01 nigel silman 2016 - swig · 6dih gulqnlqj zdwhu lv d edvlf qhhg iru kxpdq ghyhorsphqw khdowk dqg...
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Waterborne Infectious Diseases
Prof. Nigel J SilmanPublic Health England Institute of Biosensing TechnologyPorton Down University of the West of EnglandSalisbury, SP4 0JG Bristol, BS16 1QY
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Safe drinking-water is a basic need for human development, health and well-
being, and because of this it is an internationally accepted human right
(WHO, 2001).
2 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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Some Statistics• Diarrhoeal diseases account for 3.6% of global burden of
disease, DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years)• This equates to 1.5 million deaths per annum• 88% of diarroheal diseases worldwide are linked to unsafe
water supplies• This does not include diseases where water has a
component in the infectious disease cycle• e.g. Schistosomiasis (water stage in life-cycle)• Malaria (vectors replicate in stagnant water)• Chemical intoxication• Recreationally related deaths due to drowning
3 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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• Classical Waterborne Diseases• Cholera• Typhoid Fever• Giardia• Cryptosporidium• Indicators of Faecal Contamination• E. coli• Faecal Streptococci• Respiratory Diseases• Legionella pneumphila
Diseases of Concern
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State of the Art!?• Most Probable
Number (MPN)
5 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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State of the Art!?• Membrane Filtration
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State of the Art!?• Portable Approaches
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The Public Health Problem in Gaza• >90% of water in Gaza classified as
“unsuitable for human consumption”• Increasing salinity in groundwater• Contamination with pesticides, fertilisers,
sewage, heavy metals & solid waste• HEALTH RISKS:
• Infectious disease• High nitrate content• Salinity
8 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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Different Approaches?
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Biomarkers“a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated
as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenicprocesses, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeuticintervention.”
10 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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Classes of Biomarker
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Culture / isolation • Bacterial / viral / other?
Antigen / protein • ELISA / IF / Automated / Semi-Automated
Nucleic acids• PCR / hybridisation / sequencing / Isothermal Amplification
Pathogen Signature • Volatile Metabolites
KeyBiomarker
Types
Direct Detection
Indirect Detection
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Rapid Diagnostics
12 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
CentralisedService
Point of Use
Community
Home Use
Considerations:• Rapidity / convenience• Positively affects management• Straightforward use• High PPV• Cost Effective• Throughput??
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Types of POCT Devices
13 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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Direct Detection Considerations
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Biomarker Technology Time to Result
POCT? Diagnostic Window
SensitivityIsolation of Pathogen
Culture days No Variable Med/HighAntigen Immuno-
assaymins -hours
Yes Variable LowNucleic Acids
PCR / Sequencing / NAAT
mins -hours
Maybe Variable High
Metabolites Various Mins –hours
Maybe Variable Low / Med
But, all water samples would need concentration
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Antibody / Antigen Biomarkers
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Nucleic Acids
16 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016
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Nucleic Acid Amplification
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• Relies on absolute fidelity between primer, probe & target
• PCR needs a thermocycler – not that portable!
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Volatile Organic Metabolites
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• Pathogen & host metabolites
• Host breath analysis• “Fingerprinting”
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Summary
19 Waterborne Diseases | SWIG Workshop on Biosensors | 20th July 2016