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Contents

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1 Why xDSL?

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1 Evolution from Analog to Digital Telephony

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Why xDSL? Siemens

Telephone technology involves the trns!er o! in!ormtion !rom one comm"niction#evice to one or more other comm"niction #evices$ The evol"tion o!comm"nictions technology in the lte 1%%0&s hs llo'e# the term (in!ormtion) toincl"#e voice* #t n# vi#eo services$

Since the 1+,0&s* telephone technology hs primrily -een !oc"se# on trns!erring"#io .nlog/ signls -et'een t'o points$ In the 1%%0&s* the Internet n# #t

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comm"niction systems -egn to re"ire ne' type o! comm"niction system$These systems re"ire# the trns!er o! highspee# #t signls to vriety o! #tnet'ors$ The s'itching systems tht re "se# !or voice s'itching re not

pproprite !or highspee# #t comm"nictions$

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ig$ 1

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1.1 Analog Transmission

There re over ,40 million nlog telephone lines thro"gho"t the 'orl#$ 5 m6ority o!telephone lines "se pirs o! copper 'ire to crry "#io signls$

5ltho"gh these copper 'ires 'ere #esigne# to crry voice signls* they re cp-leo! crrying lo' spee# #t signls thro"gh the "se o! "#io mo#ems$ 5"#io mo#emsconvert #igitl signls to "#io tones so they cn -e trns!erre# thro"gh the existingtelephone net'or$ The mxim"m llo'-le spee# over "#io mo#ems is 47 -ps$ I!

'e re going to o!!er 'i#er -n# connectivity 'e 'ill hve to loo else'here thn tthe tr#itionl telephone circ"it$

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ig$ 2

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1.2 Digital Transmission

Digitl telephone trnsmission technology hs evolve# over the pst 80 yers toincrese the e!!iciency o! copper 'ire to crry more comm"nictions chnnels$ Th"sllo's stn#r# copper telephone 'ires .locl loop/ to crry "p to 42 9-ps$

1.2.1 SD!

:ne o! the !irst #vnces in the locl loop #igitl trnsmission 's the ISD;.Integrte# Services Digitl ;et'or/$ ISD; 's s"ppose# to replce nlog systems'ith highspee# #igitl chnnels$ 5ltho"gh mny ISD; systems re instlle#* thehigh cost o! implementtion n# vil-ility o! lterntive sol"tions #elye# its 'i#eimplementtion$

1.2.2 Digital Loop Carrier "DLC#

DL< is #igitl trnsmission technology tht -"n#les n"m-er o! phone line signlsinto single m"ltiplexe# #igitl signl$ :ne #vntge o! terminting the loops tDL

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ig$ 3

ig$ 8

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1.$ Share% Analog an% Digital Transmission

>ec"se o! the lrge n"m-er o! instlle# nlog telephones* it is very #esir-le toprovi#e -oth nlog n# #igitl service 'itho"t re"iring the replcement o! existingtelephone e"ipment$

Erly #igitl trnsmission systems .e$g$ ISD; n# T1/ #igitie# the entire -n#'i#tho! copper 'ire trnsmission lines$ This re"ire# either the replcement o! ll existingnlog phones or the instlltion o! n ctive line #pter to convert into #igitl$

The shring o! -oth nlog n# #igitl signls on the sme copper 'ire llo'sselective "pgr#ing !or existing c"stomers* 'itho"t chnging the instlle# e"ipmentn# 'ith miniml chnges o! lines$

ig$4 sho's tht nlog n# #igitl signls cn shre the sme trnsmission line -y

"sing 2 #i!!erent !re"ency -n#s$ The nlog signl occ"pies the lo'er portion o!the !re"ency -n# .8 @ n# -elo'/$ The #igitl signl mo#"ltes n = crriersignl tht hs !re"ency rnge -ove the "#io signl$

5n# then this 's the 'y to xDSL technology$

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ig$ 4

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2 The Way to xDSL

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Why xDSL? Siemens

5s the Internet contin"es its ming gro'th* A< mret contin"es its ro-"st gro'thn# telecomm"ting increses in pop"lrity .i$e$ gro'ing h"nger !or highspee# #t/there sho"l# -e 'y to -ring this high -n#'i#th to'r#s the c"stomer getting "se

o! the in!rstr"ct"re o! lre#y existing net'ors$

Need for Speed

The (;ee# or Spee#) 's the ey to #evelop the xDSL technology$ DSL then* is technology tht -rings highspee# or (lrge -n#'i#th) to the c"stomer 'itho"t thenee# the existing in!rstr"ct"re replcement$ Tht is to sy the DSL is lst milevery !st ccess technology$

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ig$ 7

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ig$ ,

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$ &enefits of xDSL

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Distnt Lerning

=emote L5; 5ccess

Ci#eo

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Why xDSL? Siemens

$.$.2 +ro*lem ,2- &usy signals

or Internet ccess* 'hen connecting to the ISA thro"gh #il"p 'e my her -"sysignls$ The reson !or -"sy tones is tht m"ltiple s"-scri-ers shre the -n#'i#th$

The ns'er to this pro-lemB

5 DSL mo#em is #e#icte# to ech s"-scri-er* not shre# -y m"ltiple

s"-scri-ers$

DSL services re l'ys on$

$.$.$ +ro*lem ,$- Sit)h Congestion

Coice s'itches 'ere sie# to hn#le voice clls$ Coice clls re "s"lly short .4min"tes on the verge/* 'heres #t clls re "s"lly long .severl ho"rs/$ So

#t clls me congestion to the voice ;et'or$The ns'er to this pro-lemB Dt tr!!ic is not ro"te# thro"gh the voice s'itch$

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$./ DSL ma0es e)onomi) sense

The re"se o! existing telephone 'ire plnt gretly re#"ces #eployment costs$

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ig$ 10

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Siemens Why xDSL?

/ Transmission 'e%ium Limitations

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Why xDSL? Siemens

There re mny limittions o! copper lines tht re#"ce the -ility to trns!er DSL$

rom these limittionsB

Limite# !re"ency response o! the copper lines

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Siemens Why xDSL?

5s the !re"ency pplie# to the copper 'ire pir increses* the tten"tion o! the line

increses$ The !re"ency response #epen#s on mny !ctors incl"#ing the#imensions o! the copper 'ire .g"ge/* ins"ltion type n# instlltion environment$

/.2 Crosstal0

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Why xDSL? Siemens

/.2.1 !ear En% 45Tal0 "!E4T#

DSL receiver is !!ecte# -y co"ple# noise !rom trnsmitter.s/ t the sme en# o! the

c-le$ ;ET is #ngero"s !or DSLs "sing the sme !re"ency -n#s !ortrnsmission in -oth #irections$ Tht is to sy ;ET is not pro-lem in 5symmetricDSLF 'here trnsmit n# receive -n#s re #i!!erent$

/.2.2 ar En% 45Tal0 "E4T#

=eceiver is !!ecte# -y co"ple# noise !rom trnsmitter.s/ t other en# o! the line$ET is #ngero"s !or DSLs "sing seprte !re"ency -n#s !or ech #irection o!trnsmission$

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NEXT plus FEXT

Te the cse o! the signls rriving t the "ser mo#em U1$ The 'nte# signl istrnsmitte# #o'nstrem -y the net'or mo#em ;1* n# rrives t the receivingmo#em U1 in tten"te# !orm #"e to the c-le loss$ 9o#em U1 lso receives somesignl !rom the #o'nstrem trnsmission ;2 vi crosstl -et'een c-le pirs 1 n#2 .ET/$ 9o#em U1 lso receives some "n'nte# signl !rom the "pstremtrnsmission o! mo#em U2 .;ET/$

NOTES

enerlly* ;ET is more serio"s thn ET s the signl inter!erence levels !rom;ET re higher$

In ct 9o#em U1 receives some crosstl !rom ech o! the other pirs crrying DSLtrnsmissions$

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ig$ 12

ig$ 13

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/.$ Signal ngress

Signl ingress occ"rs 'hen electricl signls !rom other so"rces .s"ch s r#io orlightning spies/ enter into the trnsmission line$ ig$18 sho's severl so"rces o!r#io signl ingress tht my occ"r in DSL system$ 5 high po'er 59 r#iotrnsmission to'er locte# ner telephone line cn co"ple some o! its energy ontothe telephone line$ This inter!erence "s"lly re#"ces the #t trnsmission cpcityo! the DSL line$

/./ &ri%ge% Tap 3efle)tions

5 -ri#ge# tp is n extension to comm"niction line tht is "se# to ttch t'o ormore en# points ."ser ccess lines/ to centrl o!!ice$ >ri#ge# tps provi#econnection options to the telephone compny on connecting #i!!erent comm"nictionlines to centrl o!!ice 'itho"t hving to instll ne' pirs o! 'ires ech time c"stomer re"ests ne' telephone line$

The connection o! one or more -ri#ge# tps on comm"niction line tht is "se# !orA:TS services #oes not "s"lly c"se signl #istortion$ @o'ever* "n#etermine#-ri#ge# tps tht re instlle# on comm"niction lines tht trns!er xDSL signls cn

res"lt in signl #istortion$ The signl #istortion comes !rom the re!lections o! signlenergy re!lection o!! the -ri#ge# tps$

When n electricl signl is pplie# to the en# o! copper 'ire* electricl energy-egins to trvel #o'n the copper 'ire$ I#elly* 'hen the energy reches the en# o!the copper 'ire* the signl is -sor-e# t the other en# .clle# mtche# line/$ I! theen# o! the 'ire is not connecte#* some .or ll/ o! the energy is re!lecte# -c to the-eginning o! the line$

ig$14 sho's ho' re!lections !rom -ri#ge# line tp cn c"se #istortion$ Thisre!lecte# signl is #elye# version o! the originl signl$ Typiclly* -ri#ge# tpsm"st -e remove# !rom comm"nictions lines tht "se DSL technology .some xDSLtechnologies llo' only "p to 2 -ri#ge tps 'ithin the line 'ith mx$ length o! 400 mech/$

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ig$ 18

ig$ 14

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/.6 Au%io Loa%ing Coils

5"#io coils re "se# to #6"st the !re"ency response o! comm"niction line to-etter trns!er "#io signls$ While these lo#ing coils 'or 'ell !or "#io signls*they completely #is-le the -ility o! the line to -e "se# !or high !re"ency xDSLsignls$

ig$ 17 sho's tht there my -e severl instlle# "#io lo#ing coils on single loclloop line$ These lo#ing coils 9UST -e remove# !or xDSL trnsmission$

/.7 Line Spli)e Attenuation

Telephone c-les "s"lly come in 400 !eet roles$ >ec"se most telephone lines reseverl tho"sn# !eet !rom the centrl o!!ice* severl c-le splices re re"ire#$ Echline splice tten"tes the signl n# the mo"nt o! signl tten"tion vries#epen#ing on the type o! splice n# the mo"nt o! corrosion insi#e the splice$

Example

or locl ccess line #istnce over 10*000 !eet* there re more tht 20 splices inthe verge locl ccess loop$ Ech o! these splices o!!ers the potentil !or corrosionn# increse# resistnce$

We!"# $urre"

:ne metho# to #ecrese the e!!ects o! corrosion .n# re#"ce tten"tion/ is tocontin"o"sly r"n electric c"rrent thro"gh the copper 'ire pir .clle# (seling c"rrent)or ('etting c"rrent)/* 'hich is smll mo"nt o! #irect c"rrent tht is psse# thro"ghthe copper 'ire pir$ The #irect c"rrent e!!ectively p"nches holes in the corrosive

oxi#e !ilm tht !orms on the mechnicl splices$

/.8 Line 3esistan)e Attenuation

The copper c-le lso hs resistnce .impe#nce/ tht is #epen#ent o! the sie.#imeter/ o! the c-le n# the length o! the c-le$ The resistnce o! the copper 'ireincreses s the #imeter #ecreses .g"ge n"m-er increses/ n# o! co"rse s thelength o! the line increses$

The higher the line resistnce* the more o! the signl energy is #issipte# -y the linen# less energy is trns!erre# to the receiving #evice$ This le#s to the #ecrese in

the #t rte o! the xDSL line$

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ig$ 17

ig$ 1,

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6 Exer)ise

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Exer)ise

Title- The 'y to xDSL technology

9*:e)tives- =es"me the concepts #isc"sse# on this section

+re5reuisite-

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7 Solution

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Solution

Title- The 'y to xDSL technology9*:e)tives- =es"me the concepts #isc"sse# on this section

+re5reuisite-

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