common descent with modification

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Evolutionary Tree of Life

25

An evolutionary tree is like a family tree. An evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor.

commonancestor(first cells)



BACTERIA

ARCHAEA



BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

cell with nucleus

EUKARYA



BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

Protists

cell with nucleus

EUKARYA



BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

cell with nucleus

EUKARYA



BACTERIA

ARCHAEA

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

PresentTime

Past

cell with nucleus

EUKARYA


Organizing Diversity

• Taxonomy - branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms.

• Systematics - study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

• Classification categories From least inclusive category (species) to most

inclusive category (domain)Species > genus > family > order > class > phylum > kingdom > domain

32

Levels of Classification

Domains• Domain Archaea

Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments

• Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

• Domain Bacteria

Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments

• Domain Eukarya

Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

• Eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus.34

Domain Archaea

35

Methanosarcina mazei, an archaean 1.6m

• Prokaryotic cells of various shapes• Adaptations to extreme environments• Absorb or chemosynthesize food• Unique chemical characteristics


© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

Domain Bacteria

36


• Prokaryotic cells of various shapes• Adaptations to all environments• Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food• Unique chemical characteristics

Escherichia coli, a bacterium 1.5 m

© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Fig. 1.8


Domain Eukarya: Protists

• Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds

• Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular)

• Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food

Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan

1 µm

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi

• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms

• Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells

• Absorb food

Amanita, a mushroom

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae

• Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

• Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia

• Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals• Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells

• Ingest foodVulpes, a red fox

• Photosynthe size food

a: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Pat Pendarvis; c: © Tinke Hamming/Ingram Publishing RF; d: © Corbis RF

Domain Eukarya

Kingdoms

• Domain Archaea – kingdom designations undetermined

• Domain Bacteria - kingdom designations undetermined

• Domain Eukarya

Protists (composed of several kingdoms)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

38

Scientific Names

•Universal

•Latin-based

•Binomial nomenclature Two-part name

First word is the genus - Always capitalized Second word is the species - Written in lowercase

Both words are italicized.

Examples: Homo sapiens (humans), Zea mays (corn)

39

40

Natural Selection

• Evolutionary mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin

• Selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation.

Favorable traits produce the greater number of offspring that survive and reproduce.

Increases the frequency of those traits in population

• Mutations fuel natural selection. Introduce variations among members of a population


Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.

Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants withhairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.

Generations later, most plants within the population have hairyleaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

1.3 How the Biosphere Is Organized

• Biosphere is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist.

• Population is all the members of a species within an area.

• Community is a collection of interacting populations within the same environment.

• Ecosystem is community plus its physical environment.

42

Ecosystems• Characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow.

Chemicals are not used up when organisms die.

• Chemicals move from one population to another in a food chain.

• As a result of death and decomposition, chemicals are returned to living plants.

Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another.

• Therefore, there must be a constant input of solar energy.

43


WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,AND DECOMPOSITION

heat

heat

heat

heat

heat

solarenergy

Chemical cycling

Energy flow

heat

Chemicals Cycle and Energy Flows

The Human Population

• Human population negative effects on Ecosystems:

- Destruction of forest or grassland for agriculture, industry

- Destruction of coastal wetlands by waste and pollutants

• Humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for: Food

Medicines

Raw materials

45

The Effect of Human Activities on Coral Reefs

46

1975 Minimal coral death

b.

a. Healthy coral reef

1985 Some coral death With no fish present

1995 Coral bleaching with limited chance of recovery

2004 Coral is black from sedimentation; bleaching still evident


a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

Biodiversity• Biodiversity - total number and relative

abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live.

• Extinction - the death of the last member of a species or larger classification category.

Note: Estimates of 400 species/day lost due to human activities

47

1.4 The Process of Science

• The scientific method is a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge through research. The scientific method can be divided into four

steps:

• Observation

• Hypothesis

• Experiments and Data Collection

• Conclusion

48

The Scientific Method

1. Observation

• Scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event.

2. Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what was observed.

• Developed through inductive reasoning

• Testable49

The Scientific Method3. Experiments and Data Collection

• An experiment is a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis.

Utilizes deductive reasoning to make a prediction or expected outcome

• The manner in which a scientist conducts an experiment is called the experimental design.

A good experimental design ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the experimental (independent) variable to the observation.

• The experimental variable is the factor being tested.

50


3. Experiments and Data Collection (cont’d)

• A test group is exposed to the experimental variable.

• A control group goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable.

• The data are the results of an experiment. Should be observable and objective

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4. Conclusion

• The data are analyzed and interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not.

If prediction happens, hypothesis is supported. If not, hypothesis is rejected.

• Findings are reported in scientific journals

• Peers review the findings

• Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

52

Observation

New observationsare made, and previous

data are studied.


Flow Diagram of Scientific Method

Observation


data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from various sourcesis used to formulate a

testable statement.


Observation


data are studied.

Hypothesis


testable statement.

Experiment/Observations

The hypothesis istested by experiment

or further observations.


Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

Observation


data are studied.

Hypothesis


testable statement.

Conclusion

The results are analyzed,and the hypothesis issupported or rejected.






Observation


data are studied.

Hypothesis


testable statement.

Conclusion

The results are analyzed,and the hypothesis issupported or rejected.

Scientific Theory

Many experiments andobservations support a

theory.






Scientific Theory

• Scientific Theory:

Concepts that join together two or more well-supported and related hypotheses

Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data

• Scientific Principle / Law:

Widely accepted set of theories

No serious challenges to validity

59

60

Basic Theories of Biology


= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

15

20

10

5

0year 1 year 2 year 3

= no fertilization treatment

= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha

Control Pots

Test Pots

= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Wh

ea

t B

iom

ass

(g

ram

s/p

ot)

b. Results

a. Control pots and test pots of three types

Test pots

90 kg of nitrogen/ha

Test pots

Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation

Control pots

no fertilization treatment

Test pots

45 kg of nitrogen/ha

(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack

Using the Scientific Method: Pigeon Pea/Winter Wheat Rotation Study


a. Scientist making observations

b. Normal mountain bluebird nesting behavior

c. Resident male attacking a male model near nest

residentmale

femalemate

malebluebirdmodel

d. Observation of two experimental nests provided data for graph.

1.5

2.0

1.0

0.5

0

Ap

pro

ach

es p

er M

inu

te

nestconstruction

first egglaid

hatchingof eggs

Stage of Nesting Cycle

Approaches tomale model

Approaches tofemale mate

nest 2nest 1

© Erica S. Leeds

Using the Scientific Method: A Field Study

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