01. the fundamental unit of life

8/12/2019 01. the Fundamental Unit of Life

1/19

DAMEMJQ

Lmgtngts

Agtrmhultamg

FastmralbeBllmugt

Yrm`brymtal & Nu`brymtal lnee

Bgakbe lnee & Yebgt lnee

Lnee strulturn & Mrjbgneens

LneeHavasamg

2. AGXTMH^LXAMG 33

\tuhy mo lnee as lbeenh Lytmemjy.

Lnees brn tfn strulturbe bgh ougltamgbe ugats mo eaon.

4. FA\XMTALBE BLLM^GX 33

Tmdnrt Fmm`n (2??>) mdsnrvagj b sealn mo lmr` agwfalf fn sbw fmgny lmkd ea`n strulturn wfalf fn

lbeenh lnee.

Tuhmeo _arlfmw(26>>) stbtnh tfbt bee lnee brasn ormktfn havasamg mo prn-nxastagj lnees.

Lnee tfnmry wbs prmpmsnh dy \lfenahng bg h\lfwbgg(26


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DAMEMJQ

Mrjbgasks brn bjbag havahnh agtm omeemwagj twm kbagtypns 3

(b) Yrm`brymtns (d) Nu`brymtns

Haoonrnglns dntwnng prm`brymtal lnees bgh nu`brymtallnees brn

Yrm`brymtal Nu`brymtal

Lnees Lnees

b \azn mo lnee as jngnrbeey Ebrjn (>-299k)

skbee (2-29k)

d Gulenus Bdsngt Gulenus Yrnsngt

l Lmgtbag sagjen Lmgtbag kbgy

lfrmkmsmkn lfrmkmsmkn

h Gulenmeus as bdsngt Yrnsngt

n Knkdrbgn dmugh lnee Yr nsngt

mrjbgneens brn bdsngt

(Tadmsmkns brn prnsngt)

o Lnee havasamg tb`n pebln Lnee havasamg mllurs

oassamg mr duhhagj dy katmsas m r knamsas

(Gm katmsas)

j N x. DJB, YYEM ntl. Nx.Bkmndb,

Ybrbknlauk ntl.

Bgakbe lnees fbvn Yebgt lnees ebl`

lngtrmsmkn bgh lngtrmsmkn bgh

lngtramens lngtramens.

8. \XT^LX^TN & O^GLXAMG MO LNEEBGH

LNEE MTJBGNEEN\

(B) \trulturn mo Lnee 3

Xfn sazn, sfbpn gukdnr bgh vmeukn mo lnee vbry jrnbteybkmgj ugalneeuebr bgh kuetalneeuebr mrjbgasks.

Lnee sfbpn 3 Xfn sfbpn mo lnee kby dn vbrabden mr oaxnh. _brabden sfbpn mllur ag Bkmndb, ZDL ntl. Oaxnh sfbpn mllur ag kmst pebgt bgh bgakbes. Lnees kby dn havnrsn sfbpns sulf bs pmeyfnhrbe (6,

24 mr 28 sahns) spfnralbe (n.j. njjs mo kbagey bgakbes),

spaghen sfbpnh (\kmmtf kuslen oadrns), nemgjbtnh

(n.j. Gnrvns lnees) sm mg.

Lnee \azn 3 Xfn sazn mo haoonrngt lnees rbgjns dntwnng drmbh

eakats.

\mkn pebgts bgh bgakbes lnees brn vasaden tm tfngb`nh nyn.

Kmst lnees brn vasaden mgey watf kalrmslmpn. Xfn prm`brymtal lnees usubeey rbgjn dntwnng 2 tm 29

k.

Xfn nu`brymtal lnees usubeey rbgjn dntwnng 29 tm299

k.

Bkmndb prmtnus kby rnblf b habkntnr mo 9.> kk. Xf n skb ee nst l ne es b rn t fm sn m o Kylmpebskb

ebahebwaae (9.2 ag habkntnr) mr YYEM (penurb

pgnukmgab ea`n mrjbgask).

Xfn ebrjnst lnee as njj mo bg Mstralf. Lnee Gukdnr 3 Xfn gukdnr mo lnee ag eavagj mrjbgasks besm vbrans

jrnbtey.

Ag ugalneeuebr mrjbgasks, b sagjen lnee mllur ats dmhynj. Lfebkyhmkmgbs, Lfemrneeb, Bkmndb.

Ag fukbg dmhy, tfn nstakbtnh gukdnr mo lnee as 299traeeamg (2928)


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DAMEMJQ

(D) Lmkpmgngt mo lnee 3

Kbcmr lmkpmgngts brn -B eavagj pbrt mo lnee Gmg eavagj pbrt mo lnee

b. Yebskb knkdrbgn b. Lnee wbee

d. Lytmpebsk d. _blumens

(a) N.T. l. Lnee agleusamgs

(aa) Katmlfmghrab

(aaa) Jmeja bppbrbtus

(av) Tadmsmkns(v) Eysmsmkns

(va) Lngtramens

(bgakbes mgey)

(vaa) Yebstahs

(pebgts mgey)

8.2 Yebskb Knkdrbgn bgh Lnee Zbee 3

(B) Yebskb Knkdrbgn 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Lnee surobln ag bee tfn lnees as nglemsnh dy b eavagjknkdrbgn wfalf as lbeenh lnee knkdrbgn dy

L. Gbjnea bgh L. @rbknr (26>>).

F astmra lbe Bllmugt 3

C .R . Y em wn r (2 1


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DAMEMJQ

Eapahdaebynr

Agtnjrbe(trbgs knkdrbgn)

prmtnags

Ynrapfnrbe prmtnag

Jeylmprmtnag

Nxtrblneeuebr oeuah

Ynrapfnrbe prmtnag

Yfmspfmeapahs 3

Ymebr fnbh (fyhrmpfaeal)

Obtty blah tbaes(fyhrmpfmdal)

Ymebr fnbh (fyphrmpfaeal)

Agtnjrbe prmtnag

OE AHKM\BALKMHNEMO YEB\KBKNKTBGN

Hnoagatamg mo Haoousamg 3 Xfn tnghngly mo kmenluens mr amgs mo eaquahs, jbsns

b gh sm ea h s t m k mv n ormk rn ja m gs m o f aj f nr

lmglngtrbtamgs tm emwnr lmglngtrbtamg hun tm tfnar

rbghmk-kmtamg, ugtae tfny brn nvngey hastradutnh

tfrmujfmut tfn bvbaebden spbln as lbeenh haoousamg.

Hnoagatamg mo Mskmsas 3 At kby dn hnoagnh bs b spnlabe typn mo haoousamg tfbt

mllurs ag b eaquah knhauk tfrmujf b snkapnrknbdenknkdrbgn. Ag tfas prmlnss tfn kmvnkngt mo

kmenluens mo b smevngt (mr wbtnr), ormk tfn rnjamg mo

fajfnr lmglngtrbtamg mo wbtnr (a.n. haeutn smeutamg) tm

tfn rnjamg mo emwnr lmglngtrbtamg mo wbtnr (a.n.

strmgjnr smeutamg) tb`ns pebln taee tfn lmglngtrbtamg

mg dmtf tfn sahns brn nqubeasnh, wfng dmtf brn

snpbrbtnh dy b snkapnrknbden knkdrbgn.

\nkapnrknbden knkdnrbgn beemws mgey smevngtkmenluens tm pbss tfrmujf at dut gmt tfn smeutn

kmenluens.

Ag pebgts, tfn lnee lmgtbags b smeutamg lbeenh lneesbp wfalf as kmrn lmglngtrbtnh (lmgtbagagj smkn

smeutn pbrtalens) tfbg tfbt mo wbtnr. Zfng tfn lnee as

akknrsnh ag wbtnr, tfn haoousamg mo wbtnr kmenluens

ormk tfn mutsahn agtm tfn lnee tb`ns pebln rnsuetagj

ag nghmskmsas (a.n. agwbrh oemw) bgh tfn rnvnrsn

prmlnss as `gmwg bs nxmskmsas (a.n. mutwbrh oemw).

Hun tm nghmskmsas, jrbhubeey tfn lnee sbp dnlmkns

haeutnh bgh ngebrjnh watf kmrn wbtnr. Xfas prmlnss

waee lmgtagun taee bg nquaeadrauk as rnblfnh a.n. tfn

lmglngtrbtamg mo dmtf tfn smeutamgs as nqubeasnh.

Yebskb knkdrbgn fneps ag kbagtbagagj hastagltlmkpmsatamg mo lnee.

(D) Lnee Zbee 3

Ag pebgts lnee, tfnrn mllurs b rajah lnee wbee wfalf eansmutsahn tfn pebskb knkdrbgn. A t a s k bh n u p m o b o ad r mu s p me ys bl lf br ah n(lbrdmfyhrbtns) lbeenh lneeuemsn.

Lneeuemsn as rnspmgsaden omr prmvahagj strulturbestrngjtf tm tfn pebgts.

8.4 Gulenus 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Xfn gulenus as tfn kmst akpmrtbgt lmkpmgngt mo tfnlnee bgh lmgtrmes bee ougltamgbe bltavatans mo tfn lnee.


Tmdnrt Drmwg (26


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DAMEMJQ

êtr bstrulturn 3

At as b prmkagngt, spfnralbe mr mvbe strulturn, usubeeyemlbtnh gnbr tfn lngtrn mo lnee.

At as tfn lmgtrmeeagj lngtrn mo bee lnee bltavatans. At as nglemsnh dy b hmuden ebynrnh knkdrbgn lbeenh

gulenbr knkdrbgn.

Xfn lfano lmkpmgngts mo tfn gulenus brn(b) Lfrmkbtag kbtnrabe

(d) Gulenmeus

Lfrmkbtag kbtnrabe- Zfalf as ag tfn omrk mo bgagtnrtwagnh kbss mo tfrnbh ea`n strulturn.

Lfrmkbtag kbtnrabe kbagey lmgsast mo HGB. HGB rnspmgsaden omr fnrnhatbry agomrkbtamg ormk mgn

jngnrbtamg tm bgmtfnr.

Hmuden Fnealbe strulturn mo HGB wbs prmpmsnh dyZbtsmg & Lral`.

Lfrmkmsmkns - HGB lmghngsns agtm lmkpblt rmhea`n dmhans lbeenh lfrmkmsmkns. Xfnar gukdnr ag

fukbgs as 8? (4< pbars,)

Ougltamgs mo Gulenus 3 Xfn gulenus lmgtrme bee kntbdmeal bltavatans mo tfn

lnee.

At rnjuebtns tfn lnee lylen. At as lmglnrgnh watf tfn trbgskassamg mo fnrnhatbry

trbats ormk tfn pbrngts tm moospragj.

8.< Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk (N. T.) 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Ag tfn lytmpebsk smkn lemsnh mr mpng, drbglfnhl bv a ta n s b rn p rnsn gt w fa l f b rn d m ug h nh d y

knkdrbgns tm omrk b gntwmr` mo knkdrbgmus systnk

lbeenh Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk.


@.T.Ymrtnr (2186) rnpmrtnh tfas gnt-ea`n systnkughnr nenltrmg kalrmslmpn.

^ e t r b st r u l tr u r n 3

B systnk mo knkdrbgns bttblfnh tm tfn gulenus bghprnsngt ag tfn lytmpebsk as lbeenh N.T.

Xfn Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk (NT) as havahnh agtm twmpbrts

(b) Tmujf Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk (TNT)

(d) \kmmtf Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk (\NT)

TNT pmssnssns rmujf wbee dnlbusn radmsmkns rnkbagbttblfnh mg tfn surobln. TNT as prnsngt ag lnees

wfalf brn agvmevnh ag prmtnag sygtfnsas.

\NTkbagey prnsngt ag lnees wfalf brn agvmevnh ageapmprmtnags bgh jeylmjng sygtfnsas. At pnromks

hntmxaoalbtamg .

Ougltamgs mo Nghmpebskal Tntalueuk 3 At omrks suppmrtagj s`nentmg orbknwmr` mo tfn lnee.

Gulenbr pmrn

Ynragulenbr spbln

Fntnrmlfrmkbtag

Ynragulenmebrlfrmkbtag

Agtrbgulenmebrlfrmkbtag

Gulenbr ngvnempn

Aggnr knkdrbgn

Mutnr knkdrbgnGulenmeus

Nghmpebskalrntalueuk

Tadmsmkns

Nulfrmkbtag

NENLXTMGKALTM\LMYAL\XT LX^TNMOG^LEN \

B

Eukng

Tadmsmkns

D

B. TM^JF NGHMYEB\KAL TNXALÊ K

D. \KMMXF NGHMYEB\KAL TNXALÊ^K

Eukng


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DAMEMJQ

Lnrtbag ngzykns prnsngt ag skmmtf N.T. sygtfnsasobts (eapahs), stnrmahs bgh lfmenstnrme.

Tmujf N.T. as lmglnrgnh watf prmtnag sygtfnsas. \ km m tf N .T . a s a gv me vn h a g t fn p rm ln ss m o

hntmxaoalbtamg.

8.8 Tadmsmkns 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Tadmsmkns brn omugh ag dmtf prm`brymtal bghnu`brymtal lnees. Ag prm`brymtns, tfny brn omugh ag

tfn lytmpebsk ag ornn omrk, lbeenh kmgmsmkns.

Tadmsmkns brn tfn skbeenst mrjbgneens ag tfn lnee.


Ag pebgt lnees radmsmkns wnrn oarst mo bee mdsnrvnh dyTmdagsmgbghDrmwg(21>>).

^etr bstrulturn 3

Tadmsmkns brn hngsn, spfnralbe bgh jrbguebrpbrtalens. Xfnsn brn besm `gmwg bsTGY pbrtalens

(Tadmgulenmprmtnag pbrtalens.)

Tadmsmkns mllur ornney ag tfn kbtrax mr rnkbagbttblfnh tm tfn nghmpebskal rntalueuk. Besm watf ag

lfemrmpebst, katmlfmghrab bgh gulena. Xfus lbeenh

mrjbgneen watf b mrjbgneen.

Nblf radmsmkn as kbhn up mo twm sudugats, bskbeenr sudugat bgh ebrjnr sudugat.

Xwm sudugats mo radmsmkns brn bttblfnh watf tfnfnep mo Kj4+ amgs.

Kbgy radmsmkns kby dn bssmlabtnh watf kTGB tmomrk pmeyradmsmkns.

Ougltamgs mo Tadmsmkns 3 Tadmsmkns peby bg akpmrtbgt pbrt ag tfn prmtnag

sygtfnsas. Tadmsmkns brn tfn prmtnag obltmrans

mo tfn lnee.

8.> Katmlfmghrab 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

B sagjen katmlfmghramg as prnsngt ag ugalneeuebr jrnngbejb, Kalrbstnrabs. Gukdnr mo katmlfmghrab vbrans

ormk>9>9,999 pnr lnee. Katmlfmghrab mo b lnee brn

lmeenltavney `gmwg bs lfmghramkn.


L. Dnghb (261:) jbvn tfn gbkn Katmlfmghrab(Katms, tfrnbh + Lfmghramg, jrbguens).

Xnrk Dampebst omr katmlfmghrab wbs usnh dyBetkbg.

^etr bstrulturn 3

Katmlfmghrab brn rmh sfbpnh mrjbgneens, dmughnhdy b hmuden knkdrbgn ngvnempn.

Xfn mutnr knkdrbgn as skmmtf, tfn aggnr knkdrbgnsurrmughs b lngtrbe lbvaty mokbtrax.Lngtrbe lbvaty

as oaeenh watf jne ea`n sudstbglns

Aggnr knkdrbgns omehs brn lbeenh lrastbn, tfnsnomehagj brn tuduebr bgh lbeenh kalrmvaeea.

Lastnrgbn _nsalens Xuduens

NGHMYEB\KALTNXAL E^K

Fnbh

Dbsn

9\ \udugat

YBTX\MO TADM\MKN


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DAMEMJQ

Katmlfmghrab lmgtbag nenltrmg trbgspmrt systnksbjjrnjbtnh agtm lmkpblt strulturn. O

2 pbrtalens

mr mxysmkn, tnggas rbl`nt ea`n dmhans mg aggnr

knkdrbgn agvmevnh ag mxahbtamg & pfmspfmryebtamg.

@rnds lylen mllurs ag katmlfmghrab. Nblf pbrtalen as kbhn up mo dbsn, stbe` bgh fnbh. Ougltamgs mo Katmlfmghrab 3 Katmlfmhrab brn lbeenh pmwnr pebgts mr pmwnr

fmusns mr lneeuebr ourgblns.

\ygtfnsas mo BXY (Bhngmsagn Xra-pfmspfbtn) agkatmlfmghrab as lbeenh mxahbtavn

pfmspfmryebtamg.

Katmlfmghrab bs pebln mo lneeuebr rnsparbtamg wbs oarstmdsnrvnh dy Fmjndmmk.

8.? Yebstahs 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Yebstahs brn mrjbgneens nglemsnh dy b hmudenknkdrbgn omugh ag bee pebgts.


N.Fnl`ne (26?>) jbvn tfn tnrk pebstah. Yebstahsbrn ebrjnst lnee mrjbgneens.

^etr bstrulturn 3

Yebstahs mllur ag kmst pebgt lnees bgh brn bdsngt agbgakbe lnees.

Y e bst ah s b rn sn eo rn pe a lb t ag j m rjb g ne e ns e a `nkatmlfmghrab a.n. tfny fbvn tfn pmwnr tm havahn. \lfakpnr havahnh pebstahs agtm tfrnn typns 3

(b) Lfrmkmpebst - Lmemurnh pebstahs

(nxlnpt jrnng lmemur)

(d) Lfemrmpebst - Jrnng lmemurnh pebstahs

(l) Enulmpebst - Lmemurenss pebstah.

Yebstahs besm fbvn hmuden knkdrbgn dut gm lrastbn. Ougltamgs mo Yebstahs 3 Lfemrmpebsts trbp smebr ngnrjy bgh utaeaznh at tm

kbguoblturn ommh omr tfn pebgt. Lfrmkmpebst akpbrt vbramus lmemur mo oemwnr tm bttrbltagsnlt omr pmeeagbtamg.

8.: Jmeja Lmkpenx 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Jmeja dmhans brn bdsngt ag prm`brymtal lnees. Jmejalmkpenx as omugh ag bee nu`brymtal lnees nxlnpt TDLs.


Lbkaeem Jmeja (2616), b zmmemjast, mdsnrvnh Jmejadmhans ag tfn omrk mo b gntwmr` ag gnrvn lnees mo

dbrg mwe.

^etr bstrulturn 3

At a s b esm l b ee n h Jmeja lmkpenx mr Jmejabppbrbtus mrHaltymsmkn (ag pebgts lnee).

At as kbhn up mo lastnrgbn. Jmeja dmhans brn agtnrlmggnltnh watf tfn tuduens. Ougltamgs mo Jmeja Bppbrbtus 3 Xfn kbag ougltamg mo Jmeja bppbrbtus as snlrntmry. At prmhulns vblumens mr snlrntmry vnsalens wfalf

lmgtbag lneeuebr snlrntamgs ea`n ngzykns, prmtnags,

lneeuemsn ntl.

Jmeja bppbrbtus as besm agvmevnh ag tfn sygtfnsas molnee wbee, pebskb knkdrbgn bgh eysmsmkns.

Aggnr knkdrbgn spblnTadmsmknKbtrax HGB

Mutnrknkdrbgn

Lrastbe aggnrknkdrbgn

BXY sygtfbsnpbrtalens

AGXNTGBE\XT^LX^TNMOBKAXMLFMGHTAMG


8/19

DAMEMJQ

8.6 _blumens, Eysmsmkns, Ynrmxasmkns bgh

Lngtrmsmkn 3

A gtrmhultamg 3 _blumens snrvn bs tnkpmrbry stmrnfmusn omr kbgymo tfn lnees smeutns bgh kblrmkmenluens,

êtr bstrulturn 3

_blumens- Xfn _blumens brn eaquah oaeenh spblns agtfn lnee.

Nblf vblumen rnkbags surrmughnh dy b knkdrbgnlbeenh tmgmpebst.

Ougltamgs mo _blumens 3

_blumens fnep tm kbagtbag tfn mskmtal prnssurn ag blnee (mskmrnjuebtamg).

(b) Eysmsmkns 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Eysmsmkns brn jngnrbeey omugh ag tfn lytmpebsk mobgakbe lnees. Eysmsmkns nxfadat pmeykmrpfask.


Xfn tnrk eysmsmkn wbs agtrmhulnh dy hn Huvnag 21>>.

êtr bstrulturn 3

At as besm lbeenh hnkmeatamg squbhs, slbvngjnrs,lneeuebr fmusn `nnpnrs bgh sualahn dbjs.

Eysmsmkn brn sakpen tagy spfnralbe sbl ea`n strulturnsnvngey hastradutnh ag tfn lytmpebsk.

Eysmsmkn as skbee vnsalen surrmughnh dy b sagjenknkdrbgn bgh lmgtbags pmwnroue ngzykns.

Ougltamgs mo Eysmsmkns 3 Eysmsmkns snrvn bs agtnrblneeuebr hajnstavn systnk,

fngln lbeenh hajnstavn dbjs.

Eysmsmkns besm rnkmvn tfn wmrg mut bgh pmmreywmr agj lneeuebr mrjbgneens dy hajnstagj tfnk tmkb`n wby omr tfnar gnw rnpeblnkngt.

(d) Ynrmxasmkns 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Ynrmxasmkns brn rmugh tm mvbe dmhans, eakatnh dy bsagjen knkdrbgn.


Ynrmxasmkns wnrn mdsnrvnh dy Xmednrt bg hQbkbzbà.

êtr bstrulturn 3

Ynrmxasmkns brn skbee bgh spfnralbe mrjbgneenslmgtbagagj pmwnroue mxahbtavn ngzykns.

Xfny brn dmughnh dy sagjen knkdrbgn. Xfny brn kmstey omugh ag àhgny bgh eavnr lnees. Xfnsn brn spnlabeaznh omr lbrryagj mut mo smkn

mxahbtavn rnbltamgs.

Ougltamgs mo Ynrmxasmkns 3Ynrmxasmkns brn spnlabeaznh omr lbrryagj mut smkn

mxahbtavn rnbltamgs.

(l) Lngtrmsmkn 3

A gtrmhultamg 3

Mutsahn tfn gulena mo bgakbe lnees as bg brnb lbeenhtfn lngtrmsmkn.


X. Dmwnra(2666) lmagnh tfn tnrk lngtrmsmkn. Nblflngtrmsmkn lmgsasts mo twm snts mo lngtramens.

êtr bstrulturn 3

Lngtrmsmkn as omugh mgey ag bgakbe lnees. At as gmt dmughnh dy bgy knkdrbgns. Lmgsasts mo lyeaghralbe, rmh, ea`n strulturns lbeenh

lngtramens.

Lngtramens brn kbhn up mo kalrmtuduens.

Xrbgsonrvnsalens

Lastnrgb

Xrbgsobln

\nlrntmry vnsalens

HNXBAENH\XT LX^TNMOJMEJALMKYENV


9/19

DAMEMJQ

Ougltamgs mo Lngtrmsmkn 3 Lngtrmsmkn fneps ag lnee havasamg ag bgakbes lnees. Ag pebgts lnees, lnee havasamg agvmevns pmebr lbps omr

tfn spaghen omrkbtamg.

8.1 Lytms`nentmg (Laeab bgh oebjneeb) 3

Ag kbgy nu brymtal bs wnee bs prm brymtal lnees modmtf pebgts bgh bgakbes b lytms`nentmg fbs dnng

rnpmrtnh ag rnlngt ynbrs.

Xfn nenkngts mo tfas lytms`nentmg brn prmtnags. Xfn lytms`nentmg lmgsasts mo omeemwagj twm nenkngts

watfag b lnee.

(b) Kalrmtuduens

(d) Kalrmoaebkngts

Laeab bgh oebjneeb mo nu`brymtal lnees brn kalrmslmpal,lmgtrbltaen & oaebkngtmus prmlnss mo lytmpebsk.

Laeab as sfmrtnr tfbg oebjneeb bgh brn guknrmus.8.29 Kalrmtuduens & Kalrmoaebkngts 3

(B) Kalrmtuduens 3

A gtr mhultamg 3

Xfnsn brn lyeaghralbe strulturns omrknh dy tfnpmeyknrazbtamg mo twm-pbrt sudugats mo jemduebr prmtnag

tudueag agtm fnealbe stbl`s.


Xfn tnrkkalrmtuduenwbs lmagnh dy\ebuttnrdbl`

ag 21?. LNEE HA_A\AMG 33

Lnee kuetapealbtamg as gnnhnh omr tfn jrmwtf,hnvnempkngt bgh rnpbar mo tfn dmhy. Lnee kuetapeans

dy havahagj atsneo bjbag bgh bjbag tfas prmlnss lbeenh

lnee havasamg.

Lnee havasamgs brn twm typns(b) Katmsas (d) Knamsas

>.2 Katmsas 3

\tbjns mo Katmsas 3

Agtnrpfbsn, prmpfbsn, kntbpfbsn, bgbpfbsn bghtnempfbsn brn rmujfey tfn oavn stbjns mr pfbsns mo

katmsas.

(b) Agtnrpfbsn 3

Xfn pnramh dntwnng mgn lnee havasamg bgh tfn gnxtas lbeenh agtnrpfbsn ag wfalf tfn lnee as sbah tm dn

ag tfn rnstagj stbjn.

Agtnrpfbsn, fmwnvnr, agleuhns tfrnn pfbsns, a.n. J2-pf bs n, \- pfb sn bg h J4 -p fb sn . J2- pfbsn as b

rnstagj pfbsn mr prn-HGB sygtfnsas pfbsn.

Huragj \-pfbsn, HGB sygtfnsas tb`ns pebln.J4-pfbsn as bjbag b rnstagj pfbsn bgh at kby dn

hnslradnh bs b pmst-HGB sygtfnsas pfbsn.

Xfn kbag katmsas havasamg tb`ns pebln huragj K-pf bs n wf al f ag vm ev ns pr mp fb sn , kn tb pf bs n,

bgbpfbsn bgh tnempfbsn.

(d) Yrmpfbsn 3

Yrmpfbsn as bltubeey tfn oarst bgh tfn emgjnst pfbsnag tfn katmsas lnee havasamg.

Lfrmkmsmkns dnlmkn vasaden ag tfn gulenus bssfmrt, tfal` bgh fnealbeey-lmaenh tfrnbhs.

Nblf lfrmkmsmkn speats agtm twm lfrmkbtahs cmagnhbt tfn lngtrmknrn.

Gulenbr knkdrbgn hassmevns bwby. Gu le nm eu s be sm ha ss me vn s bw by bg h oa gb ee y

hasbppnbrs.


10/19

DAMEMJQ

(l) Kntbpfbsn 3

At as tfn snlmgh stbjn ag tfn katmtal lnee havasamg. Gulenbr knkdrbgn bgh gulenmeus hasagtnjrbtn bgh

tfny brn emst lmkpentney.

\paghen tuduens stbrt bppnbragj, bgh tfnsn tuduensjnt bttblfnh tm lfrmkmsmkns bt tfn lngtrmknrns.

Lfrmkmsmkns kmvn bltavney, dnlmkn sfmrtnr bghtfal`nr bgh brrbgjn tfnksnevns ag tfn lngtrn mr mg

tfn nqubtmr mo tfn spaghen.

\npbrbtamg mo tfn twm lfrmkbtahs ormk nblflfrmkmsmkns besm dnjags bt tfn ngh mo kntbpfbsn.

(h) Bgbpfbsn 3

At as tfn tfarh stbjn mo katmsas. Lfrmkbtahs snpbrbtn ormk nblf mtfnr bt lngtrmknrns. \npbrbtnh sastnr lfrmkbtahs, nblf watf b lngtrmknrn,

brn lbeenh hbujftnr lfrmkmsmkns. Xfny kmvn tm tfn

nghs mo mppmsatn pmens mo tfn spaghen.

Hbujftnr lfrmkmsmkns bppnbr ag _, ^ mr C-sfbpnhhuragj tfnar kmvnkngt tmwbrhs tfn pmens.

Huragj tfn ebtn bgbpfbsn stbjn, tfn lnee stbrtslmgstraltagj ag tfn kahhen rnjamg.

(n) Xnempfbsn 3

Xnempfbsn as tfn ebst stbjn mo katmtal lnee havasamg. Lfrmkbtahs mr hbujftnr lfrmkmsmkns brn gmw bt

tfn ngh mo tfn spaghen.

Gulenbr knkdrbgns bgh gulenmea rnomrk brmugh nblfjrmup mo lfrmkmsmkns bgh tfus twm gnw gulena brn

rnmrjbgaznh bt nblf pmen.

Lfrmkmsmkns dnjag tm emsn tfnar lmkpblt strulturn. \paghen bppbrbtus hasbppnbrs jrbhubeey.

>.4 @brymàgnsas 3

Havasamg mo gulenus as lbeenh `brymàgnsas bgh, tfn

prmlnss mo tfn havasamg mo lytmpebsk as lbeenh lytmàgnsas.

Ag bgakbe lnees, b larluebr lmgstraltamg bppnbrs bt tfnnqubtmr, tfn lmgstraltamg hnnpngs bgh nvngtubeey

havahns tfn lnee agtm twm.

Ag pebgt, tfnrn as gm lmgstraltamg. B lnee pebtn mr gnwlnee wbee omrks blrmss tfn lnee rnsuetagj ag tfn

snpbrbtamg mo twm hbujftnr lnees.

\ajgaoalbgln mo Katmsas 3

Katmsas mllurs huragj tfn jrmwtf bgh hnvnempkngtmo kuetalneeuebr pebgts bgh bgakbes.

Katmsas ngsurns tfbt tfn twm hbujftnr lnees agfnrattfn sbkn gukdnr mo lfrmkmsmkns.

At fneps tfn lnee ag kbagtbagagj prmpnr sazn. Ag ugalneeuebr mrjbgasks katmsas fneps ag bsnxube

rnprmhultamg huragj wfalf twm mr kmrn aghavahubes

brasn ormk tfn kmtfnr lnee.

Ao katmsas dnlmkns uglmgtrmeenh at kby lbusn tukmurmr lbglnrmus jrmwtf.

(B) AGXNTYFB\N

(D) NBTEQ YTMYFB\N(O) XNEMYFB\N

(N)BGBYFB\N (L) EBXN YTMYFB\N

(H)KNXBYFB\N

_BTAM \ \XBJN\MOKAXM\A\


11/19

DAMEMJQ

>.< Knamsas

Knamsas as besm lbeenh rnhultamg havasamgdnlbusn tfn lfr mkm sm kns ag tfas ha vas am g brn

rnhulnh ormk tfn hapemah tm tfn fbpemah gukdnr.

Knamsas mllurs ag bee mrjbgasks wfalf rnprmhulnsnxubeey.

Knamsas prmhulns fbpemah snx lnees ormk hapemah lnees. Knamsas agvmevns twm lnee havasamg, vaz., knamsas A

bgh knamsas AA.

A g kn am sa s A , t fn r np ea lb tn h f mkm em jm uslfrmkmsmkns pbar watf nblf mtfnr mg tfn spaghen,

lrmss mvnr bgh tfng snpbrbtn tm natfnr ngh mo tfn

spaghen.

Mg tfn mtfnr fbgh, ag knamsas AA, tfn lfrmkbtahs monblf lfrmkmsmkn kmvn tmwbrhs tfn lngtrmknrn, bghtfnsn lfrmkbtahs snpbrbtn bt nblf ngh mo tfn snlmgh

spaghen.

Bs b rnsuet mo tfas prmlnss, b hapemah lnee havahns tmomrk omur fbpemah lnees.

Oarst Knamsas Havasamg 3

Oarst knamsas havasamg as bltubeey tfn rnhultamg havasamg.

At lmgsasts mo prmpfbsn A, kntbpfbsn A, bgbpfbsn A bgh

tnempfbsn A.

(b) Yrmpfbsn A 3

Yrmpfbsn A as tfn emgjnst pfbsn mo knamsas bghagleuhns oavn sud-pfbsns.

(a) Enptmtngn 3

Xfas as tfn oarst stbjn ag tfn oarst knamsas prmpfbsn. Ag tfas stbjn, tfn lfrmkmsmkns bppnbr bs snpbrbtn

tfag bgh oagn tfrnbh-ea`n strulturns.

(aa) Syjmtngn 3

Fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmkns lmkn tmjntfnr, mrbrrbgjn tfnksnevns sahn dy sahn ag pbars tm omrk

davbengts.

Xfas pbaragj mo fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmknshuragj zyjmtngn ag tfn oarst knamsas prmpfbsn as

lbeenh sygbpsas.

(aaa)Yblfytngn 3

Xfn davbengts mr lfrmkmsmkns dnlmkn sfmrtnr bghtfal`nr.

Xfny rnpealbtn mr speat agtm lfrmkbtahs dut rnkbageag`nh bt tfn lngtrmknrns.

Nblf davbengt tfus gmw lmgsasts mo omur lfrmkbtahs. Lrmssagj mvnr dntwnng gmg-sastnr lfrmkbtahs mo

fmkmemjmus pbar tb`ns pebln.

(av) Hapemtngn 3

Xfn lngtrmknrns mo pbarnh lfrmkmsmkns mr davbengtskmvn bwby ormk nblf mtfnr bgh lrmssagj mvnr lbg

besm dn snng.

Xfn pmagts ag b davbengt wfnrn tfn twm lfrmkmsmknsbppnbr tm dn cmagnh bgh lrmssnh mvnr brn lbeenh

lfabskbtb.

Lfabskbtb omrkbtamg bgh lrmssagj mvnr brn tfnhastagjuasfagj onbturns mo hapemtngn.

(v) Hab`agnsas 3

Xfas as tfn ebst stbjn mo oarst knamsas prmpfbsn. Xfn lfrmkmsmkns dnlmkn sfmrtnst bgh tfal`nst. Xnrkagbeasbtamg mo lfabskbtb. Gulenbr knkdrbgn stbrts hasagtnjrbtagj. Gulenmeus

besm hasagtnjrbtns. Hab`agnsas omeemwnh dy kntbpfbsn

A.

(d) Kntbpfbsn A 3

Gulenbr knkdrbgn hasbp pnbrs lmkpen tney bt tfndnjaggagj mo kntbpfbsn A.

Ybars mo fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmkns brn eagnh up bttfn lngtrn.

\paghen bppbrbtus stbrts bppnbragj. Onw spaghenoa drn s j nt b t tb lf n h w at f t fn l ng t rm kn rns m o

lfrmkmsmkns.

Kntbpfbsn A lfbgjn agtm bgbpfbsn A.(l) Bgbpfbsn A 3

Ybrtgnrs mo fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmkns snpbrbtnlmkpentney bgh kmvn tm mppmsatns pmens mo spaghen

huragj bgbpfbsn A, wfalf ag turg lfbgjns agtm

tnempfbsn A.


12/19

DAMEMJQ

(h) Xnempfbsn A 3

Xfn snpbrbtnh pbrtgnrs mo fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmknslmeenlt bt tfn pmens mo tfn spaghen bgh gulenbr

knkdrbgns omrk brmugh tfnk. Xwm hbujftnr fbpemah

gulena brn tfus omrknh. Xfn lfrmkmsmkns engjtfng

bs tfny uglmae. Gulenmea stbrt rnbppnbragj.

\nlmgh Knamsas Havasamg 3

Ea`n katmsas, tfn snlmgh knamsas havasamgs besm lmgsasts

mo omur pfbsns, a.n. prmpfbsn AA, kntbpfbsn AA, bgbpfbsn

AA bgh tnempfbsn AA.

(B)ENYXMNGN

(D)SQJMXNGN

(L)YBLFQXNGN

(H)HAYEMXNGN

KNAM\A\ A

Oarst Knamtal Yrmpfbsn (Yrmpfbsn A)

(N)HAB@AGN\A\

KNAM\A\ AA

(O)KNXBYFB\NA

(C)\YNTKBXAH\ (A)BGBYFB\NAA

(F)YTMYFB\NAA

(J)BGBYFB\NA

HAOONTNGX\XBJN\MOKNAM\A\


13/19

DAMEMJQ

Yrmpfbsn AA 3 Ag dmtf tfn fbpemah gulena, nblf lfrmkmsmkn speats

up agtm twm lfrmkbtahs watf b sagjen ougltamgbe

lngtrmknrn. Xfn gulenbr knkdrbgn bgh gulenmeus

hasagtnjrbtn pbrtabeey mr lmkpentney. Kntbpfbsn AA 3 Xfn lfrmkbtahs brrbgjn tfnksnevns bt kntbpfbsn

pebtn mr spaghen.

Bgbpfbsn AA 3 Huragj bgbpfbsn AA, tfn lngtrmknrn speats. Xfn twm

lfrmkbtahs dnemgjagj tm nblf lfrmkmsmkns kby

gmw dn lbeenh lfrmkmsmkns bgh pbss tm tfn twm

mppmsatn pmens mo spaghen.

Xnempfbsn AA 3 Xfn fbpemah snt mo lfrmkmsmkns bt twm haoonrngt

pmens mo spaghen uglmae bgh omrk lfrmkbtag kbtnrabe.

Gulenbr knkdrbgn omrks brmugh nblf fbpemah snt mo

lfrmkmsmkns. Gulenmeus besm rnbppnbrs.

\ajgaoalbgln mo Knamsas 3

Knamsas rnsuets ag tfn omrkbtamg mo fbpemah jbkntns(spnrk bgh mvuk)

Xfn pfngmkngmg mo lrmssagj mvnr prmvahns gnwlmkdagbtamgs mo lfrmkmsmkns bgh, fngln gnwlmkdagbtamgs mo jngns bgh besm mo lfbrbltnrs ag

moospragj.

Xfn omur lfrmkbtahs mo b fmkmemjmus pbarmo lfrmkmsmkns brn pbssnh mg tm omur

haoonrngt hbujftnr lnees. Xfas as lbeenh tfn

snjrnjbtamg mo lfrmkmsmkns. Xfas lbusns

jngntal vbrabtamgs ag hbujftnr lnees.

Obaeurn mo knamsas enbhs tm tfn omrkbtamg mo hapemahjbkntns wfalf mg ousamg omrk pmeypemahs.

?. HAOONTNGLN DNXZNNG KAXM\A\ BGH

KNAM\A\ LNEE HA_A\AMG 33

\pnlabe Gmtn 3

Dnsahns katmsas bgh knamsas, tfnrn as besm b tfarh typn mo

havasamg. At as lbeenh bkatmsas. At as b harnlt havasamg mo

tfn gulenus dy lmgstraltamg.

\.Gm. Katmsas Knamsas

2 At mllurs ag bee smkbtal lnees. At mllurs ag rnprmhultavn lnees (jnrklnees

mr snx lnees)

4

Ag tfn rnsuetbgt hbujftnr lnees, tfn gukdnr

mo lfrmkmsmkns rnkbags tfn sbkn (a.n.

hapemah) fngln lbeenh nqu btamgbe havasamg.

Ag rnsuetbgt hbujftnr lnees tfn gukdnr mo

lfrmkms mkns rnhulns tm fbeo (a.n. fbpemah)

fngln, lbeenh rnhultamgbe havasamg.

< Dy katmsas twm hbujftnr lnees brn

prmhulnh.

Dy knams as, omur hbujftnr lnees b rn

prmhulnh.

8Huragj katmsas gm lrmssagj mvnr tb`ns

pebln. Huragj knamsas lrmss agj mvnr tb`n pebln.

>

Hbujftnr lnees fbvn ahngtalbe

lfrmkms mkns wfalf brn besm ahngtalbe tm

tfbt mo pbrngt lnee (a.n., rnkbags lmgs tbgt)

Lfrmkms mkns mo tfn hbu jftnr lnees brn

watf lmkdagnh lmkpmgngts (jngns) mo

dmtf pbrngts (a.n. jngntal vbrabdaeaty mllu rs)


14/19

DAMEMJQ

B. _NTQ \FMTX BG\ZNT XQYN\ R^N\XAMG\

R.2 Zfbt as ouee omrk mo BXY =

R.4 Zfbt as tfn kbag ougltamgs mo katmlfmghrab =

R.< Gbkn tfn lnee mrjbgneen prnsngt ag bgakbe lnee &

bdsngt ag pebgt lnee =

R.8 Zfbt brn twm typns mo lnee havasamg =

R.> Javn twm kbag haoonrnglns dntwnng nqubtamgbe

bgh rnhultamgbe havasamgs =

R.? Zratn tfrnn haoonrnglns dntwnng pebgts lnee bgh

bgakbe lnee =

R.: Zfbt as tfn strulturbe bgh ougltamgbe ugat mo eaon =

R.6 Zfalf typn mo lnee havasamg as rnspmgsaden omr tfn

omrkbtamg mo pmeeng jrbags mr jbkntns=

R.1 Gbkn tfn ebrjnst lnee =

R.29 Zfm omrkuebtnh lnee tfnmry =

D. \FMTXBG\ZNT XQYN\ R^N\XAMG\

(Bdmut Zfbt as ats sajgaoalbgln mo katmsas bgh knamsas.

R.2? Haoonrngtabtn dntwnng gulenus, gulenmeus bgh

gulenmpebsk.

R.2: Haoonrngtabtn dntwnng laeab bgh oebjneeb =

R.26 Zfalf lnee mrjbgneen as lbeenh hajnstavn dbj =

Zfy as at lbeenh sm.

R.21 Zfbt as b jngn = Zfbt as ats sajgaoalbgln =

R.49 Zfalf mrjbgneen as lbeenh pmwnr fmusn mo b

lnee = Hnslradn ats ougltamg ag drano.

L. EMGJ BG\ZNT XQYN\ R^N\XAMG\

(Kmrn tfbg ?9:9 wmrh)

R.42 Tnprnsngt tfn vbramus stbjns mo katmsas watf tfn

fnep mo ebdneenh habjrbks =

R.44 Hasluss prmpfbsn - A mo knamsas =

H. OAEE AG XFN DEBG@\

R.4< Yrmtmpebsk tnrk wbs lmagnh dy ..................

R.48 Gukdnr mo lfrmkmsmkns ag fukbg dmhy lnee as

..................

R.4> Xfn havasamg mo gulenus as lbeenh ..................

R.4? Lnee as tfn dbsal .................. bgh ................. ugat mo

bee eavagj mrjbgasks.

R.4: Tadmsmkns brn lmglnrgnh watf tfn sygtfnsas mo

..................

N. XT^N MT OBE\N

R.46 Xfn mxysmkns brn lbeenh O2 pbrtalens.

R.41 Xwm hbujftnr lnees brn prmhulnh ag knamsas.

R.


15/19

DAMEMJQ

R.


16/19

DAMEMJQ

A. B\\NTXAMG-TNB\MG XQYN R^N\XAMG\

Xfn omeemwagj qunstamgs lmgsast mo twm stbtnkngt

nblf 3 bssnrtamg (B) bgh rnbsmg (T). Xm bgswnr tfnsn

qunstamgs, kbr` tfn lmrrnlt betnrgbtavn bs hnslradnh

dnemw 3(b) Ao dmtf B bgh T brn trun bgh T as tfn lmrrnlt

nxpebgbtamg moB.

(d) Ao dmtf B bgh T brn trun dut T as gmt lmrrnlt

nxpebgbtamg moB.

(l) AoB as obesn dut T as trun.

(h) Ao dmtf B bgh T brn obesn.

R.>2 B 3 Eysmsmkns brn lbeenh \ualahbe dbjs.

T 3 B ebrjn gukdnr mo fyhrmeytal ngzykns brn

prnsngt ag eysmsmkns.

R.>4 B 3 Knamsas bssmlabtnh watf smkbtal lnees.

T 3 Lfrmkmsmkn gukdnr as rnhulnh tm fbeo dy

knamtal havasamg.

R.>4 B 3 Knamsas-A lbeenh fntnrmtypal (rnhultamg)

havasamgs.

T 3 At fbevns tfn lfrmkmsmkn gukdnr ag tfn

hbujftnr lnees.

R.>8 B 3 Knamsas prmhulns jbkntns ag bee mrjbgasks.

T 3 Katmsas bgh knamsas fbvn gmtfagj ag lmkkmg.

R.>> B 3 Lrmssagj mvnr mllurs tfn pblfytngn stbjn mo

knamsas-A

T 3Lrmssagj mvnr agtrmhulns jngntal vbrabtamg ag

tfn lnees.

C. _A\^BE XQYN R^N\XAMG\

R.>? Ahngtaoy omeemwagj stbjns mo lnee havasamg.

(b) \tbjn gbkn P = [ (d) \tbjn gbkn P = [

(l) \tbjn gbkn P = [ (h) \tbjn gbkn P = [

(n) \tbjn gbkn P = [ (o) \tbjn gbkn P = [

R.>: A hn gt ao y b g h e bd ne t fn o m ee mw a gj o aj ur n

(2-6 Ahngtaoy bgh ebdne (2->) tfn omeemwagj javng oajurn.

Oajurn gbkn P = [

Tmujf nghmpebskal rntalueuk haoonrs ormk skmmtf

wbeenh nghmpebskal rntalueuk hun tm tfn prnsngln

mo

(B) HGB (D) Gulenus

(L) Tamdmsmkns (H) Nrjbstal sudstbgln

R.? Jmeja dmhans tb`n pbrt ag

(B) Eapah sygtfnsas(D) Yrmtnag sygtfnsas

(L) Lbrdmfyhrbtn sygtfnsas

(H) Mxahbtavn pfmspfmryebtamg

R.: Yrmtnag sygtfnsas mllurs mg -

(B) Tadmsmkn (D) Gulenus

(L) eysmsmkn (H) Lngtrmsmkn

R.6 Kalrmoaebkngts brn lmkpmsnh kbagey mo b prmtnaglbeenh

(B) Bltag (D) Kymsag

(L) Xudueag (H) @nrbtag

R.1 Dbsas lmkpmgngt mo lnee knkdrbgn 3

(B) prmtnag

(D) Lbrdmfyhrbtns

(L) Yrmtnags bgh eapahs

(H) Lbrdmfyhrbtns bgh eapahs

D. K^EXAYEN LFMALN R^N\XAMG\

R.29 Eysmsmkns brn lbeenh sualahbe dbjs dnlbusn tfny

lmgtbag -

(B) Lbtbdmeal ngzykn

(D) Fyhrmeytal ngzykns

(L) Ommh vblumens

(H) Blahal ngzykn

R.22 Mrjbgneen watfag b mrjbgneen as -

(B) Tadmsmkn (D) Eysmsmkn(L) Lfemrmpebst (H) HGB

R.24 Zfalf as b ougltamg mo NT -

(B) Gulenus (D) Knlfbgalbe suppmrt

(L) Tbpfahn (H) Nxlfbgjn mo kmenluens

R.2< @rnds lylen mllurs ag -

(B) Kbtrax mo katmlfmghrab

(D) Gulenmpebsk

(L) Lytmpebsk

(H) Yrmtmpebsk

R.28 Z f al f m g n m o t f n om e e mw ag j f b s b sa gj en

knkdrbgn -

(B) Gulenus (D) Tadmsmkns

(L) \pfbnrmsmkn (H) Katmlfmghramg

NVNTLA\N 4


18/19

DAMEMJQ

L. YB\\BJN DB\NH R^N\XAMG\

YB\\BJN 2 (R.2> XM R. 2:)

B lnee watf 8? lfrmkmsmkn havahns twaln tm omrk 8

lnees watf 4< lfrmkmsmkns nblf.

R.2> Gbkn tfn typn mo havasamg & lnee agvmevnh =

R.2? Gbkn tfn twm havasamgs ag bdmvn lbsn =

R.2: Zfbt as tfn sajgaoalbgln mo sulf havasamg =

YB\\BJN 4 (R.26 XM R. 21)

Huragj b mdsnrvbtamg ag lnee havasamg pbaragj mo

fmkmemjmus lfrmkmsmkn, lrmssagj mvnr & lfabskbtb

omrkbtamg wbs mdsnrvnh.

R.26 Zfalf stbjn mo tfn havasamg as mdsnrvnh =

R.21 East tfn stbjns ag tfnar snqungln bgh bssajg tfn

mdsnrvbtamgs tm tfnk =


19/19

DAMEMJQ

B. _NTQ \FMTX BG\ZNT XQYN\ R^N\XAMG\

2. Bhngmsagn trapfmspfbtn

4. Xfn ngnrjy stmrnh ag BXY as usnh dy tfn lnee.

. Ag nqubtamgbe havasamg tfn lfrmkmsmkn gukdnr as

sm kb w fn rnb s a g rn hu ta m gb e h a va sam g w ae e d n

lfrmkmsmkn gukdnr as fbeo.

?. Yebgt lnee Bgakbe lnee

(a) Lnee wbee as prnsngt B dsng t

(aa) Ebrjn ag sazn \kbee ag sazn

(aaa) Yebgt lnees ebl` Yr nsngt

lngtramens bgh

lngtrmsmkn

:. Lnee 6. Knamsas

1. Njj mo Mstralf 29. \lfenahng bgh slfwbgg.

H. OAEE AG XFN DEBG@\

4. @brym`agnsas 4?. \trulturbe bgh ougltamgbe

4:. Yrmtnags

N. XT N MT OBE\N

46. Xrun 41. Obesn

01. the fundamental unit of life

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