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Tng cc Thng kGeneral statistics office

Xut nhp khu hng ho vit nam20 nm i mi

The Vietnamese international merchandise trade

for twenty years renovation(1986 - 2005)

Nh xut bn thng kSTATISTICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE

HANOI-2006

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Mc lc - ContentsTrangPage

Li ni u -Foreword 5-6

Tng quan xut nhp khu trong 20 nm i mi (1986 - 2005)Main features of foreign trade in the twenty years of Doi Moi (1986-2005) 7

Phn s liu- data section

1 Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng v cn i thng miTotal merchandise trade and balance of merchandise trade 25

2 S nc/vng lnh th c quan h thng mi vi Vit NamNumber of trading partners 26

3 Xut khu bnh qun u ngi v t trng chim trong GDPExports per capital (USD) and Exports per GDP (%) 27

4 Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng, cn i thng mi,v ch s pht trin bnh qun chia theo thi k 5 nm t 1986 n 2005Total merchandise trade, balance of merchandise trade and annual average 28

5 Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng ca Vit Nam so vi tng mc lu chuynca ASEAN t 1996 - 2005Total trade of Vietnam compares with total trade of ASEAN 29

6 Tr gi xut khu phn theo c cu k hoch nh ncExports by commodity composition of State Plan 30

7 Tr gi nhp khu phn theo c cu k hoch nh ncImports by commodity composition of State Plan 34

8 Tr gi xut khu theo Danh mc tiu chun ngoi thng (SITC)mcp 1Exports by SITC 1 digit commodity (Rev.3 ) 38

9 Tr gi nhp khu theo Danh mc tiu chun ngoi thng (SITC)mcp 1Imports by SITC 1 digit commodity (Rev.3) 46

10 Tr gi xut nhp khu phn theo chu lc v t trngExports and imports by continents and share (%) 54

11 Tr gi xut khu phn theo chu lc v t trngExports by continents and share (%) 55

12 Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu Main export countries of Asia and share (%) 56

13 Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/ vng lnh th ch yu trong chu uMain export countries of Europe and share (%) 57

14 Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yu trong chu MMain export countries of America and share (%) 58

15 Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu PhiMain export countries of Africa and share (%) 59

16 Tr gi xut khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu i Dng

Main export countries of Oceania and share (%) 60

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TrangPage

17 Tr gi nhp khu phn theo chu lc v t trngImports by continents and share (%) 61

18 Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc /vng lnh th ch yu

trong chu Main import countries of Asia and share (%) 62

19 Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu uMain import countries of Europe and share (%) 63

20 Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu MMain import countries of America and share (%) 64

21 Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu Phi

Main import countries of Africa and share (%) 6522 Tr gi nhp khu v t trng mt s nc/vng lnh th ch yutrong chu i dngMain import countries of Oceania and share (%) 66

23 Xp hng xut khu theo nc/vng lnh thRanking of Exports by country/territory 67

24 Xp hng nhp khu theo nc/ vng lnh thRanking of Imports by country/territory 68

25 Tr gi xut khu phn theo nc/ vng lnh th v khi ncExports by country and country group 69

26 Tr gi nhp khu phn theo nc/ vng lnh th v khi ncImports by country and country group 91

27 Mt hng ch yu xut khu tng giai on 5 nm t 1986 - 2005Major exports by each five year period 113

28 Mt hng ch yu xut khuMajor Exports 115

29 Mt hng ch yu nhp khu tng giai on 5 nm t 1986 - 2005Major imports by each five year period 123

30 Mt hng ch yu nhp khuMajor Imports 125

31 Mt hng xut khu ch yu phn theo nc/vng lnh thMajor exports by country/territory 133

32 Mt hng nhp khu ch yu phn theo nc/vng lnh thMajor imports by country/territory 175

33 20 th trng ch yu i vi hng xut khu ca Vit Nam20 major destinations by major commodities 203

34 20 th trng ch yu i vi hng nhp khu ca Vit Nam20 major consignment countries by major commodities 289

Gii thch s liu thng k xut nhp khuExplanatory notes 367

Ph lc A- Appendix A 375

Ph lc B- Appendix B 376

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LI NI U

Cng vi nhng thnh tu kinh t - x hi trong 20 nm i mi kinh t, thng

mi quc t ca Vit Nam c nhng bc tin vt bc trn nhiu mt: qui m, tc

tng trng, c cu nhm ngnh hng, th trng, gp phn quan trng vo tng

trng kinh t, n nh chnh tr v x hi trong nc, m rng hi nhp kinh t quc t.

p ng yu cu ca cc i tng s dng thng tin trong phn tch nh gi

v hot ng xut nhp khu hng ho trong thi k di t khi Vit Nam thc hin cng

cuc ci cch i mi kinh t, Tng cc Thng k bin son v cng b cun s liu

Xut nhp khu hng ho Vit Nam 20 nm i mi. Ni dung n phm gm nhng

thng tin phn nh s pht trin ca hot ng thng mi quc t ca nc ta t nm

1986 n nm 2005 trn c s h thng ho s liu chnh thc hng nm ca Tng cc

Thng k.

Ni dung cun sch gm:

Phn I: Tng quan v xut nhp khu trong 20 nm i mi

Phn II: S liu gm cc ni dung:

1. Kt qu chung v xut nhp khu

2. Tr gi xut nhp khu ca Vit Nam vi cc Chu lc, khi n

c;3. Mt hng xut nhp khu ch yu

4. Xut nhp khu Vit Nam vi mt s nc bn hng ch yu

Phn III: Gii thch s liu thng k xut nhp khu

Ph lc

Mc d n phm c bin son bao gm s liu chi tit xut nhp khu hng

ho trong chui thi gian di 20 nm 1986-2005, nhng ni dung cun sch c th cha

p ng c y yu cu ca cc i tng s dng thng tin v kh trnh khinhng khim khuyt. Tng cc Thng k mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc c

quan, cc nh s dng thng tin trong v ngoi nc, rt kinh nghim bin son cc

n phm sau c cht lng tt hn.

TNG CC THNG K

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Foreword

Alongside significant socio-economic achievements during twenty-year of revonation,

Vietnamese foreign trade activity had recorded rapid development on several fields:

turnover size, growth rate, commodity structure, trading partner, which contribute

important role to economic growth, political-social stabilization in Vietnam and

international economic integration.

To meet with requirements of statistical users to analyse and assess international

merchandise trade activity for long priod since Vietnam launched the Doi Moi

renovation programme, the General Statistics Office (GSO) compiles and publishes

The Vietnamese international merchandise trade statistics for 20 years renovation .The contents of the book includes information on development of foreign trade activity

from 1986 to 2005 based on updating the annual data of the GSO.

The publication divided into three parts together with some appendices thet give

more detailed information:

Part I: Main international trading features of Vietnam 1986-2005

Part II: Foreign trade data consist of:

1.General data on foreign trade;2.Trade with Continents and major country groups3.Trade in merchandise4.Trade with major trading partners.

Part III: Explanatory notes of data

Appendices.

Although the publication has been compiled detailed foreign trade data for long period

of 20 years, but the contents of the book may not yet satisfy the requirements of all users

and the sortcoming would be unavoidable. The Generla Statistics Office welcomes to

receive comments from domestics, foreign organizations and statistical users to improve

quality publications in the future.

GENERAL STATI STICS OFF ICE

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tNG QUAN V XUT NHP KHU trong 20 nm i mi (1986 - 2005)MAIN FEATURES OF foreign trade in the twenty years of doi moi (1986-2005)

T nm 1986 n nay chng ta c nhiu

chin lc ci cch kinh t, i hi VI cang(12-1986) nh du mt bc ngot rtc bn trong s nghip xy dng ch ngha nc ta, vi vic a ra ng li i miton din t nc - t i mi tduy n imi t chc, cn b, cng tc hnh chnh; ti mi kinh t n i mi h thng chnhtr v cc lnh vc khc ca i sng x hi.

Vic khi x

ng cng cuc i mi vo nm1986 nh du bc chuyn i t nn kinht k hoch ha tp trung sang nn kinh t thtrng v mt lot thay i khc v x hi,chnh trv kinh t Vit Nam. i mi tduy "sn xut kinh doanh c th xem l khut ph tng th ca c giai on t 1986 nnay. "Khon 100", "khon 10" trong nngnghip, p dng "c ch gi th trng" trong

kinh t hoc "Vit Nam mun lm bn vi ttc cc quc gia v dn tc trn th gii"trong chnh sch i ngoi. Vit Nam tngbc thit lp v m rng ng k th trngxut nhp khu v i tc thng mi theophng chm a phng ho quan h kinh ti ngoi. Nhng thnh tu t c cangoi thng Vit Nam c th hin rt rnt qua s liu thng k ca 4 giai on pht

trin 5 nm t 1986 n 2005.

From 1986 up to now, Vietnam has

adapted various innovative economic

strategies and the Sixth Party Congress

(December, 1986) was considered as the

basic turning-point of the Socialism in

Vietnam with the introduction of guidelines

for the comprehensive renovation of our

country in terms of thoughts,

organizational and personnel structure,

administrative system, economic system,political system and other fields in the

society. The initiative launched in 1986

should be considered as a milestone for

the transition from centrally-planed

economy to socialist-oriented market

economy together with a range of social,

political and economical changes in

Vietnam. The private production and

business" innovative idea was the generalbreak-through since 1986 up to now. With

the application of "Khoan 100", "Khoan

10" in agricultural sector; "Market price

structure" economic sector or Vietnam

would like to be friend of all nations and

territories in the world in foreign policy,

Vietnam has gradually established and

expanded import-export markets and trade

partners in the direction of multilateralrelationships. The successes of Vietnam's

foreign trade are showed by statistical

figures in the four five year periods of

development during 1986-2005.

Tng mc lu chuyn hng ha xut nhpkhu bnh qun t nm 1986 n 2005 l 20,7t USD/1 nm (gp 7 ln nm 1985). Tc

tng trng ca cc thi k rt cao, thi k t

The average of total merchandise trade

from 1986-2005 is 20.7 billion USD (a

seven-fold increase over 1985). In each

period, the growth rate is quite high. For

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T 1996-2000 tng gn gp 2 ln giai ontrc vi 9,8 t la, giai on hin nay t19,3 t la c ngha l tng gn gp 2 lngiai on trc. Tuy nhin, t l nhp siu

qua tng giai on so vi xut khu gimmnh t 80,4% trong giai on 1986-1990xung 17,4% trong giai on 2001-2005.

USD in each. This volume in 1996-2000

almost doubles compared to that of the

previous period with 9.8 billion USD.

However, the deficit in the current

period is 19.3 billion USD in value, atwo-fold increase compared to that of

the previous time. However, the deficit

ratio in each period compares to exports

from 80.4 percent (in 1986-1990) down

17.4 percent (in 2001-2005).

Mc lu chuyn ngoi thng bnh qun vtc tng bnh qun trong cc thi k k

hoch 5 nm t 1986 n 2005 nhsau:

The average of total merchandise valueand the average growth rate in each

five-year period from 1986-2005 can beshowed in the following table:

Biu 1. Tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thng v tc tng bnh qun nm

Total merchandise trade and the annual average growth rate

n v tnh Unit: Tr-Mil.USD

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

Tng mc - Total

merchandise trade 19717 39940 113440 240981Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%)

Five-year growth Index (%) 115.1 123.4 117.9 118.5

Tc tng bnh qun nm (%)

Annual growth rate(%) 15.1 21.4 17.2 18.2

Xut khu - Exports 7032 17156 51825 110830

Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%)



Annual growth rate(%) 28.0 17.8 21.6 17.5Nhp khu - Imports 12685 22784 61615 130151

Ch s pht trin 5 nm (%)



Annual growth rate(%) 8.2 24.3 13.9 18.8

Cn i TM - Balance of Trade - 5653 - 5628 - 9789 - 19321

Cng vi s tng trng v qui m, cc n

v tham gia xut nhp khu cng tng ln

Together with the

development in terms of

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nhanh chng. Trc nm 1989, hot ngxut nhp khu ch yu do mt s n vchuyn doanh ngoi thng ca nh ncthc hin, nhng n nay tt c cc loi hnh

doanh nghip u tham gia xut nhp khu.Nm 1985 c 40 n v trc tip XNK, nm1990 l 270 v n nay c khong 20000n v, trong cc doanh nghip c vn ut trc tip nc ngoi ng vai tr quantrng. Vi sc pht trin mnh m, t trngxut khu ca khu vc c vn u t ncngoi lin tc tng qua cc giai on, giaion 1991-1995 chim 17,1% (trong tnm 1994 xut khu c thm cc mt hngkhc vi du th, v bt u xut hin thmphn u t nc ngoi nhp khu), giaion 1996-2000 chim 31,5%, giai on2001-2005 chim 42,8%.

scale, the number ofenterprises also increasesvery quickly. Before 1989,the international

merchandise trade activitieshad only been covered bysome specialized Stateenterprises. In 1985, thereare 40 companies whichinvolve in direct export-import activities Thisnumber increases to 270companies in 1990 and now

20,000 ones. Of which, theforeign direct investmententerprises play veryimportant role. With strongdevelopment, export ratio of

FDI increases continuouslytime to time. In 1991-1995,the ratio is 17.1 percent(since 1994, beside crudeoil, more exports have been

added and the import fromFDI sector has beenoccurred); the export ratioin 1996-2000 is 31.5

percent and 42.8 percent inthe period of 2001-2005.

S tan r ca h thng x hi ch ngha vou nhng nm 90 t nn ngoi thng

nc ta trc thch thc "a phng hoquan h thng mi, tch cc thm nhp toch ng cc th trng mi" pht trin.Thi k ny cng din ra nhng thay iquan trng v chnh sch ngoi thng mca ca nc ta bng vic tham gia cc tchc quc t v khu vc: Hip hi cc qucgia ng Nam (ASEAN - 1995), Dinn kinh t cc nc chu - Thi bnh

dng (APEC - 1998), ni li quan h ngoi

Vietnam' foreign trade faced

many challenges after the

collapse of Socialism systemin Soviet-bloc and Eastern

Europe in early 1990s. Our

country had to find the way

for stable development in

challenges from

establishment of

multilateral trade

relationships, active

penetration into new

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giao vi Hoa K (1995), tin trnh hi nhpWTO... Vo nm 1986 Vit Nam c quan hxut nhp khu vi 43 quc gia, nm 1995l 100 quc gia, nm 2000 l 192 quc gia;

n nay khong hn 200 nc. Th phnxut nhp khu c s bin chuyn mnh m,nu giai on 1986-1990 chim t trng lnnht l Chu u (+65,3%) m trong chyu l khi ng u (chim 57,1% so tngs), th cc giai on sau quan h thngmi ca Vit Nam chuyn hng sang ccnc chu cng chim ti 2 phn 3, trong cao nht l vi khi cc nc ng Nam

(t trng chim trn 20%). Quan h vichu M tng kh nhanh, nu trc khi cicch i mi t l kim ngch so vi tng schim khng ng k (+0,6%), ti nay t lny tng ti 11,1%, trong ng gp chyu l Hoa K trc nm 2001 ch di3,5%, giai on hin nay tng ln 9,3%.

markets in order to create

our own position . This

period marked the

important changes in terms

of our open-door foreintrade policy by joining

international and regional

organizations: Association

of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN -1995), Asia-

Pacific Economic

Cooperation (APEC -

1998); re-establishing the

relationship with UnitedStates, making effort to

access WTO,... Vietnam

established the foreign trade

relationship with 43

countries in 1986 and this

number increases to 100

countries in 1995, 192

countries in 2000 and over

200 countries by now. The

export-import market share

is on strong movement. In

1986-1990 period, Europe's

market was largest (65.3%),

of which, the main market is

Eastern Europe (accounting

for 57.1 percent of total

value). Then, Vietnamsimport-export market moves

to Asian countries with the

share accounts for two-

thirds. Of which, South-East

Asia market accounts for

the highest value (above

20%). Foreign trade

relationship between

Vietnam with America

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increases quickly. Before

"Doi moi" milestone, the

value ratio was insignificant

(+0.6%) but now this rate

increases to 11.1 percent oftotal value, of which, United

States makes a signification

contribution (from 3.5%

before 2001 to 9.3% now).

Biu 2. C cu th trng ca tng mc lu chuyn ngoi thngMarket structure in total merchandise value (Tr-Mil. USD)

1986 - 1990 1991 - 1995 1996 - 2000 2001 - 2005

Tng s - Total 19716.7 39940.2 113438.8 240981.8Chu - Asia 4116.6 28597.8 80985.0 159808.9T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 20.9 71.6 71.4 66.3

Tr. : ng Nam of which: South-East Asia 1449.7 10898.5 28319.5 49490.5T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 7.4 27.3 25.0 20.5Chu u - Europe 12870.8 6600.1 20683.6 40274.9T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 65.3 16.5 18.2 16.7

Tr. : ng uof which: Eastern Europe 11249.2 2053.8 13901.4 13617.6

T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 57.1 5.1 12.3 5.7Chu M -America 120.8 758.9 4952.2 26844.1T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 0.6 1.9 4.4 11.1

of which: United States 3.7 446.3 3704.7 22383.9T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 0.02 1.1 3.3 9.3Chu Phi -Africa 11.4 120.7 551.1 2264.0T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9i dng - Oceania 65.9 425.2 4266.7 10763.3T trng (%)-Proportion (%) 0.3 1.1 3.8 4.5

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Xut khu

Ngh quyt i hi ng c c thha bng nhiu chnh sch kinh t v m

nhm t mc tiu thc y xut khu. Mttrong nhng thnh tu quan trng nht cachnh sch i mi l tc tng trngxut khu bnh qun hng nm thi k1986-2005 l 21,2% cao gn gp 2 ln tngtrng GDP. Nu xut khu bnh qun 1nm giai on trc i mi l 1,4 tla, th giai on 2001-2005 tng ln22,2 t la (gp gn 16 ln). Vi mc tiu

pht trin xut khu cao lm ng lc thcy tng trng GDP, t trng xut khuchim trong GDP v xut khu bnh qunu ngi ngy cng tng th hin qua ccthi k t 1986 - 2005:

Exports

Resolution of the Party Congress

concretized various macro policies in

order to reach the target of fosteringexports. One of the great achievements

under "Doi moi" policy is the annual

average growth rate in export in the period

of 1986-2005, which is 21.2%, almost

doubling GDP growth rate. While the

annual export value before Doi moi is

1.4 billion USD, that value in 2001-2005

period rises to 22.2 billion USD (sixteen

fold). The planned aim is that exportgrowth is the engine for the growth of

GDP; the proportion of export in GDP and

annual export per capita increases steadily

in 1986-2005:

Biu 3. Xut khu v GDP - Export value and GDP

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 - 2000 2001 -2005

Xut khu BQ (triu USD)

Average export value (Mil. USD) 1406 3431 10365 22166

T trng xut khu so vi GDP (%)

Export value in comparison with

GDP (%) 20.5 25.2 37.4 54.0

Xut khu BQ/ngi

Export value per capital (USD) 18.1 43.6 129.9 274.0

Xut khu ca Vit Nam vt qua ngng 10t la vo nm 1999, trong khi HnQuc v i Loan vo nm 1978; Malaysia,Innxia v Thi Lan l nm 1980. Hinnay, trong khi ASEAN chng ta ng th 6sau Philipine, kim ngch chim 0,3% so vitng xut khu ca th gii.

Vietnam's export value overcame athreshold of 10 billion USD in 1999 whichwas fulfilled by Republic of Korea and

Taiwan in 1978; Malaysia, Indonesia andThailand in 1980. Nowadays, Vietnamreaches the sixth position in ASEAN interms of export, after Philippines; theexport turnover accounts for 0.3 percent oftotal export value of whole world.

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Nhng thay i trong chnh sch qun l kinh

t ca nh nc cng dn to th ch ng

trong iu hnh sn xut kinh doanh ca cc

n v kinh t. Vic tham gia trc tip cangi sn xut vo qu trnh tiu th sn

phm th trng trong nc v ngoi nc

gn b cht ch sn xut vi tiu dng,

cht lng sn phm nng ln r rt, ci thin

sc cnh tranh ca hng ha Vit Nam trn

th trng quc t. C cu hng xut khu

thay i theo hng tng sn phm ch bin

su v tinh, gim t trng hng th hay mis ch. Tuy hng th hay mi s ch cn kh

cao nhng c th ni xu hng tng t trng

hng ch bin l r nt. Qua cc giai on

pht trin 5 nm: hng th tng ln vo giai

on 1990-1995 mc 74,6%, phn nh vic

Vit Nam tip cn vi th trng th gii vi

sc pht trin v cng mnh m, cc sn

phm ca chng ta khng sc cnh tranh,ch ch yu tp trung vo cung cp cc nhu

cu v nguyn, nhin vt liu dng th ca

cc nc trn th gii.

The changes in economic management

policy launched by the Government have

created the initiative in management

towards enterprises. The directparticipation of producers in product

distribution in domestic and oversea

markets has led to the close relation

between production and consumption. The

quality of products has been dramatically

improved which increase competitiveness

of Vietnamese goods in the world markets.

The structure of exports has been changedin the direction of increasing the volume

of manufacturing products and decreasing

the volume of primary products. Even the

volume of the primary products was still

quite high, it is said that the share of

manufacturing products for export is

increasing very clearly. This can be

reflected through five-year periods: Theratio of primary products for export in

1990-1995 periods accounted for 74.6%

and this reflected the fact Vietnamese

products could not compete effectively in

market so we just concentrated on

supplying raw materials and primary

products when penetrating into the world

markets.

Tuy nhin bc chuyn mnh r nt vo cc

giai on 5 nm sau , t trng so vi tng

kim ngch xut khu gim xung mc 54,8%

1996-2000 v giai on 2001-2005 l

45,3%.

However, this has been changed

dramatically after 1990-1995. The

proportion of primary product in total

value declined to 54.8% in 1996-2000 and

45.3% in 2001-2005.

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Biu 4. C cu hng xut khu theo mc ch bin

Composition of export commodities by processing level (%)

1986 - 1990 1991 - 1995 1996 - 2000 2001 - 2005

T trng hng th hay mi s ch - The ratio of

primary or semi-processed products 70.1 74.6 54.8 45.3

T trng hng ch bin hay tinh ch - The share

of manufacturing or refined products28.9 25.4 45.2 54.7

Khng nhng ng gp tch cc vo tc tng trng kinh t, xut khu cn to ranhng thay i quan trng i vi sn xuttrong nc. Xem xt c cu hng xut khutheo phn ngnh kinh t quc dn, c th

nhn thy nhng kt qu th hin nh hngcng nghip ha, hin i ha nn kinh t:trong tng tr gi xut khu, sn phm nnglm nghip chim t trng cao nht lgiai on u 1986-1990 l 35,7% sau gim lin tc v dng mc 15,3% thi k2001-2005, cng nghip khai thc tngt 16% 1986-1990 n 33,1% giai on2001-2005, cng nghip ch bin giai onhin nay chim 40,4% tng gn gp 1,5 lnthi k u 1986-1990. iu ng ch l tc t ng bnh qun hng nm t1986-2005, ng u l nhm cng nghipkhai thc (29,4%), tip n sn phm cngnghip ch bin (22,2%), hng thy sn(19,1%) v nng lm sn (15,1%) v hnglm sn (11,9%). y l hng i ng n,

c bit trong bi cnh cn c nhng h trtch cc ca sn xut cng nghip cho snxut nng, lm, thy sn, to u ra cho snphm, cng n vic lm cho lc lng laong rt di do ca x hi, tng thu nhpcho ngi lao ng, gp phn gim t l thtnghip.

Export not only makes contribution toeconomic development, but also createsnew changes to domestic production.While considering the export structure byindustrial classification, we can see the

results which reflect the orientationtowards industrialization and moderni-zation as follows : agricultural products inthe first period (1986-1990) accounted forhighest value with 35.7 percent in totalexport. After that, this share reducedcontinuously and stopped at 15.3% in

2001-2005; mineral & heavy industrialproducts rose from 16% in 1986-1990 to

33.1% in 2001-2005, handicrafts and lightindustrial products currently keeps theshare of 40.4% and this index increasednearly 1.5 fold compared to that in 1986-1990. The remarkable annual growth rate

from 1986 to 2005 is contributed mainly bythe mineral & heavy industrial products(29.4%), secondly by the handicrafts andlight industrial products (22.2%). After thatare fishery products (19.1%), agriculture

products (15.1%) and forestry products(11.9%) respectively. This is a sound trend,especially in the context that the supports

from manufacturing industry agricultural,forestry, fishery production, creating outputfor products, creating jobs for abundantlabor force in our society, increasingincomes for employees, contributing toreducing unemployment rate.

Biu 5:C cu nhm hng xut khu theo k hoch nh nc

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Exports by commodity composition in State Plan (%)

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

1- Hng CN nng v khong sn

Mineral & Heavy industrial products 16.0 30.4 31.4 33.1

2- Hng CN nh v TTCN - Handicrafts& Light industrial products 29.8 21.4 34.8 40.4

3- Hng Nng sn v NS ch bin

Agriculture products 35.7 31.5 22.7 15.3

4- Hng Lm sn - Forestry products 6.0 4.0 1.8 1.1

5- Hng Thy sn - Fishery products 12.2 12.8 9.2 10.1

Nu nhnm 1986 chng ta cha c mt hngxut khu no trn 200 triu USD th n nay

con s ny l xp x 15 mt hng. Trong c 4 mt hng vt qua mc 1 t USD vonm 2000 v n 2005 c 7 mt hng l duth, in t v linh kin in t, hng maymc, giy dp, thy sn, go, v sn phm g;ring du th vt mc 2 t USD vo nm1999, n nm 2005 l 7,4 t. Tr gi xutkhu ca 7 mt hng ny chim ti 68%tng tr gi xut khu nm 2005.

While in the year of 1986, Vietnam did nothave any products which achieved the

annual export value of 200 million USD,now, the number is approximately 15commodities. Of which, four productsachieved over 1 billion USD in 2000 andthis number is seven products in 2005which consist of crude oil, electronic parts(including TV parts), computer andcomponents, articles of apparel andclothing accessories, footwear, fishery

products, rice, articles of wood.Especially, crude oil overcame two billionUSD in 1999, and reached 7.4 billion USDin 2005. The total export value of theseabove seven products account for 68% ofthe total value in 2005.

Biu 6. Tc tng bnh qun 5 nm (%)v tr gi bnh qun nm - Annual growth rate in each5 - year period from 1986 to 2005 (%) and Annual average value (Tr-Mil. USD):

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005 Tr gi BQnm(triu USD)

Du th - Crude oil - 17.1 27.7 16.1 2216.4

Hng dt, may -Articles of apparel and

clothing accessories 31.2 28.6 17.4 20.7

1391.8

Hng thy sn - Fishery products 35.0 21.1 18.9 13.1 951.7

Giy dp cc loi - Footwear 20.8 83.1 37.8 15.6 870.8

Go - Rice 93.6 11.7 4.7 16.1 574.7

LK in t v tivi; My tnh v LK mytnh - Electronic parts (including TV - - 12.6 775.9

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1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005Tr gi BQ

nm(triu USD)

parts), computer and their parts

C ph - Coffee 37.2 45.3 -3.5 8.0 337.1

Cao su - Rubber 17.7 23.1 -2.4 37.1 191.1Ht iu nhn - Cashew nuts, shelled - 42.9 13.5 24.6 124.5

Than - Coal -2.0 22.2 1.1 48.1 121.7

Rau qu ti v ch bin - Vegetablesand fruit 6.9 1.4 30.6 2.0 105.0

Ht tiu - Pepper 32.4 23.0 30.2 0.6 62.1

Ch cc loi - Tea 11.9 0.5 22.4 6.9 43.0

Lc nhn - Ground nuts, shelled 26.8 11.4 -10.1 -4.3 43.1

Thic - Tin 18.5 8.5 -3.4 -4.9 12.8

Qu - Cinnamon 16.4 5.0 -5.0 7.4 5.9

Th trng hng xut khu c thay i ngk: xut khu sang Chu u giai on 1986-1990 ng u v t trng vi 51,7%, giaion 2001-2005 ch cn 20,7%. Thay vo t trng ca chu v Chu M tng khnhanh.

Export markets also witnesses the

significant change: export to Europe in

1986-1990 enjoyed the highest rate of

51.7%; However, in 2001-2005, this rate

decreased to 20.7%. Instead, the export

growth rate to Asia and America Continent

increases dramatically

Biu 7. Xut khu vi cc chu lcExport by continent (Tr-Mil. USD):

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

Tng s - Total 7031.7 17156.2 51825.3 110830.6

Chu - Asia 2135.0 12545.2 32072.1 56382.2

T trng - Share(%) 30.4 73.1 61.9 50.9

Chu u - Europe 3635.2 2684.1 12395.3 22918.2

T trng - Share(%) 51.7 15.6 23.9 20.7Chu M -America 73.5 451.2 3058.7 20966.6

T trng - Share(%) 1.0 2.6 5.9 18.9

Chu Phi -Africa 6.1 102.4 412.3 1579.2

T trng - Share(%) 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.4

i dng - Oceania 20.7 188.3 2965.5 8400.7

T trng - Share(%) 0.3 1.1 5.7 7.6

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Nhp khu

Cng vi tng trng kinh t v xut khu,nhp khu vi ngha l mt trong nhng nhnt quan trng thc y sn xut, tiu dng cng

tng kh cao. Thi k 1986 - 2000 tc tngbnh qun l 15,5%. T l nhp khu/GDPtrong 20 nm l 50,9%, trong thi k 2001 -2005 t trng ln ti 63,4%. Nhp khu cakhu vc c vn u t trc tip nc ngoi1994 -2005 tng bnh qun 32,8% chim ttrng 27,7%, khu vc trong nc tng 13,4%chim t trng 72,3% tng tr gi nhp khu.

Imports

Together with economic growth andexport, import acts as one of the importantelements for accelerating production and

consumption also enjoys higher increase.The annual average growth rate in theperiod of 1986-2005 is 15.5%. The ratio ofimports per GDP in twenty years is 50.9%.

This ratio in the period of 2001-2005 is63.4%. The annual average value ofimports in foreign direct investment sectorin 1994-2005 increases to 32.8%,accounting for 27.7% of total import

value; domestic sector accounts for 72.3percent of total import, increasing by13.4%

Biu 8. Nhp khu bnh qun tng giai on v t trng so GDP

Annual average import value and the ratio per GDP

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

Nhp khu BQ/nm - Annual average

value (Tr-Mil. USD) 2537 4557 12323 26030T trng nhp khu so GDP- Share per

GDP (%) 37.0 33.5 44.5 63.4

Nhng mt tch cc ca hot ng nhp khuthi k 1986 - 2005 th hin trn mt s nt:(1) Hng vo mc tiu ch yu l phc vchin lc pht trin xut khu v p ngyu cu thit yu ca sn xut, tiu dng

trong nc; (2) C cu hng nhp khu thayi theo hng tng nhp khu t liu snxut, gim nhp khu hng tiu dng; (3) Thtrng nhp khu m rng, cht lng hngnhp khu c nng cao, gp phn i mitrang thit b k thut v qui trnh sn xuttin tin, nng cao sc cnh tranh ca hngVit Nam

The positive aspects of import activities in1986-2005 can be reflected in the

following points:

(1) Import served for export developmentstrategy and met the demand of domestic

production and consumption

(2) Import's structure changed in thedirection of increasing capital,intermediate goods and decreasingconsumption goods.

(3) Import markets are open world-wide,quality of imports has been improved.

Import helps provide equipment of newtechnologies, advanced production

procedure and sharp the competitivenessof Vietnamese products.

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Chnh sch v phng thc qun l kinh tmi lm thay i cch suy ngh v iuhnh hot ng nhp khu. Trc y, nhpkhu ca cc n v chuyn doanh ngoi

thng thc cht l a hng v v phn phicho ngi s dng theo k hoch nh ncm khng da trn yu cu s dng v tmhiu th trng. Thi k m ca, cng tciu hnh nhp khu ca nh nc datrn nhu cu thc t ca sn xut v tiu dngtrong nc.

The changes in trade policies and

economic management measures lead to

the changes in the implementation of

import activities. Previously, the mode of

specialized import companies can be

understood as importing and distributing

goods to customers according to State

Plan, not on the basis of consumption

needs and market research results. In

"open-door" stage, the State implements its

management over import activities on the

basis of the demand of domestic

production and consumption.T quan im , c cu hng nhp khuc kim sot theo hng u tin phc vsn xut xut khu v p ng nhu cu tiudng trong nc.

Following this point of view, import

structure was controlled in the direction of

giving priority for production for exports

and meeting the demand of domestic

consumption.

Biu 9.C cu nhm hng nhp khu theo k hoch nh ncImports by commodity composition in State Plan (%)

1986 - 1990 1990 - 1995 1996 - 2000 2001 - 2005

I - Tliu sn xut - Capital,intermediate goods 87.3 85.0 91.1 93.6

- My mc thit b -Capital goods 33.3 25.4 29.8 28.5

- Nguyn nhin vt liu

Intermediate good 54.1 59.6 61.3 64.9

II - Vt phm tiu dngConsumption goods 12.7 15.0 8.9 6.4

C th nhn thy s thay i c cu hngnhp khu, c bit trong thi k 1996 - 2005theo hng tng t trng t liu sn xut vkim sot cht ch nhp khu hng tiu dng mc 12.7% trong giai on 1986-1990xung mc 8,9% giai on 1996-2000 vkhong 6,4% giai on 2001-2005. Trong

nhp khu t liu sn xut, my mc thit b

As shown in the above table, a change in

import composition can be recognized.

Import composition has been changed in

the direction of increasing the ratio of

production material and controlling

strictly the imports for consumption to be

at 12.7% in 1986-1990, 8.9% in 1996-

2000 and about 6.4% in 2001-2005. Of

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chim trn 30% v nguyn nhin vt liu ltrn 70%. Nhm i mi trang thit b lchu, nh nc ch trng hn ch nhp khuthit b c, m rng th trng sang cc nc

c trnh k thut tin tin. Nhng nm gny, nhp khu nhm hng ny t th trngNht bn chim khong 28%, EU 13% v BcM khong 4% cho thy nhng du hiuvn ln nn sn xut hin i.

production material imports, equipment

and machinery accounts for over 30% and

material accounts for 70%. In order to

renew backward equipment, there are

restrictions in importing old equipment inState policies as well as the

encouragement in accessing to the

countries which achieve high level of

technologies. In the past few years, the

import share from Japan reached 28%,

from EU: 13%, and North America: about

4% for capital and intermediate goods.

This shows the sign to reach modern

manufacturing.

Biu 10. T trng mt hng tng giai on 5 nmThe share of major imports each 5-year period (%)

1986 -19901991-1995

1996 -2000

2001 -2005

Tr gi BQ nm t1986 - 2005 (triu

USD)

Xng du -Petroleum oils,

refind 20.1 14.2 10.1 11.4 1345.6

Nguyn ph liu may -Auxiliary

materials for sewing 0.9 3.9 8.6 7.6 808.1

St thp - Iron and steel 4.4 4.1 4.9 7.3 703.8

Vi - Textile fabrics 2.2 1.2 4.4 6.6 589.8

Phn bn - Chemical fertilizers 6.1 6.6 4.0 2.3 386.9

Cht do -Plastic in primary

form 1.0 2.6 3.0 3.6 361.5

Xe my - Motorcycles 0.3 4.8 3.6 1.8 284.9

t cc loi - Motor vehicles 2.8 1.8 1.5 3.0 277.2

Tn dc - Medicament 1.2 1.6 2.3 1.5 198.0

T, x, si dt cc loi - Fibres,

not spun 0.9 2.3 2.0 0.7 138.1

Thuc tr su v NL -

Insecticides and materials 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.6 88.0

Bng x - Cotton 3.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 85.9

So vi thi k 1986 - 1995, mc nhp

khu cc nguyn liu, hng ha ch yu

Compared to the period of 1986-1995,

the import value of major raw

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thi k 1996 - 2005 (khong 45 - 50%tr gi nhp khu) phn no th hin spht trin nhanh chng ca sn xut vtiu dng x hi. Vi nhng hng ha

thit yu phc v nhu cu ca sn xutnng nghip, cng nghip nhxng du,st thp, phn bn, thuc tr su, nguynliu cho ngnh dt, may, nhn chungcng tc iu hnh p ng nhu cutrong nc. Trong s cc mt hng trn,tc tng cao nht thuc v t, stthp, vi, cht do, xng du...

materials in 1996-2005 (made upabout 45-50%) reflected the rapiddevelopment of production and socialconsumption. In general, the task of

State management has fulfilled its taskin satisfying domestic demand withessential goods for agricultural andindustrial production such as

petroleum oils, iron and steel,chemical fertilizers, insecticides andmaterials, auxiliary materials forgarment manufacturing. Some of themenjoyed high growth rate such asmotor vehicles, iron and steel, textile

fabrics, plastic in primary form,petroleum oils...

Hng ha ca ta c nhp khu tkhong trn 200 nc. So vi 30 thtrng nhp khu trc khi m ca, ttrng nhp khu t chu tng nhanhchng, trong Nht bn v Hn quc,cc nc ASEAN lun chim v tr quan

trng. Ngoi ngha m rng giao lubun bn, c cu th trng phn nocng th hin s tnh ton hiu qu nhpkhu ph hp vi c im tiu dng vkh nng u t, nng lc vn ti cnhn ch ca sn xut v tiu dng ncta.

The number of import markets ofVietnam is over 200 countriescompared to the number of 30countries before the application ofopen-doorpolicy. Import ratio from

Asia increased dramatically, of which,Japan, Republic of Korea and ASEANcountries are the important markets.

Besides the task of increasingexchanges and trade activities, themarket structure, to some extent,reflects the calculation for importefficiency so that import must be inline with consumption, limitedinvestment and transportationcapacity in our production

Biu 11. Nhp khu vi cc chu lc - Imports by continent (Mil - USD) and share (%)

1986 -1990 1990 - 1995 1996 - 2000 2001 - 2005

Tng s - Total 12685.0 22784.0 61613.5 130151.3

Chu - Asia 1981.6 16052.5 48912.9 103426.8

T trng - Share (%) 15.6 70.5 79.4 79.5

Chu u - Europe 9235.6 3916.0 8288.3 17356.7

T trng - Share (%) 72.8 17.2 13.5 13.3

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1986 -1990 1990 - 1995 1996 - 2000 2001 - 2005

Chu M - America 47.3 307.7 1893.4 5877.5

T trng - Share (%) 0.4 1.4 3.1 4.5

Chu Phi -Africa 5.3 18.3 138.8 684.8T trng - Share (%) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.5

i dng - Oceania 45.2 236.9 1301.2 2362.5

T trng - Share (%) 0.4 1.0 2.1 1.8

Nhp siu

T l nhp siu trong 20 nm qua l 21,6%,nhng ang theo xu hng tch cc qua tnggiai on. T l nhp siu thi k 2001 -

2005 mc 17,4%, thp hn nhiu so vi thik 1986 - 1989 (80,4%). Trong cc giai onkhc nhau, c cc yu t khc nhau nhhng n t l nhp siu, thc t nhng nm1994 n 1997 l nhng nm c mc nhpsiu cao phn nh iu , khi m qui mxut khu ca ta cn nh b v s gia tngnhanh chng nhp khu ca cc d n u ttrc tip ca nc ngoi bt u giai on

trin khai. S liu v cc d n u t ncngoi c cp giy php t 1988 n naycho thy vn ng k ca 4 nm 1994 - 1997chim 61% tng s vn ng k, trung bnhmt nm l 5861 triu USD, gp 3,6 ln trgi bnh qun ca nhng nm cn li.

Deficit

Even the deficit rate in the period of 20

year was 21.6%, it proved positive trend

through each period. The deficit rate in

2001-2005 was 17.4%, much lower thanthat in 1986-1989 (80.4%). There are

different effective causes for the deficit rate

in each period but from 1994 to 1997, the

deficit rate was at high level, meaning the

export scale was small and the fast increase

in import value caused by foreign direct

investment projects in their start-up phase.

According to the figure about foreign direct

investment projects which was licensed

from 1988 to now, the registered capital in

1994-1997 accounted for 61% of the total

capital; the annual average was 5,861 Mil

USD, which is 3.6 fold compared to that of

the remaining years

Biu 12: M

c nh

p siu v t

l

nh

p siu giai on 5 n

mThe deficit value and per export of each five- year period from 1986 to 2005

1986 -1990 1991 -1995 1996 -2000 2001 -2005

Mc nhp siu - Deficit value

(Tr-Mil. USD) 5653.3 5627.8 9789.5 19321.0

T trng so vi XK - Deficit per

export (%) 80.4 32.8 18.9 17.4

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T l nhp siu qua cc giai on t 1986 -2005 so vi xut khu c xu hng gim timc trn 17% phn nh ng mc pht

trin kinh t ca nc ta ang trong giai onu t c s h tng, i mi thit b, tngnng lc sn xut. Trong giai on ti, mcd kim ngch xut khu t ra tng mnh,nhng hng ha thuc loi hnh gia cng vncn ln, hm lng nguyn liu phi nhpkhu s cao. ng thi t mc tiu n2020 a nc ta tr thnh nc c nn cngnghip tin tin trong khu vc th nhu cu

nhp khu my mc thit b hin i vntng, mt khc nhu cu cho u txy dngc bn ca cc d n u tmi s tip tcpht trin, v vy vic kim ch v h thp tl nhp siu tuy l nhng mc tiu phn unhng trong nhng nm trc mt cn chaph hp v kh thc hin.

The deficit rate in each period from 1986to 2005 had a downward trend by over17% in comparison with export. It

reflected correctly our level of economicdevelopment in the period ofinfrastructural investment; equipmentupgrading; improvement of productcapacity. In the coming time, even exportvalue increase dramaticaly, the volume ofgoods in processing form will be still veryhigh the import volume of raw materialswill be high. Also, in order to reach thetarget of becoming advanced in the region

by 2020, the needs for importing modernmachinery will increase. Otherwise, theneed for basic construction of new projectswill continue so the restraint and loweringthe deficit rate in next few years are verydifficult tasks.

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