01 network general
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Network GeneralProtection Application
Handbook
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Network General
Line Inductance and capacitance
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Network General Typical Values
Voltage X1 X0Level ohm/km ohm/km10 0!" 1!#"00 0! 1!$
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Network General
%ower Line
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Network General
%ropagation speed and &urge impedance
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Network General
%ropagation speed and &urge impedance
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Network General
&urge impedance load
Sur"e i#pedance loadin" $ S%&' o( a line i) t*e
po+er deli,ered b- a line to a purel- re)i)ti,e load
e.ual to it) )ur"e i#pedance/
S%& $ &' 3 , ' $ &3' 6
Po+er )-)te# en"ineer) (ind it con,enient to
e7pre)) t*e po+er tran)#itted b- a line in ter#) o(
per unit o( S%&
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Network General
&urge impedance load
At )ur"e i#pedance load t*e reacti,e po+er
produced in t*e )*unt capacitance o( t*e line
i) )a#e a) t*e reacti,e po+er con)u#ed b-t*e reactance alon" t*e line/
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Network General
&urge impedance load
Sur"e i#pedance load i) nor#all- con)idered (or
,er- lon" tran)#i))ion line) at ,er- *i"* ,olta"e)/
9or t*e)e ca)e) actual po+er )*ould not de,iatetoo #uc* (ro# )ur"e i#pedance
9or 220 k line $ Sin"le conductor' : 120 6
9or 400 k line $;uple7 conductor' : 500 6
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Network General
Trans(erred active power ) &urge impedance load
and no reactive power taken at receiving end
olta"e at recei,in" end < olta"e at )endin" end
olta"e *i"*er at t*e #iddle o( t*e line i( ,olta"e
kept e.ual at bot* end)
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Network General
Trans(erred active power * &urge impedance load
and no reactive power taken at receiving end
olta"e at recei,in" end = olta"e at )endin" end
olta"e lo+er at t*e #iddle o( t*e line i( ,olta"e
kept e.ual at bot* end)
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Network General
+epresentation o( short lines ) ,0k-
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Network General
+epresentation o( long lines ,0 . $00 k-
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Network General
ctions to reduce voltage drop
>eep )er,ice ,olta"e *i"*
;ecrea)e reacti,e po+er (lo+ in line b-
producin" reacti,e po+er %n)tall )*unt capacitor)
?educe inducti,e reactance o( line
%n)tall )erie) capacitor
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Network General
&ynchronous staility
An"ular c*an"e %( tran)(erred po+er durin" (ault i) @ero
N k G l
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&ynchronous staility 23ual area method
An"ular c*an"e %( tran)(erred po+er durin" (ault i) not @ero
N k G l
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Network General
ctions to improve staility
ore t*an one conductor per p*a)e
Serie) capacitor
S*ort (ault clearin" ti#e
Sin"le p*a)e autoreclo)in"
%ncrea)e inertia con)tant in t*e "enerator
N t k G l
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Network General
&hunt +eactor
&i#it) o,er ,olta"e)
&i#it) tran)(er o( reacti,e po+er $)uall- t*-ri)tor
controlled'
N t k G l
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Network General
Neutral reactor apaciti,e couplin" bet+een p*a)e) *elp #aintain arc
at (ault point #akin" % p* auto reclo)in" di((icult
400k tran)po)ed line
0/5 S dead ti#e up to 180 k
400k un tran)po)ed line
1 S dead ti#e up to 0 k
9or lon"er line) nece))ar- to pro,ide reactor) on bot*end) and neutral reactor
%nductance o( neutral reactor : 2B
N t k G l
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4apacitive 4oupling and &ingle.pole Tripping
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C p C p
C e C
eC
e
N t k G l
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Network General
5i6ed 5our.reactor &cheme
L R
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L p L
p L
p
L n
N t k G l