011 islam peace kalin

7/31/2019 011 Islam Peace Kalin

1/85

Islmand

PeceDr Ibrahim Kalin

English Monograph Series Book No. 11


2/85


3/85

He hath prescribed forHimself mercy

QuranAl-An`am, 6:12


4/85

Oher BOOks in he series

1. Te mmn Messge 2008

2. Common Word Beween s nd You 2009

3. Fory Hdih on Divine Mercy 2009

4. Jihd nd he smic Lw o Wr 20095. Body Coun 2009

6. Te Hoy Qurn nd he Environmen 2010

7. ddress o H. H. Pope Benedic XVI2010

8. Keys o Jerusem 2010

9. sm, Chrisiniy nd he Environmen 2011

10. Te Firs UN Word nerih Hrmony Week 2011

11. sm nd Pece 2012

12. Reson nd Rioniy in he Qurn 2012

13. Te Concep o Fih in sm 2012

14. Wrre in he Qurn 2012


5/85

11

English Monograph eries

Islmand

PeceDr Ibrahim Kalin


6/85

MABDA nglish onograph eries o. 11slam and eaceISBN: 978-9957-428-47-1

2012 e oyal al l-ay nsiue or slamic ough20 a'ed ino oad, abuqPO BOX 950361

mman 11195, JORDANwww.rissc.jo/

ll righs reserved. o par o his book may be reproduced or uilised in anyorm or by any means, elecronic or mechanic, inclding phoocopying or re-cording or by any inormaion sorage and rerieval sysem, wihou he priorwriten permission o he publisher.

Views expressed in he ssay eries do no necessarily reec hose o RABIITor is advisory board.

esigned and ypese by esim runcaje in rno roile se in equiemrined by ordanian ress

LEGAL DEPOSIT NUMBERe Hashemie Kingdom o ordan aional ibrary2012/1/128


8/85


9/85

1

Is Religion a Source of Violence?

T

quo au md o may popl co-

cd abou lgo o way o ao. Fo cc o lgo, aw uually ama-

v, ad ay o c xampl om oy. Fom rGad dpco o ual acc a vol poclv lgo1 o xcluv clam o d a a-do, o ca aly coclud a lgo poduc vo-

lc a bo ocal ad ologcal lvl. A o do,o may a Cuad o quo mdvaleuop o jad movm ilamc oy ad dcb pcv o o ado a og moa a oy o wa, cofc, volc, cm, pcu-o. pmdad cocluo uquvocal: molgou popl a, mo vol y d o b. oluo o l d-acalzao o wold.rlgo, ad om amog m pacula, d o b

1 ene irard, Violence and he acred, ranslaed by arick regory(alimore: e ohns Hopkins niversiy, 1979).


10/85

2

culazd ad modzd o d mlv o vo-l c ad vol lgacy.2

A o d o pcum blv wo lgou volc a a oxymoo a b ad mula-o o / lgou a a wo. rlgo do o callo volc. rlgou acg a pacul a ba,ma o -abl pmodal amoy bwav ad a, bw Cao ad cad. Bupcc lgou acg ad lg a mapulad o

ga volc o polcal ga. Volc commtd am o lgo bu o codod by . olyvald ccm cula ca a aga lgo algo av o dvlopd cv way o pocgmlv om uc mapulao ad abu. A Ju-gmy a ow xv uvy o lgou

volc mod pod, volc do o cogzlgou ad culual bouda ad ca aly d a om mo ublm ad ocuou acg o wold l-

2 is is he gis o ernard ewis atacks on slamic undamenal-ism in a number o highly publicized essays including e oos ouslim age, Te Alanic Monhly (epember 1990), pp. 47-60 andslam and iberal emocracy, Te Alanic Monhly (February, 1993).ewis considers slamic undamenalism, which he equaes occasion-ally wih errorism, as arising ou o he overly religious and inoleranradiions o slam. have deal wih ewis argumens in my oos oisconcepion: uro-merican ercepions o slam eore and fer9/11 in oseph umbard (ed.), Islam, Fundamenalism, and he Berayalo radiion (loomingon, IN: World Wisdom, 2004), pp. 143-187.


11/85

3

go3. A ay a, lgo a vulabl w y al od way o pvg u o oc am. bcom pcally acu w y all o o culcaga cocou o pac ad o-volc md ada o ollow. i o, lgoper se cao b a a ouc o volc. Oly om o bad paco- ca b ld accouabl.

Bo vw av og ca ad ma mpoa poabou lgo ad volc. Bo, owv, a qually m-

a og o a xd do o lgo. Ad bovw duc mm vay o lgou pacc o apacula ado ad, umo, o a pacula acoo oc mom a ado. i pag o ilamad volc o hdum ad wa, uual mod oloo a acd cpu ad compa ad coa m

w ocal al a fow om pacc, o laco. W glg o mom w a d-cpac bw x ad oy a bag po oy o a lgo, vz., mom w com-muy a o lvd up o adad o lgo admadd by x.

Aloug om b o b gad om ap-poac, al o way wc lgou x a

3 C. ark uergensmeyer, error in he ind o od: e lobal iseo eligious Violence (erkeley and ew York): niverisy o Caliorniaress, 2000)


12/85

pd ad mad pa o day-o-day xpc opacula lgou commu. iad o loog a owlgouly bdg x a ad, vald ad cdw coc xpc o commuy, w pa-a x om oy ad omow aum ocal m-muy o x ad/o xual ba o oy.

o o dy caly o cpu. i ca o ilam, Qua, og w sua o Pop o ilam, ad ma ma ouc o

ilamc Wenschuung. A all, umou p-ao a w may al abou a pao o Qua, o x a ubjc o vaa adgom su ad habal o Waab ad mod-. ac a Popc ua pa o i-lamc woldvw ad lgou l, wou wc w cao

udad a good pa o Qua, ca b a co-mg gcac o adg cpu w coc xpc o Mulm commuy. wa ac ow Mulm, wo bcam pual ad moalxampl o la gao, la abou Qua ud gudac ad uop o Pop.

i , ilamc oy o al o da oadg lgouly bdg x pmaly w co-x o a lvg ad volvg ado. wy su-a wa pa o ilamc law om ou ad ow ado o amtd cc (-uum -nqiyyh), dalg pmaly w lgou cc, cam


13/85

5

abou, vz., by loog a ow pvou gao oMulm udood Qua ad ad. a ouo cox, Quac v bcom abu, abac,ad mpabl o o-Mulm, o o ayo, wo d o ado ad, by vu o , may bmld o g a a good pa o ilamc oy acom abou p o Qua, o bcau o .

$

i dmd cay o w wod o cauoad modology o ollowg ao. Muco cu dba abou ilam ad volc b by d o poblm a w cula ad apolo-gc adg o cpual ouc o ilam. o wo

cod ilam a a lgo a ally codo vo-lc o ologcal bl ad polcal am pc c-a v om Qua, l m o ca o commu-al ad polcal volc ilamc oy, ad cocluda Quac acg povd jucao o uju uo volc. Wl am ca b do paccally abouay lgo, ilam a joyd muc mo aa a ayo lgo o la ouad ya o o. apologma am ma bu a d way w -jc all oy a mgudd, alg o way wc Qua, o Bbl o rg-Vda, ca esiy, olgmaly, b ad o o o volc o a- ad -


14/85

lgou volc. w muc o x( o bo sirad wi) bcom abolulycay: o a x l vol bu a ld l o mulpl adg, om o wc a boud ob pacul ad om vol.

cod poblm xcluv ocu o culau o lgal ad juc apc o pac ad vo-lc ilam. o volc, coduc o wa, amo combaa ad po o wa, aoal law, c.

a dcud w a cly lgal cox, ad clacalilamc lau o ubjc calld upo o povdaw. Aloug a mpoa ad uul xc, all o o addg dp ploopcal ad p-ual u a mu b cludd ay dcuo o l-go ad pac. u pcally ca o ilam

o maly wo ao. F o all, lgal vw o pacad volc clacal pod w aculad ad ap-pld lg o ovall acg ad am o ilamclaw (mqsid -shrih). mqsid povdd a coxw wc c lgaly o law wa bldd o c ad al o commual l. Polcal co-fc coucd laguag o judcal dc mad apolcal cofc ad w v xdd o a wa o l-go bw ilam o Cay, Judam, hdum oAca lgo, wc Mulm coud ougou oy. i ould com o u a o up a awa o a ju o a pacula cool o law allowg


15/85

u o oc aga a Ca ul wa o pd aa xcu o atacg o Ca o Jw gbo.

scodly, pual ad cal acg o Quaad sua udp vyg ilamc in principe,ad appl muis mundis o quo o pacad volc. lgal juco (hkm) o Quacocg pac ad wa a pa o a lag o pualad moal pcpl. ulma goal o ilam o c-a a moal ad ju ocy wc dvdual ca puu

a pual l ad oll o lvg collcvly, om co-omc xploao ad mu o polcal auoy o uppo o o popl, ca b boug ud coolo x pobl ay uma ocy. Wou ago accou lag pcu, w wll al o ow ilamadvoca a pov cocp o pac a oppod o a mly

gav o ad ow polcal ad lgal pcp, wca xplod o wldly ad aoally by bo culaad lgou udamal o ou day, lad o caoad uag o a ju ad cal ocal od.

W cava md, pap a wo -lad goal. o aalyz way wc ilamc ado ca b ad o advoca a pov cocpo pac. wll b coad w gav pac d-d covoally a abc o wa ad cofc. i wllb agud a pov pac volv presence o caqual ad codo a am o ma pac a pcpalse o amoy ad qulbum a a a m even


16/85

o polcal tlm. qu a clo xamao o ploopcal aumpo o ilamc ado wcav apd xpc o Mulm oc v--v popl o o a ad culu. ploop-cal uppoo a aually goudd cal adpual acg o ilam, ad wou codg lvac o culual ad polcal xpc o Mu-lm w o, w ca do juc o ilamcado, wc pa oug a va aa bo pac ad

m, o avod pall o ocal ducom ad -alm, wc o ampa cu dcuo o ubjc.

bg u o cod goal o pap. h i wllagu a a adqua aaly o pac ad wa i-lamc ado al mo a xag vw o om

Mulm ju o

ad

cu a dvpoo o oodox ilam ad u ducg ilamcmodus operndi o dalg w o-Mulm o a cocp ooly wa. W om xcpo4, v gowg la-u o ilam ad pac a b cocd pdomalyw lgal apc o dclag wa (jad) aga Mu-lm ad/o o-Mulm a, ag dmm ud

4 ne such excepion o he rule is ichard arins essay e eli-gious Foundaions o War, eace, and aecraf in slam in ohn Kelsayand ames urner ohnson (eds.), Jus War and Jihad: Hisorical andTeoreical Perspecives on War and Peace in Wesern and Islamic radi-ions (ew York: reenwood ress, 1991), pp. 91-117.


17/85

9

saa, ad xpadg o o ilamca. a obcud, o ay la, lag coxw wc uc lgal opo w dcud, p-d ad volvd om o cuy o o ad om oculual-polcal a o o.

o i popo o loo a cocp o pac ilamc ado ou lad cox. mapycal-pual cox wc pac (sm) ao o am o God a a al pa o God

cao ad agd a ubav valu. cod ploopcal-ologcal cox w wc quoo vl (shr) addd a a comc, cal, ad ocalpoblm. Dcuo o odcy amog Mulm olo-ga ad ploop povd o o mo pooudaaly o quo o vl, juc, map, volc

ad plac ga ca o bg. i all povd ab ummay o ow ow a pop udadg o pac ilamc ado boud o a u o lag qu-o o good ad vl. d polcal-lgal co-x, wc pop locu o clacal lgal ad jucdcuo o wa, bllo, oppo, ad polcal (d)od. aa a b xcluv ocu o culau o ubjc ad pom o b a gagg adlog-adg dba Mulm wold. ou oco-culual cox, wc would val paamo Mulm xpc o lgou ad culual dvyw commu o o a ad culual ado.


18/85

10

A wll bcom cla ollowg pag, all o lvl a dpd ad call o a lag cox wwc quo o pac ad volc av b ac-ulad ad goad by a mulud o cola, ploo-p, ju, myc, polcal lad, ad vaou Mulmcommu. ilamc ado povd ampl ma-al o compoay Mulm oc o dal w uo pac, lgou dvy ad ocal juc, all o wc,dl o ay, qu ug ato. Fumo,

p callg o Mulm oc o oly o dal w u a al aa bu alo o cobu o og o a global culu o pac ad coxc. Boug o ilamc ado, owv, a w wod o d-o a od o clay mag o pov pac.


19/85

11

Peace as a Substantive Value

Pac a a ubav ad pov cocp al pc o ca codo a ma a du-g se o amoy, gy, com, qulb-

um, po, ad modao. ca b coad wgav pac a do abc o cofc ad d-cod. ev oug gav pac dpabl o p-v commual volc, bod dpu o aoalcofc, ubav-pov pac call o a comp-v ouloo o add dp cau o cofc, a,

, duco, bualy, ad volc. A L a, alo povd a gu mau ad o valu by wcpac ad juc ca b abld byod o-m o dvdual, commu o a.5 ccalo couco o pac a a ubav valu bcaudg pac a pvao o volc ad cofc u o a cocp a umal ad accdal a b,ad lav ad lva a wo. i addo, pov-

5 C. even ee, osiive Concep o eace in eer Caws (ed.),Te Causes o Quarrel: Essays on Peace, War, and Tomas Hobbes (os-on: eacon ress, 1989), pp. 183-4.


20/85

12

ubav oo o pac ocu om pv-g cofc, volc, ad o a wllg o gabalac, juc, coopao, dalogu, ad coxc a pmay m o a dcou o pac. iad o d-g pac w wa o ad oc commo logco lm, w may wll op o gag a ploopcalgoud bad o pc ad duac, a aabc, o ca qual ad codo a ma paca ubav aly o uma l.6

Fumo, lgag dcou o pac o ocalcofc ad pvo u o glcg dvdual, wc sine qu non o collcv ad com-mual pac. w pual dvdualm oilam vu ocal collcvm pcu: dvdual mu b dowd w cay qual

a ma pac a dug aly o oly publcp bu alo pva doma o dvdual. Quac dal o cag a bauul oul a a pacw l ad lag aly o wc a pa bgc ad pualy g o a o dcouo pov pac. Pac a a ubav valu u xdo doma o bo c ad ac o o o codo a bg abou pac oul ad mpao o dcod, l, ugl, pt,

6 ray Cox, e igh a he nd o he unnel and he igh inWhich We ay Walk: wo Conceps o eace in Caws, ibid., pp. 162-3.


21/85

13

ad vulgay. A po, w may mmb a yQuac m ihsn ca mag o vu, bauy,good, compom, popoo, coml, ad do-g wa bauul all a oc. acv pacl muh-sin do po wo do wa good, dd, adbauul.7

i gad, pac o a m a o pavy. O coay, bg ully acv aga mac ovl, duco, ad umol a may com om w

o om wou. A Collgwood po ou, pac a dy-amc g,8 ad qu cocou ad vglac, acoa a o awa a o mu gag pualad llcualjihd o u a dc ad cofcw ad aco collcv ado do o bcomgoud o volc ad oppo. Fumo, pov

pac volv aaly o vaou om o aggocludg dvdual, uoal ad ucual volc.Pac a a ubav cocp alo bad o juc

(d) o pac pdcad upo avalably o qualg ad oppou o all o alz goal ad po-

7 e celebraed hadih jibril conrms he same Quranic usage: Ihsanis o worship od as i you were o see Him; even i you see Him no, hesees you. For an exensive analysis o ihsan as ariculaed in he slamicradiion, see achiko uraa and William Chitick, Te Vision o Islam(. aul: aragon House, 1998), pp. 265-317.8 . . Collingwood, Te New Leviahan (ew York: omas Y. Crow-ell, 1971), p. 334.


22/85

1

al. O o mag o wod juc Aabc o b ag ad quabl, .., o b agowad,uwoy, ad a o dalg w o.9 suc aatud bg abou a a o balac, accod, ad u,ad go byod lm o omal juc dpd by judcal ym. Dd boad m, juccompa a va doma o lao ad acoom ag ca o o body o aoal law. Lpac, juc o o Dv am ad a o a ub-

av mpoac vw o cal ol ilamc -ology a wll a law. Pac ca b cocvd a a duga o amoy, u, ad coxc oly w coupldad uppod w juc bcau alo ma bg -cu om all a moally vl ad ducv.10 u Qua comb juc w ihsn w commad

ollow o ac w jusice nd good mnner(bi-d w-ihsn) (Al-nal, 6:).11

9 bn anzur, Lisan al-arab, XIII, pp. 457-8 and al-ahanawi, Kashshaisilaha al-unun (eiru: ar al-Kuub al-lmiyya, 1998), III, pp. 288-9.10 C. uhammad sad, Te Message o he Quran, p. 179, n. 46 com-mening on he Quran 6:54: nd when hose who believe in urmessages come uno hee, say: eace be upon you. Your usainer haswilled upon Himsel he law o grace and mercy so ha i any o you doesa bad deed ou o ignorance, and hereafer repens and lives righeously,He shall be [ound] much-orgiving, a dispenser o grace.11 n he basis o his verse, he 10h cenury philologis bu Hilalal-skari considers jusice and ihsan as synonyms. C. his al-Furuq al-lughawiyyah, p. 194, quoed in Franz osenhal, oliical usice and


23/85

15

Te Spiritual-Metaphysical Context:God as Peace (A-Salam)

T

codo a a coducv o a a o pac

mod abov a pmaly pual ad avlag mplcao o como, dvdual,

ad ocy. h i all ocu o pm a adcly lva o ou dcuo. pa opac a a Dv am (-Sm) (Al-ha, :). Quac cocp o God oudd upo a obu moo-

m, ad God acdc (nzih) mpazd bo caocal ouc ad llcual ado.o aboluly o ad acd God blog he beuiu nmes (Al-Aa, 7:8, Al-ha, :4), .., am o bauy (jm), majy (j), ad pco(km). i am a pv God om bcom-g a utly uacabl ad wolly o dy. Dvam p God ac ud owad wold ad

he us uler in oel Kraemer and lai lon (eds.), Religion and Gov-ernmen in he World o Islam (el-viv: el-viv niversiy, 1983), p.97, n. 20.


24/85

1

a vl o dg God ad oug h cao. am o bauy a pcdc ov am o

majy bcau God ay a my mercy hs encompssedeveryhing (Al-Aa, 7: 6) ad God hs writen mercyupon Himse (Al-Aam, 6:,4). alo uppodby a amou ad o Pop accodg o wc God bauul ad lov bauy. i , God a mucacd, compaabl ad byod a h mma,compaabl (shbih) ad clo.12 A ulma ouc

o pac, God acd all oppo ad o, pma a o po ad aquly, ad call h -va o abod o pac (dr -sm) (Yuu, :). is He who om high on hs sen [sends] down inner pecend repose (skinh) upon he hers o he beievers, ay Qua (Al-Fa, 48:4). pop abod o pac

12 ike oher us, hazali subscribes o he noion o wha bn al-rabi would laer call he possessor o he wo eyes (dhul-aynayn),viz., seeing od wih he wo eyes o ranscendence (anzih) and imma-nence (ashbih). C. Fadlou hehadi, Ghazalis nique nknowable God(eiden: . . rill, 1964), pp. 8-10 and 51-5. For bn al-rabis expressiono he possessor o he wo eyes, see William Chitick, Te u Pah oKnowledge (lbany, ae niversiy o ew York ress, 1989), pp. 361-2. e uazilie and sharie heologians have a long hisory o con-roversy over he hree major views o ivine names and qualiies, i.e.,anzih, ashbih, and ail (suspension). C. ichel llard, Le problmedes atribues divins dans la docrine dal-Aari e des ses premiers grandsdisciples (eyrouh: diions e mpirimerie Caholique, 1965), pp.354-364.


25/85

1

a (quub), wc a sised ony by he remembrnceo God (dhikr h) (Al-rad, :8). By lg a,ma c, o God mmbac, Qua abla og l bw ology ad pual pycology.

i addo o Quac xg, su pa-cula a od o xplag myy o cao byg o a acd ayg (hdih qudsi) atbud o Pop o ilam: i wa a dd au. i wad(l. lovd) o b ow ad cad uv (l.

cao13). y wod lov (hubb, mhbbh) adow (mrih) udl a udamal apc o su mapyc o cao: Dv lov ad d o bow rison dere o all xc. ib al-Aab aya God lov o h va dcal w og-ao o gdd xc lao o God

lov o m am a ac a h w mwv y a (Al-hadd, 7:4), w a o oxc o a o wujud y a objc o h owldg. h w m ad lovm v-dgly.14 Commg o abov ayg,Dawud al-Qaya, 4 cuy u su-ploopad uvy pd o wly abld O-

13 li b.ulan uhammad al-Harawi al-Qari, al-asnu aria al-hadih al-awdu (l-iyad: akaba al-ushd, 1404 A), 1:141.14 Quoed in William Chitick, Te el-Disclosure o God: Principles oIbn al-Arabis Cosmology (lbany: ae niversiy o ew York ress,1998), p. 22.


26/85

1

oma sa, ay a God a wt lov upo hml. o doub a d o lov a lad o maao o [h] pco ollow om lov oh ec, wc ouc o lov o [h namad] Qual a av bcom ao o uvlgo all x ad coco o pc o pualad copoal bod.15

cod pm lad o wa adoal plo-opy call ga ca o bg (dir -wujud). i

comc cal o g, uv b o all poblwold bcau, , acual, wc mpl compload plud ov ad aga poaly, ad, cod, bul- od dv uac om Cao. aual wold a coa a o pac bcau accod-g o Qua mulm (w a mall m) a

ud (sim) l o wll o God ad u abov all o ad dcod (Aal ima, :8, Al-awba,:, Al-rad, :, Fula, 4:). i omav dpcoo aual poma, Qua al abou a ad a prosring beore God (Al-rama, :6) ad ay a h is in he hevens nd on erh exos His gory (Al-ha, :4). By acowldgg God uy ad pagh am, ma jo aual wold a ubav way

15 awud al-Qaysar, Risalah maria al-mahabba al-haqiqiyyah inal-Rasail ed. by ehme ayrakar (Kayseri: Kayseri eropolian u-nicipaliy, 1997), p. 138.


27/85

19

a poc a udco al l bw nhropos ad cosmos o mcocom ad maco-com. c commoaly ad uy bw u-ma a ubjc ad uv a objc a b calld aopocomc vo.16 u o vw a nhropos ad cosmos cao b djod om oao ad a ma-vu-au dcoomy a alo. Moov, wold a b gv o cld oAdam a a u (mnh) a y a cagd w -

pobly o adg w o God cao, mcy,ad juc o a. Cocvg au m o a-moy, mau, od, ad balac po o a commo adp atud owad o-uma wold ilamcoug, ad a pooud mplcao o coucoo pac a a pcpl o como.17

d pcpl pa o ma aual a ad plac w lag cox o xc. ev oug Qua occaoally dcb all au o ma guom m ad p ma a wa, ogul,

16 e erm has rs been used by ircea liade and adoped by uWeiming o describe he philosophical oulook o he Chinese radi-ions. For an applicaion o he erm o slamic hough, see WilliamChitick, e nhropocosmic Vision in slamic ough in ed e-ers, uzaar qbal, yed omanul Haq (eds.), God, Lie, and he Cos-mos (ldersho: shgae, 2002). pp. 125-15217 C. eyyed Hossein asr, Religion and he Order o Naure (xord:xord niversiy ress, 1996), pp. 60-63.


28/85

20

acou, ay, goa, ugaul, ol, ad go-c (c., iner i, ibam, 4:4, Al-ia', 7:, Al-ka,8:4, Al-hajj, :66, Al-Azab, :7, Al-Zuu, 4:, adAl-Adya, :6), qual a vually codddvao om ma al au (rh), wo ab cad mos beuiu orm (hsn qwim)(Al-, :4), bo pycally ad pually. ma-pycal opmm d uma bg a Gods vicege-ren on erh (khi Ah -rd) a Qua ay, o,

o u a mapo om Cay, a pox, bdg bw av ad a.18 rh (Al-rum,:), pmodal au accodg o wc God acad all umay, ally a moal ad pual ub-ac daw o good ad God-consciousness (qw)wa mpco ad excessiveness (ujur) (Al-

sam, :8) a accdal qual o b ubumd u-d oul uggl o do good (-birr) ad acd ublmal d oug llgc ad moal wll.

18 e classical Quran commenaries are almos unanimous on iner-preing his khaliah as dam, i.e., humans in he generic sense. C.alal al-in al-ahalli and alal al-in al-uyui, asir al-Jalalayn (ei-ru: uassasa al-isalah, 1995), p. 6 and bn al-rabi, al-Fuuha al-makkiyyah, ed. by . bd al-ahman al-arashli, (eiru: ar hyaal-urah al-rabi, 1997), Vol. , p. 169.


29/85

21

Te Philosophical-Teological Context:Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds

I

cox o ology ad ploopy, quo o

pac ad volc a ad ud ubc o goodad vl (husn/khyrad shrr/qubh). Wa, cofc, vo-

lc, juc, dcod, ad l a a xoo gal poblm o vl. Mulm ploop adologa av b d odcy om vybgg, ad o good ao bcau bac quo

o odcy go o a o lgo: ow ca a ju adpc God allow vl ad duco a wold wc hay h a cad pc balac, w a pupo, ado wll-bg o h va? W ca pa qu-o p cox a ollow: wy o mucvolc, umol ad oppo a a pac, amo-y ad juc wold? Do vl, o wc volc a a ooo, blog o al au o g o a accd a a oly a pvao o good?

quo av gv o a log ad -g dba abou vl amog ologa. O pacu-la apc o dba, ow a b o all pobl


30/85

22

wold (hsn -nizm) agum19, dv clo at-o a lva o omulao o a pov cocpo pac. clacal am o poblm pa oDv juc ad pow o o ad, ad Goo o poaly ad acualy, o o. u-damal quo w wold wc w lv b a God could av cad. sc, om a moalpo o vw, wold mpc bcau vlad juc , w av o adm a God wa o

abl o ca a bt ad mo pc wold o cocda h dd o ca a bt wold by wll a pa o Dv coomy o cao. Obvouly, alavcall o quo God ompoc (qudrh) wa cod jopadz h wdom ad juc (dh).Followg ao l o dcuo kalam, w ca -

omula quo a a o bw God auad wll: ca God go aga h ow au, wc ju,

19 noher ormulaion is laysa l-imkan abda mimma kan. ooselyranslaed, i saes ha here is nohing in he world o possibiliy morebeauiul and perec han wha is in acualiy. is senence, atribuedo hazali, has led o a long conroversy in slamic hough. For an ex-cellen survey o his debae in slamic heology, see ric . rmsby,Teodicy in Islamic Tough: Te Dispue over al-Ghazalis Bes o AllPossible Worlds (rinceon, NJ: rinceon niversiy ress, 1984). C.lso hazali, Ihya ulum al-din,(Cairo: 1968), Vol. I, p. 321. e earliesormulaion o he problem, however, can be raced back o bn ina. eemy Why o nimals a her nimals: ulla adra on eodicy(orhcoming).


31/85

23

h wa o, o h wll cao upcd h au? sll,ca God coadc hml? i w ay y, w atbumpco o God ad w ay o, w lm hm.

ev mo mod atmp o aalyz quow cox o kalam dba wll a u oo a ald.Wa dcly lad o ou dcuo ow cocp o vl, juc, oppo ad vaaoa a accdal oucom o wold o co-gc wc w lv. u, wa ad al

o uma bg cobu omouly o cao adxacbao o vl, ad oly aoabl o a a u-aoal poo ad atbu vl o oulv a a o Dv. i ac, wa Qua old v--v vlad ma accouably: Whever good hppens o you, iis om God; nd whever evi bes you, i is om your own

se/sou (Al-na, 4: 7; c. alo Aal-ima, :6). bo all pobl wold agum, owv, ocuom pacula ac o dvdual o ucual volco pomo o vl l wby w ga a dpg o ow vl a plac.

W may aoably agu a vl pa o Dvcoomy o cao ad u cay. i a moal , pa o Dv coomy bcau wa w a dw (c. Al-Abya, :6; Al-ka, 8:). Wou vl, wll b o accouably ad u o dom.20 Mulla

20 laningas ree will deense is based on his premise. C. lvin


32/85

2

sada call a cy o Dv povdc (-inyh)ad cocoma o ulma eos o good (-ghy -khyriyyh).21 i a oologcal , a c-y bcau wold by do mpc, ulmapco blogg o God, ad wold o God. a wy God a o cad all bg a pu good.22evl a lmao ad mpco a oucom o ac o paao bw Dv ad o-dv owa Mulm ologa call m siwLh (all a o

a God). lmaly, owv, is om God (Al-n-a, 4:78). mpl a vl a coav maa-o o good23 ca o b vl ad cobu o ga good, wc wa b o all pobl woldagum a. i a a paadoxcal way, o caoobjc o xc o vl l bcau wa ma

wold pobl. Bu do o abolv u o moalduy o gg aga dvdual ca o vl. no do

laninga, e Free Will eence in Philosophy in America, ax lack(ed.), reprined in aruch . roody (ed.), Readings in he Philosophy oReligion: An Analyical Approach (ew ersey: renice-Hall, 1974), p.187. ee also his od, vil, and he eaphysics o Freedom in arilyn. dams and ober . dams (eds.), Te Problem o Evil (xord:xord niversiy ress, 1990), pp. 83-109.21 ulla adra, al-Hikma al-muaaliyah l-asar al-aqliyyah al-arbaah, (cied hereafer asAsar) (ehran, 1383, . H.), II, 3, p. 72.22 bid., p. 78.23 Frihjo chuon, In he ace o he Absolue (loomingon: WorldWisdom ooks, 1989), p. 39.


33/85

25

ma vl a al au o g bcau wa Goddco o ca wold w a mag ad pupo plac. i o, vl ma cog ad a-, ad aumpo xd o x wold.24

oo o vl a a oologcal cy-cum-co-gcy a mpoa mplcao o ow w loo a wold ad vl d. Fom a pycologcal po o vw, accpac o vl a a a y cay pom-o pv u om bcomg pty ad bt ac

o all a blmd, wcd, mpc, ad ad.25 igv u a o moal cuy aga olaug ovl, wc ca ad mu b oug w a m bl ulma upmacy o good. i alo abl u o wold a ad o wa , ad v o ma a b- plac m o moal ad pual pco. Fom a

lgou po o vw, udco lav au

24 is is he main reason why a good number o us, philosophers,and some heologians believe ha he hellre will be erminaed where-as paradise will remain eernal. For he debae beween he uaziliesand he sharies on his issue, see ad al-in al-afazani, harh al-maqasid (eiru: lam al-Kuub, 1989), Vol. 5, pp. 131-140.25 C. he ollowing verses: Man never ires o asking or he good[hings o lie]; and i evil orune ouches him, he abandons all hope, givinghimsel up o despair. Ye whenever We le him ase some o Our grace aerhardship has visied him, he is sure o say, Tis is bu my due! and, I dono hink ha he Las Hour will ever come: bu i [i should come, and] Ishould indeed be brough back uno my usainer, hen, behold, he ulimaegood awais me wih Him (Fussila, 41: 49-50; . sads ranslaion).


34/85

2

o vl: omg a may appa vl o u may o bvl ad vc va w vyg placd w a lagamwo. u Qua ay a i my we be hyou he hing whie i is good (khyr) or you, nd i mywe be h you ove hing whie i is bd (shrr) or you. ndGod knows, nd you know no (Al-Baqaa, :6). Mullasada appl pcpl o aual vl, ad ay av da, coupo (-sd) ad l a cayad dd o od o wold (-nizm) w y

occu by au ad o by oc o accd.26 b o all pobl wold agum alo lad o

cm o acualy ad poaly wc Mulmploop ad ologa av adopd om Aol. agum go a ollow. wold wc w lv caly o o pobl a Dv a boug

o acualy. i , wold pu cogcy(imkn) ad ug bw xc ad o-xc.Fom po o vw o p acualy, owv, wold pc ad cay bcau acualy mplplud ad pco wa poaly pvaoad o-xc.27 o pco cox

26 adra,Asar, II, 3, pp. 92-3; also p. 77.27 C. loinus, eEnneads, V, IX, 5, p. 248, and ulla adra, Asar,, 3, pp. 343-4. aqillani considers he poenial (bil-quwwah) as non-exisen. ee his Kiab al-awhid, p. 34-44, quoed in Franz osenhal,Knowledge riumphan: Te Concep o Knowledge in Medieval Islam(eiden: . . rill, 1970), p. 216.


35/85

2

bo oologcal ad comologcal. i oologcal b-cau xc upo o o-xc ad wav p o poaly ma o ul bougo acualy by a ag wc l alady acual. i comologcal bcau, a ad bo, wold a bcad w ca, od, ad bauy, wc Qua -v ad o loo a a g o God (y h ovesigi Dei a wa calld by scolac). pca o como pd a a modl o ab-

lm o a ju ocal od. i ollow a vl apomo o wold bu o omg a d al au o g.

A mpoa oucom o po o vw o d-y vl a a aoally dcbl pomo. mayappa o b a mpl um. nvl, a powul

poo aga oo o vl a a myou, my-cal o v comologcal ac ov wc uma bg avo cool. evl omg a ca b dcd by llc ad coc aog ad, o cou, w lpo vlao28, ad plac mdou pobl-

28 s he leader o he skepics (imam al-mushakkikin), Fakhr al-inal-azi disagrees. His objecion, however, claries anoher aspec o hediscussion o heodicy in slam. s azi poins ou, here is no dispueover he ac ha some acions are good and some ohers bad. e ques-ion is wheher his is because o an atribue ha belongs [essenially]o he acion isel or his is no he case and i is solely as an injunciono he hariah [ha acions and hings are good or bad]. azi hasens


36/85

2

y o ou ould v--v vl a may com omw o om wou. O may dag w Muazlologa o pug ovgy o uma domo po o dagg God omcc ad ompo-cy. i ac, wa wa ad pompd al-Aa, oc aMuazl ml, o cay ou ow iiz ad lay oudao o Aam. h ad ollow blvd agood ad vl w ulmaly dmd by Dv law(-shrih), lavg o pac o dpd judgm

o uma ao (-q). Paadoxcally, owv, moalvoluam o Aa ag w Muazl ao-alm udcog lav ad cog auo vl: w dmd by ao o vlao, vl pvao o good ad do o p alau o g.

Mulm ploop a am po ougwa w mg call oologcal agum. i addoo ac a acualy pco ov poaly, x-c (-wujud) pu good (khyr mhd, summun

o add ha he uazilies op he rs view and our pah, i.e., hesharies believe in he second. C. Fakhr al-in al-azi, al-Arbain usul al-din (Cairo: akaba al-Kulliya al-zhariyyah, 1986), Vol. , p.346. For a deense o he same sharie posiion, see afazani, harhal-maqasid, Vol. 4, p. 282 where i is assered ha human reason is inno place o judge wha is good (al-husn) and wha is evil (al-qubh).For abziwaris deense o he uazilies, he philosophers, and hemamiyyah on he raionaliy o good and evil, see his gloss on adrasAsar, II, 3, pp. 83-4.


37/85

29

bonum). All bg a x paa o oologcalgood. sc God oly ncay bg (wjib -wujud) by c ad all gad, pco ul-maly blog o hm. Accodg o ib sa, vl a odug c ad appa oly a pvao (dm)o good:

evy bg a cay by l pu goodad pu pco. Good (-khyr),

o, a wc vyg d ad by wcvyg bg compld. Bu vl a o -c; oxc o a ubac o oxc o a o good (sh) oa ubac. u xc pu good, ad pco o xc good o xc.

exc pu good w o accompa-d by oxc, oxc o a ub-ac, o oxc o omg om aubac ad ppual acualy. A o x cog by l, o pu goodbcau c do o ca xcby l. u c allow o oxc.Ayg a allow o oxc om pc o om vl ad mpco all pc.hc pu good og bu xc a


38/85

30

cay by ow c.29

elaboag o am da, Mulla sada agu agood ad vl cao b gadd oppo o o oxc o o; o good xco pco o xc ad vl abc o x-c o oxc o pco o xc.30By dg good ad vl m o xc ad ox-c, sada ocu om a moalc o a pmaly

oologcal amwo. L ib sa, sada d good- a al au o p wold-od o a x, vz., omg pov. lad sadao coclud a good pma wold-od a oudao. i p o xc o uc aual vla da ad am, wa mo ad pma

dd good au.31

Oc vl lavzd, a o dd wold a b o all pobl wold. wa sada do w ay a uv is

29 bn ina, Kiab al-naja, ed. by ajid Fakhry (eiru: ar al-aqal-adidah, 1985), p. 265; c. also bn ina, al-Mubahaha, ed. by uhsinidarar (Qom: nishara-i idar, 1413 A), p. 301.30 adra,Asar, II, 1, p. 113.31 Asar, II, 3, p. 76. e inrinsic goodness o hings in heir naural-onological sae has given rise o a number o popular ormulaions ohe problem, he mos celebraed one being erkez endi, he amoustoman scholar. When asked i he would change anyhing were he ohave he cener o he world a his hands, he replied ha he would leaveeveryhing as i is, hence he name merkez (cener).


39/85

31

oiy (bi-kuiyihi) mo pc o all a may bad mo obl o all a ca b cocvd.32

32 adra, sar, III, 2, pp. 114. ee also ibid. II, 2, p. 114, III, 1, p. 256, III,2, pp. 106-134. adra employs wo argumens o deend he bes o allpossible worlds argumen, which he calls he onological (inni) andcausal (limmi) mehods (manhaj).


40/85


41/85

33

Te Political-Legal Context:Law and Its Vicissitudes

T

saa ul cocg wa, pac, jad, l-

gou mo, ad lgo-polcal dvoo dr -ism, dr -suh/hd, ad dr -hrb

cou a mpoa compo o ilamc law o a-o. coxual ad ocal pao pa gca callg o mod cola o ilam o o ad, ad Mulm mlv, o o. i

aalyzg vw o ju o u om d

ilamc cuy owad, a xmly commo dcy o xa pcc lgal ulg by ca ju a oo-dox vw o ilam applcabl o all m ad plac. Wl gad a ilamc law bad o ulma auoyo Qua ad sua, saa a lgal cod ucud uc a way a o allow codabl domad lway o Mulm cola ad commu o adjumlv o d m ad ccumac. alygao o Mulm cola, ju (uqh), Quaccommao (mussirun), ado (muhddihun),ad oa av mad xv u o mpl ac,


42/85

3

pavg way o ad foug o vaou coolo law ad lgal opo ilam. adopo adl au o saa, owv, a b golyovlood ad udad o oly W cola-p bu alo ilamc wold. i p cox, a ld o o-pad cocluo a acgo saa ad, by dvao, ilam l do o waaa ubav oo o pac ad a culu o coxc.33

o aalyz lgal-polcal apc o adoal

saa ulg cocg wa ad pac, i all lm my-l o lad u. Mulm com-muy g o dd l aga al o xalaggo ad ao o Mulm commu-y om ov pacm o Mcca o acvm oMada. u caly a quo o jad

a a ov o dv wa ad lao o wa calldjus d beum W ado. cod polcal cox o lgal juco o ca ju,amly imam sa (d. 8) ad haa ju saa(d. ), cocg lgmacy o oal xpa-o o Mulm a o lgou goud. som com-poay cola av dpopooaly ovad sa

33 is is wha ibi claims in his essenialis generalizaions and over-simplicaions abou he slamic pahos o peace and war. C. assamibi, War and eace in slam in Te Ehics o War and Peace: Religiousand ecular Perspecives, ed. by erry ardin (rinceon: rinceon ni-versiy ress, 1996), pp. 128-145.


43/85

35

jucaoy ma abou laucg jad aga o-Mulm o o ba o bl ym. d u am o lgou mo, .., dmm ud ilamc law ad lvac o lgoudvy ad culual plualm ilamc ado.

o bg w , a majo coc o Popo ilam Mcca wa o u cuy ad gyo ac Mulm commuy a a lgo-polcal u. coc vually ld o oc mgao o

Pop ad ollow o Mada 6 a a dcado pu, aco, pcuo, ou, ad a old a-mp o ll Pop ml. Dug pod, commuy g o dd l aga Mcca poly- wa moly xcd wa w would call odaypac ad o-vol ma o ac. ev oug

Pop wa clo coac w Mcca lad opad mag a wll a o poc mall y glyddcad goup o ollow, l goao ddo mga aggv polc o Mcca aga gowg Mulm commuy. ao om obupacm o Mcca o polcal acvm o Mada ooplac w pmo o g wa gv w vo Al-hajj, :8-4:

Veriy, God wi wrd o [ evi] om hose whotin o ih: [nd] veriy, God does no ove ny-


44/85

3

one who berys his rus nd is beref o griude. {38}Permission [o gh] is given o hose gins whom wris being wronguy wged nd, veriy, God hs indeedhe power o succor hem {39} hose who hve beendriven om heir homends gins righ or no oherreson hn heir sying, Our usiner is God! For, iGod hd no enbed peope o deend hemseves ginsone noher, [] monseries nd churches nd syn-gogues nd mosques in [ o] which Gods nme is

bundny exoedwoud surey hve been desroyed{40} (-Hjj, 22:3840, M. sds rnsion).

ad o v (Al-Baqaa, :-) d claly ao o ag up am o dd lgou domad codo o ju wa (jus d beum) l-d-

. a v, vald ya o hja, o gav wogdog aga Mulm ad vco om omlad o pog w acom a mgao o Pop wa la ago ocul xpulo o Mulm commuy omMcca. wa a ug po o atud ad ugacc o Pop ad ollow o poc mlvaga Mcca. ubqu batl oug bw Mcca ad Mada om Bad o hada ul Pop umpa u o Mcca w bad o am pcpl o lgou dom, collcv olda-y, ad polcal uy. i addo o ucag cod-


45/85

3

o o ju wa, abov v d lgou dom aa uval cau o all Abaamc a. L ayo polcal u, commu d w a bod o aav g ad, ac, pobly o cug xc ad gy aga a o pcuo advual xco. A i all dcu blow, cumcalatud owad lgou dom o all a commu- wa a majo aco Pop gg o a umbo a w Jw, Ca ad Zooaa o

Aaba Pula a wll a am o lgou m-o ud saa.34

couco o jad a amd uggl o xpad bod odr -ism ad, by dvao, ubum alldr -hrb ud ilamc domo oud om o ju o ad cu. Amog o, w ca

mo sa ad saa wo pd jad a duy o Mulm ul o g aga lad dda oy o wa. sa omulad xpaooy o jad a a lgou duy a a m w Mulma w gagd pologd mlay cofc w

34 Concerning he Zoroasrians and abeans and heir being par ohe eople o he ook, bu Yusu narraes a number o radiions o herophe o show ha hey should be reaed wih jusice and equaliy ashe oher dhimmis. e inclusion o he Zoroasrians among he dhim-mis is inerred rom he ac ha he rophe had colleced jizya romhe ajus o Hajar. C. axaion in Islam: Abu Yusus Kiab al-kharaj, r.by . en hemesh (eiden: . . rill, 1969), pp. 88-9.


46/85

3

o-Mulm o ad ad bcom moly uccul xdg bod. Wl ju ad judgg aga o-Mulm o accou o dbl(ku) a a l-d, y w alo adama o obvao ojus in beo om, .., avodg xcv-, accpg uc, pag lv o ocombaa,wom, cld, c.35 i p o codo, vw o sa ad ollow p a om Quac oo o l-d o amd uggl o bg

abou covo o o-Mulm. havg ad a, wopo d o b mod.

F o all, vw o sa ad saa do o p- majoy, l alo oodox, ac o ju. commo dcy o p paculado o jad a maam poo o ilam o

oly dgad vw o Abu haa, Mal b Aa,Abu Yuu, sayba, Awza, ib rud, ib aymyya, ibQayym al-Jawzyya36 ad o bu alo go -ocal ad coxual au o uc judcal ulg. am old u o Mulm polcal ploop ad o-loga wo a a d poo o bucao

35 ome o hese sipulaions can be ollowed rom haybanis iyar;nglish ranslaion by ajid Khadduri, Te Islamic Law o Naions:haybanis iyar(alimore: e ohn Hopkins niversiy ress, 1966),pp. 75-94; also uhammad Hamidullah, Te Muslim Conduc o ae(ahore: . shra, 1961), pp. 205-8.36 C. ulh, ncyclopedia o slam (EI2), IX, 845a.


47/85

39

amwo o dr -ism vu dr -hrb.37 Moov, ulg w by ad lag ju po o de co uao o mlay coqu o Mulm aa a cau. Ca ju bg o uccoclaoy m a dr -hd ( lad o cov-a) ad dr -suh ( lad o pac) dug ad a ad cu w Mulm a w co-od w polcal al o a uabad coquad oudg vco. cag o ad mpa,

owv, wa o a complly ovl pomo o cocp odr -suh ca b acd bac o ay a Pop ad gd w Ca populao onaja w wa Mada.38 A i all dcu blow,

37 s a represenaive ex o he sharie kalam, see ad al-inal-afazani, harh al-maqasid, Vol. 5, pp. 232-320 where he long dis-cussion o he imamae conains no reerences o jihad as conqueringnon-uslim erriories. ee also bn Khaldun,Muqaddimah, ranslaedby Franz osenhal, abridged by . . awood (rinceon: rinceonniversiy ress, 1969), pp. 158-160 and Fakhr al-in al-azi, al-Arbain usul al-din, Vol. 2, pp. 255-270. e uslim philosophers, especiallyal-Farabi, dene jihad as jus war and sress he virues o he ciy(madinah) or he human habia. C. oel . Kraemer, eJihad o heFalasia, erusalem udies in rabic and slam, 10 (1987), p. 293 and312. uterworh holds he same view abou al-Farabis noion o war-are in his l-Farabis aecraf: War and he Well-rdered egimein Cross, Crescen, and word: Te Jusicaion and Limiaion o War inWesern and Islamic radiion, ed. by ames urner ohnson and ohnKelsay (ew York: reenwood ress, 1990), pp. 79-100.38 C. ar al-sulh, EI2, II, 131a.


48/85

0

ay, wo x a b pvd, lay ou-dao o mag pac w o-Mulm commu.i addo, polcy o gvg mn (a-coduc), ..,coacual poco o o-Mulm dg o avlg Mulm o, wa a commo pacc. suc poplw ow a musmin, ad o ga m au wao oly pogav o ad o a o um bu alodvdual, bo m ad wom.39

scodly, da o bgg wold ud g

odr -ism by mlay ma ad oal xpaoould b w cox o go-polcal co-do o clacal ilamc wold. mdval mp-al wold od, o wc Mulm a w a pa, wabad o da o cououly xpadg o bodbcau coqu (h) povdd coomc, polcal ad

dmogapc ably. i , a ht po ou, ilam a coqud o go wa o i-lamc lgo bu ilamc a wa Aabam ado Muammadam a umpd .40 i a wold wc o wa a coquo o coqud,

39 haybani, iyar, pp. 158-194; also man, EI2, , 429a.40 hilip K. Hiti, Hisory o he Arabs (ew York, . arins ress,1970), p. 145. ozy makes a similar poin when he says ha he holy waris never imposed excep only when he enemies o slam are he aggres-sors. herwise, i we ake ino accoun he injuncions o he Quran, iis nohing bu an inerpreaion o some heologians. . ozy,Essai surlhisoire de lIslamisme (eiden: rill, 1879), p. 152.


49/85

1

umpa Mulm a dpdd avly o xpa-o o o aga bo Mulm val ado-Mulm m. oc mac o Mulm amo o oc ud o-Mulm ul wa o jad lgou o m bu a oucom o powuggl o wc all polcal ablm, Mulm oo-Mulm, w ubjc.

u mad cla by ac a oal x-pao ad mlay coqu dd o alway ad c-

aly ma covo. Bgg w aly oy oilam, covo oug puao ad callg (dwh)wa couagd, ad a mulud o mod w pu plac o acla covo o dvdual ad maoug pacul ma. Covo by oc, wc wouldma ilam a polyzg lgo, owv, wa o m-

pod a a polcy by ulama o ul. Fu-mo, covo wa o a codo o bcom pa o Mulm commuy o ga lgou dom, cvpoco, ad po popy ud ilamc law. codably poa cocp o dmm allowd l-gou mo o maa ado ad ayatmp a ocul covo. sc ilam do o odaa moay ablm, ag o covo -pobl o omouly uccul ad upcddpad o ilam w mulaou ad xdd om Aab ad ad su o dvlopm o ilamc


50/85

2

commual uo.41 Ow w cao xpla en msse covo o vaou c, lgou ad culualcommu o ilam by mlay pow o a adul oMulm goup Aaola, ia, Aca o ida.

Paadoxcally, polc o lgou olac cudbo g o lgou mo ad loyal ow cov. i a ma a wa mply umagabl Ca gdom o euop a m, Jw,Ca, saba, ad hdu ad acc o codably

g a po om m o Muawya (66-68) o doluo o Otoma emp a bgg o cuy. Jw ad Ca c, pyca,accoua, coulo ad am w mployd ammayad cou. s. Jo Damac, o o mofual gu o ea Oodox Cuc ad

auo o al a-ilamc polmc, ad aib Mau ld poo ud calp Abd al-Mal(68-7).42 Dug Buwayd a Pa, vz o powul Pa g Adud al-Dawla (4-8), nab hau wa a Ca.43 W d mla ca ida

41 C. ichard ullie, Conversion o slam and he mergence o auslim ociey in ran in ehemia evzion (ed.), Conversion o Islam(ew York: Holmes and eier ublishers, nc., 1979), pp. 30-51. ee alsohe inroducion by he edior, p. 9.42 C. aniel . ahas, John o Damascus on Islam: Te Heresy o heIshmaelies (edien: . . rill, 1972).43 . W. rnold, Te Preaching o Islam (elhi: enaissance ublish-


51/85

3

ad Otoma emp w vcal mobly olgou mo a aa wa a commo pom-o. ev devshirme ym o Otoma, wca b cczd ad labld a a om o ocd cov-o, povdd lgou mo w utd acco g govm poo. gad vzo sulma Magc, mo powul Otomaula, w o Ca og: ibam Paa wa a Gad a abl dploma ad commad; rum Paa wa a

Bulgaa ad ad adld auy w umo comp-c; ad clbad soollu Mm Paa wa a slavom Boa ad ad vd you a a acoly asba cuc.44 Amog , ca o soollu pob-ably mo g o ow x o wc devshirme ym vually wod o b o

Ca commu ud Otoma ul. Alougsoollu mbacd ilam ad bcam o o mo pow-ul m o m, p clo coac w bowo wa a mpoa lgou gu Boa ad lpdm w au a gad vz.

i lg o po, w av o ma a dcobw jad a ju wa ad jad a oly wa45, wc

ing House, 1984; originally published in 1913), pp. 63-4.44 C. ord Kinross, Te Otoman Cenuries: Te Rise and Fall o heurkish Empire (ew York: orrow Quill, 1977), p. 259.45 bdulaziz . achedina, e evelopmen o ihad in slamic ev-elaion and Hisory, in Cross, Crescen, and word, p. 36.


52/85

bg u o ou d u. Ju wa o a commuyg o dd l aga aggo ad oppo. i dv au wa oly wa al covgvybody o o lgo by oc, amd uggl, -oal xpao, ad o ma. i , jad a xo o jus d beum ado ad ca b aa cy o poc juc, dom ad od. i -gad, poo a by Qua ad Pop co-cg u o oc aga oppo by Mulm ad

o-Mulm al46 ally a al o ad am aputg c codo o gulag wa ad ug oc. gudg pcpl a o gg aga aggo,wc o gh in he wy o God, ad o o b ag-go: Figh(qiu, l. ll) in he wy o God ginshose who gh gins you, bu do no rnsgress he imis. er-

iy, God does no ove ggressors (Al-Baqaa, :; C. aloAl-na, 4: ad Al-awba, :6). Bo clacal admod commao av pd commad noo rnsgress ( ddu) a avodg wa ad ol

46 n he quesion o rebellion and irregular warare (ahkam al-bugha) in slamic law, see Khaled bou el Fadl, Rebellion and Violencein Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge niversiy ress, 2001). For ashorer synopic accoun, see ibidem, Ahkam al-Bugha: rregular War-are and he aw o ebellion in slam in Cross, Crescen, and word:Te Jusicaion and Limiaion o War in Wesern and Islamic radiion ,ed. by ames urner ohnson and ohn Kelsay (ew York: reenwoodress, 1990), pp. 149-176.


53/85

5

plac, og o amd uggl oly o ddo dom, ad, oc ocd o g, pag lvo ocombaa a clud wom, cld, ad ldly.47

Coay o wa kaddu clam48, global buca-o odr -ism ad dr -hrb do o ala o aoly wa o a pma a o wa bw Mulmad o-Mulm. no gu ca llua po bta ib aymyya (d. 7) wo vw av b wdly

dod ad xplod o ld lgmacy o xm -pao o clacal ilamc law o ao. ev ougib aymyya lvd oug duco woug upo ilamc wold by Mogol ad could av b x-

47 mam hawkani, Fah al-qadir, abridged by ulayman bd llah al-shqar (Kuwai: hirka ha al-alasal, 1988), p. 37; Le Coran: Violale Livre French ranslaion and commenary by Yahya lawi and a-vad Hadidi (Qom: Cenre pour la raducion du ain Coran, 2000), pp.318-9; uhamad sad, Te Message o he Quran (akaba awahar ululoom: ahore, n.d.), p.41; haykh uhammad al-hazali,A TemaicCommenary on he Quran, r. by . hamis (Herndon: nernaionalnsiue o slamic ough, 2000), pp. 18-9.48 n his War and Peace in he Law o Islam (alimore: e ohnsHopkins niversiy ress, 1955) ajid Khadduri goes so ar as o rans-lae jihad as warare (p. 55) and permanen war (p. 62), and claimsha he universalism o slam, in is all-embracing creed, is imposedon he believers as a coninuous process o warare, psychological andpoliical i no sricly miliary (p. 64). is belligeren view o jihadis hard o jusiy in he ligh o boh he legal and culural radiions oslam discussed below.


54/85

pcd o a a mo bllg ac aga dl, wa uquvocal ag a Mulm could wag waoly aga o wo atacd m. da o agupovod wa o cov popl o ilam, amly o -gag oly wa, bl lgo l bcau, accodgo ib aymyya, ublv w o b lld ul bcom a Mulm, uc a aco would cou ga compulo lgo, wc would b coayo Quac pcpl a o compulo -

lgo (Al-Baqaa, :6).49 ib aymyya amou u-d ib Qayym al-Jawzyya a am pcplw ay a gg (q) pmtd o accou owa (hrb), o o accou o dbl (ku).50

xdd mag o jad a jus d beum, ..,amd uggl l-d ca alo b a-

coloal ac movm o mod pod. i 8 ad cu, call o jad w ud aco ilamc wold o g aga coloalm. Fo a-coloal ac movm o pod, jad uc-od, , a lgou ba o gg aga coloal-m ad, cod, a a powul way o moblzg popl ojo ac oc. Amog o, Balv amly ida, say saml Ccya, say Abd al-Qad

49 bn aymiyyah, Qaidah qial al-kuar, romMajmua rasail, p.123, quoed in ajid Khadduri, Te Islamic Law o Naions, p. 59.50 bn Qayyim al-awziyyah,Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah, ed. by ubhi al-alih (eiru: ar al-lm li l-alamin, 1983, 3rd ediion), Vol. , p. 17.


55/85

al-Jaza Alga, Mad amly suda, Amadab egyp, ad sauyya od Lbya ougaga euopa coloal pow.51 i wa dug podo ac a jad oo a culual o a g aga coloal pow wa a bo a mlayad lgo-culual uggl. Dp omou dcul- acd by Mulm cola, lad, mca, ad vl-lag egyp, Aca, ida ad o plac, jad callaga euopa am dd o lad o a all-ou wa

aga local o-Mulm commu. ev ca w Mulm populao ad o ba ull bu o coloal-m, xm ca wa a o o labl local o-Mulma my bcau o lgou ad culual ala-o w euopa coloal pow. W, o ac, sau call o jad aga all ublv caud a

o ugcy amog Ca egyp, Mulm colapodd by ayg a jad Lbya wa dcd a iala aggo, o all W o Ca.52

51 C. ohn Voll, enewal and eorm in ohn sposio (ed.), TeOxord Hisory o Islam (xord: xord niversiy ress, 2000).52 udolph eers, Islam and Colonialism: Te Docrine o Jihad inModern Hisory (e Hague: ouon ublishers, 1979), p. 86. eerswork presens an excellen survey o how jihad was reormulaed as anani-colonialis resisance idea in he modern period. ee also llanChriselow,Muslim Law Cours and he French Colonial ae in Algeria(rinceon: rinceon niversiy ress, 1985) or he sruggle o uslimjuriss o coninue he radiion o slamic law under he French colonialsysem.


56/85

sc jad a amd uggl wa oug aga -vao o euopa pow, wa o dcul o o algou ad culual o. napolo atmp o paml a a dd o ilam w vadd egyp 78, o ac, wa by clbad egypa -oa Abd al-rama al-Jaba (74-8) a o mo aoug l xpcd oly om a dl (kr). i l- o local egypa lad, mam ad cola, napoload a mo a Mamlu, v[] God may

h b pad ad xald ad v[] h Pop Mu-ammad ad gloou Qua ad a Fc aalo aul Mulm.53 Fo Jaba ad gao, wa y ao ac comg cy o laucgjad aga aaj ( Fc, .., euopa). o jad a a-coloal uggl a o complly

dappad om md o om Mulm po-coloal pod. i ac, mod call o jad a olywa by uc Mulm xm a Abd al-salam Faaj wowo clbad -Frid -ghibh ( nglcdDuy)54 pumably juyg aaao o Awasada 8, ad Oama b Lad a a muc poduc

53 Al-Jabaris Chronicle o he French Occupaion, r. by hmuel oreh(rinceon: arkus Wiener ublishers, 1997), p. 26.54 Farajs reaise has been ranslaed by ohannes . . ansen, TeNegleced Duy: Te Creed o adas Assassins and Islamic Resurgencein he Middle Eas(ew York: acmillan ublishing Company, 1986),pp. 160-230.


57/85

9

o c ad a-ocal adg o clacal saaouc a lgacy o coloalm.

Laly, i would l o u bfy o au o l-gou mo ud ilamc law. A mod bo, dmm au gad lgou mo ad p-cally Jw ad Ca ud Mulm ul om mauo coomc ad polcal poco, dom o wop,g o ow popy, ad, om ca, acc o g gov-m poo. lgou-lgal ba o oo o

dmm go bac o m o Pop. Wl au o dmm wa ally gv o Jw, Ca, sab-a ad Zooaa, cop wa la xdd o cludall o-Mulm lvg ud ilam.55 A mla cou o ac-o wa ollowd ida w Muammad b. al-Qam, Mulm commad o oo o ida ol

8

cuy, compad hdu o Jw, Ca ad Zo-oaa ad dclad m a pa o al al-dmma.56 dco, wc wa la acod by haa

55 ere is a consensus on his poin among he Hana and alikischools o law as well as some Hanbali scholars. For reerences in ra-bic, see Yohanan Friedmann, olerance and Coercion in Islam: IneraihRelaions in he Muslim radiion (Cambridge: Cambridge niversiyress, 2003), pp. 85-86. For he inclusion o Zoroasrians among heeople o he ook, see Friedmann, olerance and Coercion, pp. 72-76.hai considers he abeans, a communiy menioned in he Quran, asa Chrisians group. C. bn Qayyim,Ahkam, Vol. , p. 92.56 e inciden is recorded in aladhuris Fuuh al-buldan. C. Fried-mann, olerance and Coercion, p. 85.


58/85

50

ju, wa a momou v dvlopm o Mulm atud owad lgo o ida. polco-lgal ulg could b a layg oudao o hdu-Mulm mod o culual coxc, wc i alldcu blow.

a Pop ad compao w l o-wad Popl o Boo atd o oly by commual laop a dvlopd bw Mulmad o-Mulm Mada bu alo codd a umb

o a gd by Pop. Mada Cou-o (whiq -mdin), o ac, cogz Jwo Bau Aw, Bau al-naja, Bau alaba ad o aa dc commuy w ow lgo.57 Aoa gd w Popl o Boo o naja ada ollow:

y [Popl o Boo] all av poco oAlla ad pom o Muammad, Apol oAlla, a y all b cud lv, popy,lad, cd, o ab ad o p, aml, cuc, ad all a y po.no bop o mo all b dplacd om pa- o moay o p all b ocd o abado

57 e ex o he adinan reaise is preserved in bn Hishams irah. is also published in uhammad Hamidullah, Documens sur la Diplo-maie a lEpoque du Prophee e des Khalies Orhodoxes (aris, 1935), pp.9-14. For an nglish ranslaion, see Khadduri, War and Peace, pp. 206-9.


59/85

51

ply l. no adp o umlao all bmpod o m o all lad b occupd by[ou] amy. o wo juc, all av : wll b o oppo o oppd.58

pvlg gv o dmm cludd ga w pobd o Mulm uc a bdg poad poducg alcool, wc w o oulawd o C-a. lgou ax calld jizy wa ma coomc

pobly o dmm ud saa. Coayo a commo bl, pmay goal o jzya ax wao umlao o Popl o Boo. Wl maycompoay alao o Qua ala wodw hum -sghirun a so h hey wi be humiied, ibQayym al-Jawzyya, wo a wt mo xv

wo o Popl o Boo, udad a cug allgac o Popl o Boo o law pago m (hkm -mih). iad, w hum -sghirunould b udood, ay ib Qayym, a mag all ub-jc o a oby law ad, ca o Poplo Boo, pay jzya.59

Accodg o Abu Yuu, o o omo auo- o haa cool o law, jizy wa 48 dam o

58 Quoed in Khadduri, War and Peace in he Law o Islam, p. 179. eoriginal ex o he ajran reaise is quoed in bu Yusu, Kiab al-kharaj and aladhuri, Fuuh al-buldan.59 bn Qayyim,Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah, Vol. , p. 24.


60/85

52

waly, 4 o mddl cla ad dam o poo plougma-paa ad maual wo. Accodg osa, jzya o da o poo ad ou dao c.60 i collcd oc a ya ad may b pad d, .., a good ad mla popy wc accpdaccodg o valu.61 o wo cao aod o pay a o ocd o do o.62 xmpd alo clud wom,cld, ldly ad c.63 o b o ou owl-dg, jizy ax wa o a gca ouc o com o

a64, ad xmpd dmm om mlay -vc. i om ca, jizy wa popod o abadodalog by ad o a a w ida ud g o Aba, Jaag ad sa Jaa.65 jizy waa compao o poco o dmm by a aga ay yp o aggo om Mulm o o-

60 bn Qayyim,Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah, Vol. , p. 26.61 bu Yusu, Kiab al-kharaj, p. 84. C. haybani, iyar, in Khadduri,War and Peace, p. 143.62 bn Qayyim,Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah, Vol. ., p. 32.63 bn Qayyim,Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah, p. 42 and 49.64 is is no o deny ha here were examples o he conrary. Whenone o he governors o mar bd al-ziz asked permission o collechuge amouns ojizya owed by ews, Chrsians and ajus o al-Hirabeore hey acceped slam, bd al-ziz responded by saying ha odhas sen he rophe uhammad o invie people o slam and no as aax collecor. is leter is quoed in bu Yusu, Kiab al-kharaj, p. 90.65 C. ziz hmad, udies in Islamic Culure in he Indian Environmen(xord: xord niversiy ress, 1964), pp. 80-1.


61/85

53

Mulm. atd by ac a poll-ax wud o dmm w Mulm a ad buabl o povd cuy o o-Mulm mo-.66 i mo ca, jzya wa mpod o a dvdualax l aaj bu a collcv bu o lgbl dm-m.67

Wl ib Qayym al-Jawzyya amou wo o dmm coa may ulg a p a codcd-g vw o o-Mulm ad advoca polc o uml-

ao aga m68, may o ju w oag dmm w quy ad juc. A poplud poco o Pop, Jw, Ca ado lgou mo w o o b ocd o pay moa y could aod o o b mdad ad oppdbcau o lgou alao. Advg hau al-

66 bu Yusu menions he case o bu baydah reurning hejizyao he dhimmis o Hims when he was no able o provide proecionor hem agains he oman emperor Heraclius. C. he leter by bubayadah menioned by bu Yusu, Kiab al-kharaj, p. 150.67 C. Khadduri, War and Peace, pp. 188-9.68 ese include some resricive rulings on wha he eople o heook could wear and wha religious symbols hey could display. C. .. riton, Te Caliphs and Teir Non-Muslim ubjecs (ondon: xordniversiy ress, 1930), Chapers II and III. s riton noes, how-ever, such rulings were no implemened sricly and displayed consid-erable variey across he slamic world. case in poin, which ritonmenions (p. 121), is alah al-in al-yyubi who had some Chrisianocers working or him wihou ollowing any sric dress code.


62/85

5

rad (d. 8), amou Abbad calp, o a-m o dmm, Abu Yuu xo m o a wlcy o ud poco o ou Pop Muam-mad, ad o allow a mo a wa du o b aom m o mo a y a abl o pay, ad a o-g ould b cocad om pop wou lgaljucao.69 i mag og advc o Calp,Abu Yuu aa a ado o Pop wc Pop ay a wo ob a dmm o mpo o m

mo a ca ba wll av m a oppo. A-o wll-ow ca xcuo o od o Pop o a Mulm wo ad lld a dmm. i poo cd, Pop a ad a mo appo-pa a i lv up ully o my (pom o) poco.70

ad o ul cocg dmm ow a

ilam accp aly o lgou o m oa de jure aly a a a a mat o polcal xgcy. udlyg pcpl bd atud o accommo-dao a o uma bg a vd bt pac a cofc. o val x o ilamcology o pac ad culual plualm, w d o loo a culual atud ad pacc o Mulm oc v--v o commu, o wc w ow u.

69 Khadduri, War and Peace, p. 85.70 Quoed in Friedmann, olerance and Coercion, p. 40.


63/85

55

Te Socio-Cultural Context:Confrontation, Coexistence, and Peace

I

lam do o pcb a pacula om o culual

dy. a bo docal ad ocal aoo . abc o a cal lgou auoy o

clgy ilamc ado pmp auoaam aa modl o goag lgou aa publc p. atd by mulplcy o cool o law a wlla ooou dc o opo amog m.

ac, o ad by Mulm w a o pd, owv,do o ga pc o abld ad commolyaccpd vw ilamc ado. Aumg a a o bl ad pacc a w may lgmaly co-d a maam ad oodox, bad o co-u o commuy ov gao a a acalzd body o lgal ulg. cmal poc oablg oodox qut o moopoly o um. ra, apd by a mulud o ocal aga clud m o lt, dv, a, c, badad ol g, oyll, polcal lad, ul, c-, a, ad, dploma, ploop, ad olo-


64/85

56

gians. While it is true that the dissemination o religiousauthority on the one hand and the malleability o culturalexpressions in Muslim societies on the other has challengedcentralism and authoritarianism, it has also raised the ques-tion o legitimacy and authenticity. Some including theWahhabis and some Orientalists have called this a deviationrom the norms o the religion, arguing that Islamic historyhas been not so much Islamic as antinomian. Even i we ad-mit that there are presumably overt discrepancies between

what the ulama envision as a perect Shariah society and thecultural practices o Muslim societies, it is a healthy tensionand unctions as a mechanism o checks and balances againstthe strictly text-based, relatively abstract, and reductively le-galistic approach o the jurists.

In creating their cultural orthopraxies, Muslim commu-

nities were unctioning within the ramework o the ethicaluniversalism o the Quran and the Sunnah. Te Quraniccall to enjoin what is good and praised (maruf) and orbidwhat is morally evil and disliked (munkar) is not a culture-specic injunction. It is addressed to all peoples regardlesso their religious afliations. Te Prophet is considered aperect example (uswah hasanah) or all humanity in hisght against all that is evil and oppressive and in deense oall that is praiseworthy and virtuous, whatever their originmight be. Te notion omiddle community (ummah wasa-tah) (Al-Baqarah, 2:143) supports the same ethical uni-versalism: And thus We willed you to be a community of the


65/85

5

midde wy, so h [wih your ives] you migh ber winess ohe ruh beore mnkind, nd h he pose migh berwiness o i beore you (M. Aad alao). am o cal-pual uvalm o ca a op oc-y bad o moal valu, o o cvd ado oo b, cy, o ao. adm w ac a Qua poo l aga culual localm adbal paocalm o p-ilamc Aaba a ul a ab a vaabl aco apd pad o ilam oud

Aabc culual zo. Oc abld a majo culualu, Mulm oc aculad cal uvalmo vaou ocal mcam by wc dal o ca-g a vuou ad ju uma aba could b alzd. polc o gag au ad ocal acdacy ilam-c cox u bad o acquo o wo uval

qual: owldg (im) ad vu (dih ad ihsn).Bo o qual a mplc Quac oooqw (Al-hujua, 4:), God-cocou, wc ulma co o obly amog popl. i a boad, om ba o a ilamc mocacy wbyvy mmb o ocy ugd o cobu o cao o a moal ad ju ocal od. A w xamplblow wll ow, Mulm ploop ad c -gadd g owldg ad ladg a vuou l a ba o o culu ad ado.

hocally, a bod o ilamc wold xpaddoud ad byod Aaba Pula, Mulm bcam


66/85

5

o all o majo culual ado o m. Gaco-roma ag oug Byza emp ad p-ilamc Pa culu oug saad w wo mpoa ado a Mulm coud l a a cuy a da o Pop. waollowd by Mopoama, ida, blac Aca, calAa, C, ad ally Malay-idoa cvlzao ad 6 cu.71 apd ablm o d culual zo o ilamc wold w ad

ad w o umou cool o law, kalam,ploopy, ad su od, gag a maabl ap-y o culual dvy w ad aco dr -sm.72

71 e major and minor religions ha he slamic world encouneredhroughou is hisory make up a long lis: he religious radiions ohe pre-slamic (jahiliyyah) rabs, azdeans in esopoamia, ran,and ransoxania, Chrisians (o dieren communions like esoriansin esopoamia and ran, onophysies in yria, gyp and rmenia,rhodox elkies in yria, rhodox ains in orh rica), ews invarious places, amarians in alasine, andaeans in souh esopoa-mia, Harranians in norh esopoamia, anichaeans in esopoamiaand gyp, uddhiss and Hindus in ind, ribal religions in rica, pre-slamic urkic ribes, uddhiss in ind and he anjab, Hindus in heanjab. C. . Waardenburg, World eligions as seen in he igh oslam in Islam Pas Infuence and Presen Challenge, ed. by . . Welchand . Cachia, (dinburgh: dinburgh niversiy ress, 1979), pp. 248-9. ee also . Waardenburg, Muslims and Ohers: Relaions in Conex(erlin and ew York: Waler de ruyer, 2003).72 e six culural zones o he slamic world comprise rabic, er-sian, urkish/urkic, ndian, alay-ndonesian, and rican spheres o


67/85

59

i p o occaoal caa cofc uc a mihncd d/ cuy73 o kadzad movm Otoma emp /6 cuy74, adoalMulm oc uccdd cag a abl ad paculaba wc bo Mulm ad o-Mulm mmb o umm cobud o culvao o a wold cvl-zao uc dv ld a a, cc, ad ad a-ccu. oo o culual ad lgou co-xca cam abou mlu wa o mly bad o

mpoay abc o cofc ad cooao bwilamc ad o-ilamc lm. i pov caac wauud ad uad by cluv atud o Mu-lm owad o culu ad lgou ado, wcma ilamc cvlzao mulaouly bo ilamc adilamca.75

culure where he expression o slam as a religious and culural ideniyhas been more heerogeneous and complex han he Chrisian, Hinduor Chinese worlds. For a discussion o hese zones, see . H. asr, TeHear o Islam, (an Francisco: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 87-100.73 ee or deails, .Hinds, ihna in ncyclopaedia o slam, 2ndedn., 7:26.74 ee emiramis Cavusoglu, e Kadizadeli ovemen: n tempa eri a-inded eorm in he toman mpire (npublished is-seraion; rinceon niversiy, 1990). lso see adeline C Zil, Vai-zan and lema in he Kadizadeli ra roceedings o he enh Congresso he urkish Hisorical ociey (nkara, 1994), pp.2493-2500.75 arshall Hodgsons suggesion o he erm slamicae o expresshe hybrid and muliaceed naure o slamic civilizaion is no com-pleely wihou jusicaion as many previously non-slamic elemens


68/85

0

a ploa o xampl oy o ilamo llua culual cumm o Mulm oc.W may bg w atud o Mulm ploopowad p-ilamc ado o lag. Fo alyMulm ploop, cola, ad c, ac ou wa bo w ad byod lgou bouda. Pop amou xoao o owldg v Ca76 ad wdom Mulm lo [au]. ha wv d 77 w quly d o

by ploop o llcual cc (uum qi-yyh) d G-Alxada oug a wll a cola o amtd cc (uum nqiyyh) pcal-zd uc dcpl a ad, Quac commay,ad jupudc (qh). ev oug om la colaav oppod ploopcal cc, pcally cly

Aola vo, ad dd owldg (-im) a -

were incorporaed ino slamic civilizaion in a relaively shor period oime. C. his Te Venure o Islam (Chicago: e niversiy o Chicagoress, 1974).76 ee, l-abi b. Habib al-asari, usnad al-mam al-abi, ab al-lm wa alabih wa Fadlih. is is also narraed by bu akr amadb. mre al-azzar in his al-ahr al-Zukhkhar also known as usnad al-azzar (eiru: uassasa lum al-Quran, 1409 A), 1:1775, where heclaims ha here is no oundaion (asl) or his hadih.77 bu sa uhammad irmidhi, SUnan al-irmidhi, Kiab al-Ilm anRasul Allah, Bab ma Jaa Fadl al-Fiqh ala al-Ibadah; Ibn Majah, SUnanIbn Majaj, Kiab al-Zuhd, Bab al-hikmah. Tis hadih has been ransmi-ed in many hadih collecions wih some variaions.


69/85

1

lgou cc, dd o obuc ady dvlopmo ploopy ad cc ilamc wold. Coay oGoldz atmp o p ccal vw o cahabal ju o ac cc (uum -wi),mag G ploopy ad cc, a oodoxMulm poo,78 a-llcualm mad laglypaocal o ado (-muhddihun) wo w amuc oppod o lo o p-ilamc m a o kalamad docal sum. Fo ovwlmg majoy o

Mulm llga, uvaly o u wa gud-g pcpl ad goud o qu o owldg. noo a ad po bt a al-kd, ploo-p o Aab.

W ow ga a o o wo av mpad o

u v a mall mau o u, l alo o woav aug u mo, c y av gv u a a u o fco ad mpld com-plx quo bag o au o aly. i yad o povdd u w o pm a pav way o u, w would av b uabl, dp ouaduou llog vgao, o d o u

78 gnaz oldziher, e tiude o rhodox slam oward he n-cien ciences in udies on Islam, r. and ed. by . . warz, xord,1981, pp. 185-215. For an imporan criicism o oldzihers concepu-alizaion, see imiri uas, Greek Tough, Arabic Culure (ondon:ouledge, 1998), pp. 166-171.


70/85

2

pmay pcpl om wc cocluo o ouobcu qu av uld, ad wc av agao upo gao o com o lg o-o.79

a al-kd atud abov quo wa mblm-ac o gao ad la Mulm cola atd bysad al-Adalu wo a dvdd ao (umm) accod-g o cobuo o owldg ad cc (-im).

h a po uquvocal m w ay a

w av dmd a all ao, p o dc ad dv o covco,om bqyn [wo cago]. O bqh aculvad cc, gv o a o owldg,

ad popagad vaou apc o cc o-mao; o bqdd o cobu ougo cc o dv oo o aocao o clu-o amly o ccally poducv ao.80

79 Yaqub b. shaq l-Kindi, Rasail, , p. 97, quoed in ajid Fakhry,A Hisory o Islamic Philosophy (ew York: Columbia niversiy ress,1983), p. 7080 aib b. hmad al-ndalusi, cience in he Medieval World Book ohe Caegories o Naions (abaqa al-umam) ranslaed by . . alemand . Kumar, (usin: e niversiy o exas ress, 1991), p. 6.


71/85

3

bl a u acd cogco oy wa covco o ducad claaco ilamc wold a y udd cou-l cool o oug, bo ilamc ad p-ilamc,poducg a xv lau o oy oda. log l o cola d llc-ual oy bo ad a ilam cludd, iner i,ib al-Q, al-Muba b Fa, Abu sulaymaal-sja, sad al-Adalu, ib al-nadm, al-Jaz,

ad ib Ab sayba a wll a uc majo wo Mi ado a saaa, Bagdad adib hazm.81 Amog wo, egypa mirAbu al-Waa al-Muba b Fa Mukhr -hikm w mhsin -kim wa ocd vy aly bymdval euopa, alad o La ad o

laguag, ad, ac, bcam boo pdby Wllam Caxo eglad cuy aTe Dics nd yings o he Phiosophers.82 co-uy o umay ac o u ad a omavvalu o mo o w a qu oowldg wa pa o a lag ado o wc v-

81 C. Franz osenhal, Te Classical Heriage in Islam (ondon: ou-ledge, 1975), pp. 25-51.82 e rabic ex oal-Mukharhas been edied by . adawi (ei-ru: e rab nsiue or esearch and ublishing, 1980, 2nd ediion)and he original nglish ranslaion by Cur F. uhler (ondon: xordniversiy ress, 1941).


72/85

y o owldg blogd. W haa bsal, o ac, wa ad wy alway vod vw o o wo cam bo m (km -wi), awd a bcau [.. o vw]a b pad dow bo u; ad b uwo-y ad mpc, would av v acd u adgad [uval] appoval.83

cocp o pal ploopy (-hikm -

khidh) joyd a mla pg du o am ooo u ad pc oy. suawad, oud- o cool o illumao (ishrq) mad a og cao py o ca ploopcal quo ad aw gv o m w ad a

do o a wdom a xd oly c m [.., p-ilamc Pa ad Gploop]. no, wold v b o w-dom ad po wo po w agumad l-vd poo. h God vcg o ha, ad all b o a log a av ad a x.84

83 Quoed in bu ulayman al-ijisani,Munakhab siwan al-hikmah,ed. by . . unlop (e Hague: ouon ublishers, 1979), p. 3.84 hihab al-in Yahya b. Habash al-uhrawardi, Hikma al-Ishraq(Te Philosophy o Illuminaion), edied and ranslaed by ohn Wal-bridge and Hossein Ziai (ah: righam Young niversiy ress, 1999),


73/85

5

Apa om ublm wold o llcual, i-lamc cocp o culual plualm wa xdd o vuallyall mo lvg lad o ilam. xpc oconvivenci amog Jw, Ca, ad Mulm Ada-lua wa a ul o ilamc oo o culual cluv-m.85 Wl Jw o euop w ubjc o woul vl-cao ad pcuo dug mddl ag, a majoJw llcual ado ad dvlopd ud Mu-lm ul ad cludd uc pom gu o mdval

Jw oug a saada Gao al-Fayyum, ib Gabol,Juda halv, Mamod, ib kammua, ib Paquda,ad God (Lv b Gom). a uld auqu aco bw mdval Jw ploopy o o ad, ad ilamc ploopy, kalam, ad sumo o.86

i ubco o ida, a culual yccm

p. 2.85 For ndalusia, see nwar Chejne, Muslim pain: Is Hisory andCulure (inneapolis: niversiy o innesoa ress, 1974) and almaKhadra ayyusi and anuela arin (eds.), Te Legacy o Muslim pain(eiden: . . rill, 1992). For he concep oconvivencia and he ewishconribuions o ndalusian civilizaion, see V. . ann, . F. lick,and . . odds (eds.), Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Chrisians inMedieval pain (ew York: e ewish useum, 1992).86 ee, among ohers, rhur Hyman, ewish hilosophy in he s-lamic World in Hisory o Islamic Philosophy, . H. asr and livereaman (eds.) (ondon: ouledge,), Vol. , pp. 677-695 and aul .Fenon, udaism and usm, ibid., pp. 755-768.


74/85

dvlopd bw hdu ad Mulm culu. Fom alao o ida aoomcal wo o Aabc a alya 8 cuy o Bu oc udy o ida adAm kuaw omulao o a ilamc dy ida culual vom, a va lau cam o b-g, gag a uqu mod o ymbo bw wowold a ocal, ploopcal, ad ac lvl. Pap mo mpoa gu o llua Daa su(6-6), amou Mugal pc ad o o sa Ja-

a. Daa su alad ad auod wo mpoawo dalg w hdum om a ilamc po o vw.h mad a alao o Bagava Ga ad om ypaad o Pa a irr-i kbr(Ga Myy),wc pd lg o cool o Advaa-Vda-a o o-dualm o saaacaya.87 i mag

ca o alao, Daa su ay a ad Old ad nw am ad Palm o Davd ado cpu bu dcou o whid oud mwa b ad a ummay om. h ud o paad wc udoubdly avly Booad oua-ad o oca o moom, ad, accodac w o a a lucdao o kua.88

87 C. ziz hmad, udies, pp. 191-6; nnemarie chimmel, Islam inhe Indian ubconinen(eiden: . . rill, 1980), pp. 99-100.88 From he nroducion o irr-i akbarquoed inMajma-ul-bahrain orhe Mingling o he wo Oceans by Prince Muhammad Dara hikuh, rans-laed by . ahuz-ul-Haq (Calcuta: e siaic ociey, 1929), p. 13.


75/85

Daa su alo wo a a calldMjm -bhryn,g o Quac v :6, wc atmpda mooc pao o hdum. i adm w uval ouloo, dd wo a a collc-o o u ad wdom o wo u-owg (hqq-shins) goup, g o Mulm ad hdu.89 i ad-do o Daa su, w may alo o 6 cuyPa ploop Mi Fdi, wo pod o avm a umb o hdu myc dug avl o ida,

ad alad ad wo a commay o hdu my-cal ad ploopcal x Yog-sishh90.

suc mod o culual coxc would av b m-pobl wou cogo o dvy o culuad oc a pa o uma xc. Qua aup u val plac. Wog owad a commo

good mad codoal upo xc o dcommu:

Uno every one o you We hve ppoined [dier-en] w nd wy o ie. nd i God hd so wied,

He coud surey hve mde you one singe communiy:bu [He wied i oherwise] in order o es by mens owh He hs vouchsed uno you. ie, hen, wih one n-

89 Majma al-bahrayn, p. 38.90 Fahullaj ujabai, Hindu Muslim Culural Relaions (ew elhi,1978), p. 82; dward . rowne,A Lierary Hisory o PersiaVol. I, pp.257-8.


76/85

oher in doing good works! (-Mid, 5:48; so Hud,11:118).

m u dvlopd ollowg v. m mpa o cvc pobly oowg o ao.

Ohumns! Behod, We hve creed you ou o me nd eme, nd hve mde you ino nions

nd ribes so h you migh come o know one noher.eriy, he nobes o you in he sigh o God is he onewho is mos deepy conscious o Him. Behod, God is -knowing, -wre (-Hujur, 49:13).

xampl om oy o ilamc culu a i

bfy aalyzd abov a cac o coay o om. ev oug udamal, o lac o a btm, cod ca o culual ymbo ad ycm ilamc wold a dvao om a dalzd ad -ally dologcal couc o ilam, bo ilamc l-lcual ado ad Mulm oc av vagd paca a co-culual ad -commual valu.

i av agud pcdg pag a a pop d-cuo o ilamc cocp o pac a u byod mmal do o pac a abc o cofc, ad c-aly byod lmd p o law. i a boad , ilamc ado a aculad a cocp o pac a x-


77/85

9

d om mapyc ad comology o law ad culu.W cao pobl udad xpc o Mulmoc w culual ad lgou o() wouag o accou lm. lvac o ado o p day Mulm wold qu ltl x-plaao. oday umou Mulm llcual, colaad lad om Boa, uy ad egyp o ia, Malayaad US a gagd coucg a ilamc polcalc a compabl w ilamc ado a wll

a pov o callg o mod wold. Qu-o o wa ad pac, commual volc, om, -aoal lao, couoal ad pacpaoy dmoc-acy, plualm, op, cvly ad atud owad lgou o a bg dcud om a muludo ppcv, ad vw xpd a by o ma

uom ad omogou. , owv, a mggcou o upoldg pac a a valu l gadlo polcal a o Mulm cou ad commuaco glob.

i cocluo, w ould mpaz gcac o cou p cox. Mulm commuca o log add u o cofc ad volc woudvlopg a pop c o pac. Wl mo o ac-oal cofc ilamc wold ca b olvd ougo-vol ma, lac o a compv dcouo pac uppod by a wo o cola, llcual,lad, acv, ad a agc, pmp pobl-


78/85

0

y o pvg commual ad u o oc. Cofc ou ag av bcom bo local ad global, mag dco bw wo a blud o. W ca o lo-g pa o local ad aoal cofc wou cod-g aoal mplcao o ca w go mpac o global d ad lao o local u. kam poblm o ial-Pala cofc d covoal oo o -a ad/o oaldpu. p a pacula callg o compo-

ay Mulm polcal oug ao om lagpolcal u o mp ad collao a o cu ym o ao-a o o ad, ad global-zao, o o. i ma o b wa wa-g o ao-a modl wll bg o Mulm oc uggl o cop w cu callg o co-

omc ad culual globalzao. B a a may, acvga culu o pac a ug d o Mulm commu -commual lao a wll a laow o oc.


79/85

1

About the Author

Ibam kal, P.D., so Advo o PmM o uy. D. kal oudg-dco o SET Foudao o Polcal, ecoomc ad socal

rac bad Aaa, uy ad vd a dc-o om o . h a llow a Pc AlwaldC o Mulm-Ca dadg, Gogowvy.

h cvd P.D. om Gog Wago -vy. A a boadly ad cola o ploopy ad i-

lamc ud, a aug cou o ilamc ploopy,compaav ploopy, ilam-W lao ad uog polcy. h ld o cocao po-Avcailamc ploopy w ac compaavploopy ad Mulm-Ca lao. h a vda popo o Common Word.

D. kal a publd wdly o ilamc ploopy,lao bw ilam ad W ad u ogpolcy. h publcao clud Knowedge in Ler smicPhiosophy: Mu dr on Exisence, neec nd nuiion(Oxod vy P, ) ad smophobi nd heChenge o Purism in he 21s Cenury, co-dd w Jo


80/85

2

epoo (Oxod vy P, ). h boo smnd he Wes(publd u) a wo 7 W- Aocao o uy awad o b boo. i a balad o Albaa ad G. urkiyede opumunB gs: Din, Kr, iyse(Pcpo o W u socy: rlgo, Culu, Polc), wc co-auod, povd a -dp aaly o u p-cpo o W culu ad polc. D. kal alo do o2000i Yrd rk D Poiiks (u Fog

Polcy ).h a cobud o vaou cyclopda cludg

McMin Encycopedi o Phiosophy 2nd ediion,Encycope-di o Reigion 2nd Ediion, Biogrphic Encycopedi o s-mic Phiosophy, Hoy Peope o he Word: Cross-CuurEncycopedi, Oxord Encycopedi o he smic Word, ad

Oxord smic udies Onine.h vw ad pc av b publd Guad-a, Facal m, Wago Po, nw Yo m,al-saq al-Awa, al-Aam, al-Jaza nwo ad al-Aabyya.


81/85


82/85


83/85


84/85

MABDA English Monograph Series No. 11


85/85

IslmandPece

DrIbrhiKi

011 islam peace kalin

Documents