Medical microbiology & Infectious disease

Dr.D.Y.Riyanto,MScDept.Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUnsri/RSMH

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Learning objectives

To learn about the role of microbe in human lifewithin its ecosystem.Infections caused by microbes.Management of infections.To control infectious disease in hospital and community settings.Take part in the containment of antibiotics resistance.

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Microbiology learns about microbes, organisms which less than 100 um(micrometer) in size.

Microbes can only be seen by:1.Light microscope2.Electron microscope (SEM)3.Dark field microscope4.Fluoresence microscope

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Microscope

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Microbes in our ecosystem :Air,soil,water,plants,body of mammals,etc.

On and in our body microbes colonized as normal resident flora ,such as :Skin,mucous membrane,GI tract,Respiratory Tract & vagina.

Sterile sites of body: Cardiovascular system,central nervous system (CNS),Muscles & bones.

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Kinds of microbes

1. Bacteria - bacteriology2. Fungi - mycology3. Virus – virology4. Parasites – parasitology

Virus usually less than 300 nm(nanometer).Prion also might caused infectious disease although not a living things (prion is a kind of protein) BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy),Kuru,Creutzfeld Jacob disease, etc.

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Haeckel classification (1866)

I.Protists (eukaryotes)a.Algaeb.Protozoac.Fungid.Slime molds

II.Prokaryotes a.Bacteriab.Cyanobacteriac.Archaebacteria

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Microbiology ‘s field of study

1.Medical and allied health sciences2.Agriculture – horticulture3.Animal science4.Pharmacy5.Industry6.Forestry7.Ecology8.Others

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History of infectious diseases

Mummy : spines affected by tuberculosis(from ancient Egypt pyramides)Hippocrates: intrinsic & extrinsic factorsGeneratio spontannea theoryAnthony van Leeuwenhoek: simple microscopeLouis PasteurListerRobert Koch : Bacillus anthracis & M.tuberculosisJennerSammelweiss

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Koch postulates

1.Microbe is found in the body of sick animal.2.This microbe can be isolated on artificial media as pure culture.3.The isolated microbe caused exactly same illness.4.The same microbe can be isolated again in pure culture.

Is there any exception as far as you learned?(application of DNA probe & PCR nowadays)

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Staining methods1.Simple staining ,only one kind of dyes : Methylene blue or Fuchsin.2.Differential stainings : using 2 kinds of dyesGram, Ziehl Neelsen, Neisser,etc3.Special staining:•Gray flagel•Gins Burri capsul•Klein spores•Feulgen nucleus•Neisser granules (Babes Ernst in C.diphtheriae )•Fontana Tribondeau spirochaetts

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Bacterial morphology

1.Coccus (cocci) – round in shape, Staphylococcus,streptococcus,neisseria,etc

2.Bacillus (bacilli) – bar shaped Mycobacterium, escherichia,klebsiella,salmonella,etc

3.Spirillum – spiral in shapeTreponema, borrelia, leptospira, etc

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gambar

spirochaetta

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Diploccocus Gram negative

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Yeast in tissue

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Candida albicans

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Histoplasma capsulatum

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Substance for Bacterial growth

1.Water2.Protein3.Carbohydrate4.Vitamines5.Minerals6.Others (O2 or anaerobic)

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Oxygen and No-oxygen condition

1.Obligate aerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa2.Facultative anaerobic Escherichia coli3.Aerotolerant Clostridum histolyticum4.Microaerophilic Campylobacter jejuni5.Obligate anaerobic Bactroides fragilis

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Route of infection ( Port d’Entre )1.Eye2.Nose ,sinus,nasopharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchus,bronchioli & alveoli3.Ear : otitis externa,otitis media, brain infection4.Mouth GI tract5.Vagina , urethra (sexually transmited diseases)6.Skin : abscess,cellulitis, bacteriemia,etc7.Vectors : mosquito,flies,bugs,etc

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Temperature and bacterial growth

Category temperature ( C )

1.Psychrophilic -5 to 302.Mesophylic 10 to 453.Thermophylic 25 to 804.Extremophylic volcanoes,deep sea

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Multiplication & phase of growth

Each spesies multiply in a certain time,E.coli divide in 20 minutes,M.tuberculosis in 20-24 hoursM. leprae in 20-30 days

Phases of growth1.Lag phase2.Log phase /exponential phase3.Stationary phase4.Declines

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Taxonomy of bacteria

Disusun berdasarkan kesamaan sifat geneticsStaphylococcus aureus (nama species)Selalu ditulis dengan italicsTerdiri dari nama Genus StaphylococcusSpecies aureus

Genus : huruf besarSpecies : huruf kecil

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Bacteria variabilities1.Mutation :genetic changes2.fluctuation:temporary change(fe pigment production)3.involution:characteristic degradation after a prolong cultivation in artificial medium.4.adaptation:lost of pathogenicity due to environmental change (balance)