02 enabling environment in southeast asia
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
1/82
UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionsecretariat(UNISDR)
AsianDisasterPreparednessCenter(ADPC)
10
NationallevelInstitutionalandPolicy
Landscape,ProjectEffortsandGood
PracticesinSoutheastAsia
Project:Enablingenvironmentforintegrating
disasterriskreduction(DRR)andclimatechange
adaptation(CCA)inSoutheastAsia
PreparedbyA.R.SubbiahandXiaoliWang,RIMES
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
2/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
2
TableofContents
1. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK .........................................................................................................4
2. THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ..5
2.1 Cambodia .....................................................................................................................................8
2.1.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ..................................................................................8
2.1.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR ...........................................................................9
2.1.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................11
2.1.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................13
2.2 Indonesia....................................................................................................................................13
2.2.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................132.2.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................14
2.2.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................16
2.2.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................18
2.3 LaoPDR ......................................................................................................................................18
2.3.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................18
2.3.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................20
2.3.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................21
2.3.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................22
2.4 Myanmar....................................................................................................................................23
2.4.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................23
2.4.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................24
2.4.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable) .......................................................25
2.4.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable) ................................................25
2.5 Philippines ..................................................................................................................................25
2.5.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................25
2.5.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................29
2.5.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................30
2.5.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................30
2.6 Vietnam......................................................................................................................................33
2.6.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR ................................................................................33
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
3/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
3
2.6.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR .........................................................................36
2.6.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA ................................................................................36
2.6.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA .........................................................................37
3. REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA .....................................................38
3.1 MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts............................................................................................38
3.2 ReviewofPoliciesandInstitutionsonDRRandCCA ................................................................39
3.3 ReviewofProjectsEffortsonDRRandCCA..............................................................................40
4. ENABLINGENVIRONMENTANALYSISINSOUTHEASTASIA ..............................................................52
4.1 TheEnablingEnvironmentinCambodia ...................................................................................53
4.2 TheEnablingEnvironmentinIndonesia ....................................................................................54
4.3 TheEnablingEnvironmentinLaoPDR ......................................................................................55
4.4 TheEnablingEnvironmentinMyanmar ....................................................................................56
4.5 TheEnablingEnvironmentinPhilippines ..................................................................................57
4.6 TheEnablingEnvironmentinVietnam ......................................................................................58
5. GOODPRACTICELINKINGDRRANDCCAATNATIONALLEVEL ........................................................59
5.1 Indonesia....................................................................................................................................59
5.2 Myanmar....................................................................................................................................62
5.3 Philippines(AngatReservoir) ....................................................................................................64
5.4 Vietnam......................................................................................................................................67
ACRONYMSANDABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................69
ANNEXI ......................................................................................................................................................75
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................................81
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
4/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
4
1. THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK
TheexpressionsDisasterRiskReduction(DRR)andClimateChangeAdaptation(CCA)
representpolicygoalsthataimtostimulatestructuralorbehavioralchanges,throughconcrete
investmentsthatensure/protectdevelopmentandhumanwellbeingdespitetheoccurrenceof
physicalhazardsandchangingtemperatureandrisingsealevels.DisasterRiskReductionisthe
conceptandpracticeofreducingdisasterrisksthroughsystematiceffortstoanalyzeand
managethecausalfactorsofdisasters,includingthroughreducedexposuretohazards,lessened
vulnerabilityofpeopleandproperty,wisemanagementoflandandtheenvironment,andthe
improvedpreparednessforadverseevents(TheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction
systemofUnitedNationsUNISDR,2009).Adaptation,meanstheadjustmentinnaturalor
humansystemsinresponsetoactualorexpectedclimaticstimuliortheireffects,which
moderatesharmorexploitsbeneficialopportunities(UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon
ClimateChangeUNFCCC).IthasbeencommonlyperceivedthatDRRdealswithexistinghazard
riskwhileClimateChangeisconcernedmoreaboutthefuturerisk.However,all
characterizationsofriskpresumeafutureorientation.Moreover,inprinciple,DRRinstruments
alreadytakeadvantageofthebestavailableinformationincharacterizinghazardriskthese
DRRinstrumentscouldberefinedtoaccommodatenewinformationderivedfromclimate
projectionsandrelatedmodels.
BothDRRandCCAsharecommongoalsforbuildingresilience.Itisfairtosaythatadaptation
requiresarangeofstrategies,ofwhichDRRisoneofthebestdefinedandpracticedapproaches.
TheintegrationofDRRintoCCAhasalreadytakenplaceinmanyprojectsandplansfor
adaptation.WhattendstobedifferentisthatadaptationprojectswithaDRRfocustendtolook
atearlywarning,preparednessbuthavelessfamiliaritywiththeotheraspectsofDRRoutlined
intheHFA(HyogoFrameworkforAction20052015,HFA41inparticular).Ontheotherhand,
almostallDRRpracticeshavesomeadaptivevalue.Andviceversa,namely,almostallCCA
projects/programmeshaveriskreductionvalue.
Inmanyways,wemaysaythatDRRandCCAareonlydifferentbecauseofthedifferentpolitical
historythatshapedcurrentinstitutionalstructures.Inmostcountries,DRRistheconcernof
NationalDisasterManagementOffices,whileCCAiswiththeDepartmentsorMinistriesof
Environment.Interactionsbetweenthesetwoareusuallyadhoc,forexamplemeetingsfor
reportpreparation.Therearestillverylimitedeffortstosustainandinstitutionalizethese
interactions.Thereallimitationtoadaptationisthepoliticaldimensionassociatedwithissuesof
compensationforcingpolicymakerstoisolateclimaterisksattributabletoanthropogeniccauses
fromnaturalclimatevariability.Astheisolationofcausesduetoanthropogenicandnatural
1TheFrameworksetsoutfiveprioritiesforaction.Thefourthpriorityaimstoreducetheunderlyingriskfactors,in
suchareasasnaturalresourcemanagement,socioeconomicdevelopment,physicalplanningandconstruction.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
5/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
5
climatevariabilityentailhugescientificlimitations,integrationofadaptationandDRRisbeing
madedifficult.
TheoverwhelmingviewoftheGlobalPlatformisthaturgentactionisrequiredtoharmonize
andlinktheframeworksandpoliciesfordisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptation,
andtodosowithinthebroadercontextofpovertyreductionandsustainabledevelopment.Apriorityistoincorporatebothdisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationascore
policyandprogrammaticobjectivesinnationaldevelopmentplansandsupportingpoverty
reductionstrategiesandcountryassistanceplans(SecondsessionoftheGlobalPlatformforDRR,
20091).Achievementsinthedisasterriskreductiondomainhavebeenhighlyaddressedinthe
BaliActionPlan2(2007)asstrategiesandmeanstoenhanceactiononadaptationinacoherent
andintegratedmanner.
RiskreductionisacommonconverginggoalforCCAandDRR.BothCCAandDRRhavean
objectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk.Bothapproachesenvisage
proactiveanticipatoryactionstoreduceclimateriskofdifferenttimescales.Thenotionofnon
stationarityofclimaterisksduetoclimatechangecouldentaildisasterriskmanagementtodeal
withuncertaintyandnewpatternofrisks.Disasterriskmanagementhasahistoryofevolving,
adaptingandapplyingnewtoolsandpracticestodealwithnewinformationandemergingsocial
andeconomicdemands.IPCCFourthAssessmentReportemphasizestheimportanceofiterative
riskmanagementapproach.
Respondingtoclimatechangeinvolvesaniterativeriskmanagementprocessthatincludes
bothadaptationandmitigation,andtakesintoaccountclimatechangedamages,co
benefits,sustainability,equityandattitudestorisk.(IPCC,2007).
DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagementstrategiesasandwhennew
informationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns.
2. THEEXISTINGINSTITUTIONALMECHANISMANDPOLICYONDRRANDCCA
ATNATIONALLEVEL
DRRINSOUTHEASTASIAAccordingtotheSecondSessionGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction
3,riskprone
countriesarenowgivinghighprioritytodisasterriskreductionandwishtomoveaheadquickly
inthedesignandadoptionofpoliciesandstrategiestoaddresstheirrisks.Avarietyof
nationalandregionalplatformsandorganizationsarebeingrapidlydevelopedorstrengthened
toguideandcoordinatethisaction.Thereisapressingneedtobuildinstitutions,including
legalframeworks,tosustaindisasterriskreductionactionasanongoingconcern,andseveral
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
6/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
6
countriesstressedtheneedfortechnicalassistance,tohelpgrowtheircapacities.The
developmentofplatformsfordisasterriskreductionatbothnationalandsubnationallevels
needstobeacceleratedinordertocreateanenablingenvironment,andtoinclusivelyengage
variedgovernmentandcivilsocietyinterestsandaddresscrosscuttingissues.
TheinstitutionalmechanismandpoliciesonDisasterRiskReductionintheSoutheastAsiavaries
fromcountrytocountryduetotheirdiversityingeophysical,hydrometeorological,political,
economical,andculturalaspects,yetfacingcommonchallengestoenableenvironmentfor
integratingDRRintoCCAatnationallevel.
CCAINSOUTHEASTASIA
Asshowninthefigure21,adaptivecapacitiesvaryamongcountries,usingtheequationformas
follows:AdaptiveCapacity=f(socioeconomicfactors,technology,infrastructure)2
.Limiting
factorsincludepoorresourceandinfrastructurebases,povertyanddisparitiesinincome,weak
institutions,andlimitedtechnology.ThechallengeinAsialiesinidentifyingopportunitiesto
facilitatesustainabledevelopmentwithstrategiesthatmakeclimatesensitivesectorsresilient
toclimatevariability(UNFCCC,2007)4.IntheGlobalAssessmentReportonDisasterRisk
Reduction,fivegroupsofcountrieswereidentifiedthatsharecommoncharacteristicsinterms
oftheirvulnerabilityandresiliencetodisasterlossandtheirdevelopmentlimitations,
particularlytheircapacitytobenefitfrominternationaltrade.Thehigherthevulnerabilityofa
grouptonaturalhazardrisks,thehigherthenumberofdevelopingcountriesinitthatsuffer
extremetradelimitations.
Priorto2003therewaslittleconsiderationofclimatechangegiveninpolicyformulationand
mostnationalplanninganddevelopmentprogramsarenotableintheirlackofreferenceto
climatechange.Asof2004/2005,theLeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)weregivencapacity
buildingsupportthroughtheUNDP/GEFfacility,whichfundedaseriesofNationalAdaptation
ProgrammesofAction(NAPA).5NAPAprovideaprocessforLDCstoidentifypriorityactivities
thatrespondtotheirurgentandimmediateneedstoadapttoclimatechangethoseforwhich
furtherdelaywouldincreasevulnerabilityand/orcostsatalaterstage.Themaincontentof
NAPAsisalistofrankedpriorityadaptationactivitiesandprojects,aswellasshortprofilesof
eachactivityorproject,designedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofproposalsforimplementation
oftheNAPA.TofacilitateaccesstoprojectdetailsfromtheNAPAs,thesecretariathas
developedaNAPAProjectDatabase6.
Fornow,allcountriesofSoutheastAsiahaveratifiedtheUNFCCCandbecomePartiestothe
Conventionduringthepastdecade.Thesecountrieshavealsoofficiallycommittedthemselves
totheKyotoProtocolsince2000.Thesedevelopmentshavespurredthemomentumfor
initiatingtechnicalstudiesonclimatechange,vulnerabilityandadaptationinpreparationof
NationalCommunications(NCs)andNAPAsthatarerequiredofPartiesoftheConvention7.
Thailand,Indonesia,VietnamandthePhilippineshavesubmittedtheirFirstNCs,presenting
plansandoptionsformitigatingGreenHouseGas(GHG)emissions,withrelativelylessattention
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
7/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
7
toadaptationmeasures.LaoPDRandCambodia,asLDCsintheregion,havealsocompleted
theirrespectiveNAPAs(ISETN,20088).Althoughthosecountriesarechallengedwithalackof
humanresources,alingeringtopdownapproachinthegovernmentandweakunderstandingof
boththetechnicalandadaptationaspectsofclimatechange,still,significantadaptivecapacity
couldbebuiltsimplythroughimplementationoftheDRRrelatedmeasuresalreadyidentifiedas
urgentneedsinthecurrentNAPAs.
Figure21:AdaptivecapacitymapofSoutheastAsiain2005(Source:EEPSEA,20099)
Figure22:MapofthemostvulnerableareasinSoutheastAsia(countrystandard,ibid10
)
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
8/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
8
2.1Cambodia
2.1.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
TheStrategicNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReductioninCambodia20082013
(SNAPDRR)waslaunchedinMarch2009,preparedbytheNationalCommitteeforDisaster
Management(NCDM)andMinistryofPlanning(MoP).ItmarksamilestoneforDisasterRisk
ManagementintheRoyalGovernmentofCambodia(RGoC),toserveastheroadmapfor
developmentandstrengtheningofinstitutions,operationalmechanismsandcapacitiesof
disastermanagementcommitteesatalllevels.TheSNAPDRRidentifiessixkeyDRR
componentsandoutlinesDRRprioritiesinfourlevelscritical,first,secondandthirdlevel.It
isthecriticalprioritytoensurethatDRRformsanintegralpartofthegovernments
developmentagenda.
TheNCDMwasestablishedastheleadingcoordinatingagencyin1995bySubdecree
35ANKRBKsignedandchairedbythePrimeMinister.TheNCDMisresponsiblefor
managingdisasterriskdataandprovidingreportingondisaster,securingresourcesfor
emergencyresponses,DisasterRiskManagement(DRM)capacitybuildingandhuman
resourcedevelopmentinDRM,aswellasdisastercoordination,responseandrecovery.At
nationallevel,22governmentministriesandagenciesarethemembersofNCDM,knownas
theDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG),suchasMinistryofNationalDefence,
MinistryofEconomyandFinance,MinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorology,Ministry
ofAgricultural,ForestandFisheries,MinistryofHealth,MinistryofRuralDevelopmentand
soon.AndNCDMisreplicatedatloweradministrativelevels,whicharechairedrespectively
byprovincial/municipalgovernorsandthecommitteemembersfromlinegovernment
departmentsandagencies.Pleaseseetheflowchart211.
ThemissionoftheNCDMistoleadthedisastermanagementinCambodia.Majorfunctions
andresponsibilitiesinclude:1)TocoordinatewiththeMinistriesoftheRoyalGovernment,
UNagencies,IOs,NGOs,InternationalCommunities,NationalAssociations,andLocal
DonorsinordertoappealforaidforEmergencyResponseandRehabilitation;2)Tomake
recommendationstotheRoyalGovernmentandissueprinciples,mainpoliciesandwarnings
onDisasterPreparednessandManagementcumthemeasuresforEmergencyResponseand
interventionsinevacuatingpeopletohaven;3)TodisseminateDisasterManagementwork
toCommunitiesandstrengthenthelinefromtheNationallevel(Ministries/Institutionsconcerned)totheprovincial/Municipal/District/Precinctlevelalongwithhumanresource
developmentaimingtomanageDisasterworksfirmlyandeffectively;4)Toputforwarda
proposaltotheRoyalGovernmentonreserves,funds,fuel,meansofworking,equipment
andhumanresourcesforDisasterPreventionandinterventioninEmergencyResponseand
Rehabilitationbefore,during,andafterdisaster.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
9/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
9
TheDisasterManagementWorkingGroup(DMWG)isleadbytheNCDM,incooperation
withCambodianRedCross(CRC),InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescent
Societies(IFRC),andUnitedNationDisasterManagementTeam(UNDMT).TheDMWG
operatesinfivesubgroups,theEmergencyReliefAssistanceSubgroupleadbyNCDMand
CRCwithsupportofIFRC;theFoodSecuritySubgroupleadbytheMinistryofAgriculture,
ForestryandFisherywithsupportofWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)andFoodand
AgricultureOrganization(FAO);theHealthSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofHealthwith
supportofWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andTheUnitedNationsChildrensFund
(UNICEF);theSmallscaleInfrastructure,WaterandSanitationSubgroupleanbythe
MinistryofRuralDevelopmentwithsupportofWHO,UNICEFandWFP,andthe
PreparednessandMitigationSubgroupleadbytheMinistryofPublicworkandTransport
andMinistryofWaterResourcesandMeteorologywithsupportofpartners.Aspointedin
theNationalProgressReportontheImplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforAction
(NPR20072009)11
,itisagreatinitiativeofestablishmentofthemultisectoralworking
groups.Itisalsoagoodopportunitytomobilizethejointeffortsfromdifferentactors.
However,therearesomecriticalchallengesoftheworkinggroupsarenotwellfunctioning,
duetolackofmanagementmechanismandappropriateplanningandresources.
2.1.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
Nationalpolicyandlegalframeworkondisastermanagementhelpstoensuresubstantial
andcomprehensiveachievementsofthedisasterriskreductioninthecountry.SinceNCDM
establishedin1995,NCDMhasbeingcollaboratingwithlocal,internationalandregional
partneragenciestoimplementthedisasterriskreductionmeasuresatalllevels,especially,
atcommunitylevels.
In2005,NCDMissuedthePolicyDocumentCambodia:NationalReportinPreparationfor
WorldConferenceonDisasterReduction(WCDR)2005,whichprovidedacomprehensive
approachtodisastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthat
couldoccur,aswellasoutliningtheresponserequiredinanygivenemergencysituation.
Alongwiththeestablishmentoffacilities,themobilizationoftechnicalresources,aswellas
thecapacitybuildingmechanism,thisdocumentservesasafoundationfromwhichtobuild
anefficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement.
AsabroadframeworkforprovidingtheroadmapandguidelinesforCambodiafrom2006to
2010,theNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan20062010(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006.It
hasbeenframedastheimplementationoftheRectangularandthesynthesesofvarious
policydocuments,suchasCambodiaMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(CMDG),National
PovertyReductionStrategy(NPRS),andNationalPopulationPolicy(NPP).NSDPprovides
theframeworkforgrowth,employment,equity,andefficiencytoreachCMDGsandwell
focusedanddirectedfutureequitabledevelopment,propoorandprorural.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
10/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
10
Since2001,NCDMdevelopedadraftNationalEmergencyManagementPolicy(NEMP).
However,duetotheinsufficientsupport,thedrafthasnotbeenfinalized.Currently,NCDM
isdevelopingaNationalDisasterManagementBill(NDMB)withactivelyparticipationfrom
itslineministrymembers.AccordingtotheNPR20072009,theformalizationofNEMP
andNDMBarethefundamentalstepstowardsstrengtheningthedisastermanagement
processthroughoutthecountry.Thedocumentsprovideacomprehensiveapproachto
disastermanagementthatconsiderstheentirerangeofpossibledisastersthatcouldoccur,
aswellasoutliningthenationaldisastermanagementframeworkrequiredbefore,during
andafteremergencysituation.AstheNCDMbecomesoperationalatalllevelsofCambodian
society,inthisrespect,thedocumentswillserveasafoundationfromwhichtobuildan
efficientandeffectiveprocessfordisastermanagement.
Figure211:InstitutionalMechanismonDRRinCambodia
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
11/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
11
2.1.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
In2004theRGoCadoptedtheRectangularStrategyforGrowth,Employment,Equityand
Efficiencyastheframeworkforthecountry'ssocioeconomicdevelopment(RGoC,200412
).
TheNationalStrategicDevelopmentPlan(NSDP)wasapprovedin2006andhasbeen
framedastheimplementationoftheRectangularStrategy,linkingthevisionintheRectangularStrategytoconcretegoals,targetsandstrategies(RGoC,2006b
13).
InOctober2006theRGoCestablishedtheNationalClimateChangeCommittee(NCCC)
undertheMinistryofEnvironment(MoE).TheNCCCisaseniorpolicymakingbody
operatingasaninterministerialmechanismwiththemandatetoprepare,coordinateand
monitortheimplementationofpolicies,strategies,legalinstruments,plansand
programmesoftheRGoCtoaddressclimatechange.TheNCCCiscrosssectoralandis
composedofSecretariesandUnderSecretariesofStatefrom19Ministriesandgovernment
agencieswhosemandatesarerelevanttoclimatechangeadaptationormitigationactivities.
TheNCCCmeetsatleasttwiceyearlyandmoreoftenifneeded.Itissupportedbythe
CambodianClimateChangeOffice(CCCO),whichwasestablishedin2003withinthe
DepartmentofPlanningandLegalAffairsoftheMoE.TheCCCOhasthebroadmandateof
carryingoutalltechnicalactivitiesrelatedtotheimplementationoftheUNFCCC,andall
otherassignedclimatechangerelatedtasks.(ACIAR,2009).Pleaseseefigure212andtable
213formoredetails.
Figure212:Cambodiainstitutionalarrangementsforclimatechange (source:MRC,
2009a14
)
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
12/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
12
Table213:InstitutionsRelevantforClimateChange (Source:MFAD,200815
)
Institution Type Relevant Objective Remarks
Ministry ofEnvironment
GovernmentMinistry
Mandate over environmental issues,including conservation/protected areas,
environmental quality/environmental impactassessment, and rational use andmanagement of natural resources.
Focal Point for ClimateChange and Biodiversity
Conventions, and GEF.
CambodianClimate ChangeOffice
MinistryOffice
Carries out all technical activities related tothe implementation of the ClimateConvention. Facilitates and coordinatesdonor funded and private sector activities
relevant to climate change with othergovernment agencies. Supports andorganizes inter-ministerial technical workinggroups specialized in sectors (energy andforestry), and along climate change themes(GHG inventory, mitigation, vulnerability andadaptation)
Part of Ministry ofEnvironment. Department ofPlanning and Legal Affairs.Secretariat of the DNA for
CDM, and of the UNFCCCfocal point.
NationalCommittee on
Climate Change
Inter-ministerial
Committee
Prepares, coordinates and monitorsimplementation of policies, strategies, legal
instruments, plans and programmes toaddress climate change.
Composed of Secretaries andUnder-Secretaries of State
from 19 Ministries andgovernment agencies. Meetingat least twice yearly.
Ministry ofAgricultural,Forestry andFisheries
GovernmentMinistry
Mandate over agriculture, including forestryand fisheries.
Focal point of the UnitedNations Convention to CombatDesertification (UNCCD)
ForestAdministration
GovernmentDepartment
Responsibilities include forest and wildlifeinventory; protection and management offorest resource, and wildlife conservation.
Formerly known asDepartment of Forestry andWildlife. Part of MAFF.
CambodianAgriculturalResearch andDevelopmentInstitute
GovernmentResearchInstitute
Research body for sustainable agriculturaland economic development, with primaryaim of food security through increased riceproduction.
NationalCommittee on
DisasterManagement
Inter-ministerial
Committee
Provides emergency relief and developspreventive measures to reduce loss of life
and property from natural and humaninduced disasters.
Composed of members ofrelevant ministries and Armed
Forces.
Ministry ofIndustry, Minesand Energy
GovernmentMinistry
Develops and manages energy policy,strategy and planning, including renewableenergy.
Ministry of Water
Resources andMeteorology
Government
Ministry
Responsibilities include development and
implementation of water resource strategy,determination of water potential, collectionand management of meteorological data.
WMO focal point.
Ministry of PublicWorks andTransport
GovernmentMinistry
Manages execution of national policy onpublic works, including roads, bridges, ports,railways, waterways and buildings.
Ministry of Healthand NationalMalaria Centre
GovernmentMinistry
Mandate over public health. Ultimateobjective to eliminate vector borne disease.
Council for thedevelopment ofCambodia
GovernmentAgency
One-stop service for rehabilitation,development, and investment activities.Facilitates and coordinates government-donor relations.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
13/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
13
2.1.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
Sofarnocomprehensivenationalplanorstrategyonclimatechangehasbeendrawnup.To
date,theonlyexplicitactivityundertakenbytheRGoCinrelationtoclimateadaptationwas
theUNDP/GEFfacilitatedNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange
(NAPA)planningandreportingprocess.TheNAPAreportforCambodiawaspreparedin2006(RGoC,2006a).Itproposesatotalof39'noregret'adaptationprojects.
ThemaingoaloftheCambodianNAPAistoprovideaframeworktoguidethecoordination
andimplementationofadaptationinitiativesthroughaparticipatoryapproach,andtobuild
synergieswithotherrelevantenvironmentalanddevelopmentprogrammes(MoE,RGoC,
200616
).Atthisstage,RGoCisworkingonthemobilizationofresources,theestablishment
ofamechanismforinterministerialcooperation,coordinationandmonitoringforthe
implementationofthisProgramme,aswellasraisingawarenessonclimatechangeissues.It
isprerequisitetoensuretheinvolvementofallkeystakeholders,includingvulnerable
groups,communecouncils,concernedGovernmentministriesandagencies,NGOs,and
donoragencies.
2.2Indonesia
2.2.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
Afterthe2004IndianOceanTsunami,IndonesiaenactedanewLawonDisaster
Management(LawNo.24/2007).TheLawNo.24/2007providedbasicrulesrelatedtoright
andobligationofstakeholdersondisastermanagement.Itpromotedtheestablishmentof
theNationalDisasterManagementAgency(BNPB)wherepreviouslyonlyanadhocinter
ministerialcouncilexisted.BNPBisempoweredwithastrongmandatetocoordinateline
ministriesontheentirecycleofdisastermanagementfrompretopostdisasterstages.
Whilethelawclearlymandatedthecreationofdisastermanagementagenciesatthe
provincial(mandatory)anddistrict(dependingonneedsandcapacity)levels,todate,only6
ofthe33provincesand6ofthemorethan450districtsandmunicipalitieshaveactually
establishedthelocaldisastermanagementagency(BDPB).Theorganizationalstructureof
BNPBisshowninthefigure222.
TheheadoftheBNPBisthedisastermanagementofficer(DMO)inchargeofalldisasterrelatedpoliciesanddecisionmakingatnationallevel.Intheprovincesanddistricts,BNPBis
representedbyatechnicaloperationsunit.TheBDPBwillbeestablishedandhandledbythe
localauthority(PEMDA).TheDMOsattheprovincialanddistrictlevelsarefollowing
instructionsbytheBDPBincooperationandcoordinationwithPEMDA.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
14/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
14
WithinBNPB,nationaldisastermanagementstakeholdersaredividedintofour
departmentaldeputies:a)preventionandpreparednessb)emergencymanagementc)
rehabilitationandreconstructiond)logisticsandequipment.Underthesupervisionofthe
deputyfordisasterpreventionandpreparedness,earlywarningstakeholdersarelinkedto
thedirectoratesofa)disasterriskreductionb)communitydevelopmentc)preparedness.
TheMeteorologyandGeophysicalAgency(BMG)anditsNationalTsunamiWarningCenter
(operatedbyBMG)arelinkedtotheBNPBdirectorateofpreparedness(Figure221).In
emergencies,thedirectorofemergencyresponsecoordinatesbetweenBMG,BNPBandthe
crisisoperationcentersatprovincialandlocallevel.(BGR,200917
)
AtthisstageinIndonesia,thepolicy,legalorregulatoryframeworkisnotfullyinplacethat
makesdisasterriskreductionanormalpartofthedecentralized,localleveldevelopment
process.In2009,IndonesianNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction(NPDRR)was
establishedtosupportandfacilitatecooperationamongstakeholderondisasterrisk
reductioninIndonesia,whichwasbasedoninitialgeneralmeetingandacknowledgedby
theBNPB.TheelementsofNPDRRconsistofUniversity,massmedia,privatesector,NGOs,
Government,IndonesianRedCross,professionalinstitution,andotherorganizationsor
communityforums.Pleaseseethefigure221fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNPDRR.
ThemaingoaloftheNPDRRistoaccommodateallstakeholdersinrelationwithdisaster,
andalsosynchronizingvariousDRRpolicy,programandactivityatnationallevel,inorderto
achieveIndonesianDRRgoalsandnationalresiliencetowarddisaster,aswellastosupport
IndonesiainrealizingitscommitmenttoimplementHyogoActionPlan.TheMajormissionsofNPDRRinclude:1)ToraiseawarenessaboutDRR;2)Toincreaseknowledgeandskillon
DRR;3)Toencourageparticipation(encourage/motivatepeopletoparticipate)on
DRRmatter;4)ToensuresmartresourcesonDRRactivity;5)TobuildnetworkingforDRR.
2.2.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
InthefirstNationalActionPlanforDisasterRiskReduction(NAPDRR)coveringtheperiodof
20062009,Indonesiaplacedparticularemphasisontheestablishmentofproperlegal,
institutionalandresourceframeworksaspartofbuildingthenationaldisastermanagement
system.IntheNationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFramework
forAction(20072009)18
,thestrategicgoalwaspointedthattointegratemoredisasterrisk
considerationsintosustainabledevelopmentpolicies,planningandprogrammingatall
levels(BNPB,200919
).EffortsforintegratingDRRintotheNationalDevelopmentPlanwere
alsoremarkedbythechiefofBNBPattheGlobalPlatformforDisasterRiskReductionin
2009.
Atpresent,acomprehensivelegislativeframeworkhasbeenputinplace,but
implementationremainsamajorchallenge.In2007,IndonesiaenactedanewLawon
DisasterManagement(Law24/2007)thatoutlinestheprinciples,divisionoflabor,
organizationandimplementationofthenationaldisastermanagementsystem,including
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
15/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
15
theroleofinternationalorganizations.Thislawhascarriedoutthenewperspectiveon
disastermanagement:havinginserteddisastermanagementnotonlyinanemergency
responsecontext,butalsoaspredisasterandpostdisaster.TheLaw24/2007isfollowedby
itsancillaryregulations,includingGovernmentRegulation(GR)No.21/2008onDM
Operations,GRNo.22/2008onFunding&ManagementofDisasterAssistance,GR
No.23/2008onParticipationofInternationalInstitutionsandForeignNonGovernment
InstitutioninDM,andthePresidentialRegulationNo.8/2008onNDMA(BNPB).
TheLawhasbeenfurtherelaboratedbytheissuanceofthreekeyGovernmentRegulations,
onePresidentialRegulationandnumerousimplementingguidelines.Whiletheissuanceof
thelegalframeworkisanimportantfirststep,moreworkneedstobecarriedouttoensure
thattheregulationsaredisseminatedandimplementedbytherespectiveinstitutionsand
observedbythepublic.
Figure221:NationalPlatformonDRRinIndonesia
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
16/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
16
Figure222:BNPBOrganizationalStructure2008(Source:BGR,2009)
2.2.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
Indonesiademonstrateditsstrongcommitmenttocontributetheglobaleffortsinclimate
changebysigningtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinJune1992,andratifying
itinAugust1994.SincethedocumentsubmittedtotheSecretaryGeneralofU.N.,Indonesia
hasbeenlegallyincludedasaPartyoftheConference.Inordertoproperlyaddressclimate
changeissues,StateMinistryofEnvironmentestablishedtheNationalCommitteeon
ClimateChange(NCCC).Membersofthecommitteeincluderepresentativefromsectoral
departmentsrelatedtoenvironment.Mostrecently,IndonesiahasalsosignedtheKyoto
Protocol.Inthelongterm,Indonesia'spriorityinternationallyreflectsitsdomesticpriorities:
adaptation,researchanddevelopment,andmitigation.
TheAuthorityofIndonesianNationalCommitteeontheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),establishedtroughMinistryofEnvironment(MoE)decreeNo.206/2005.The
functionsofDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)divideintomandatoryfunctionandnon
mandatorypromotionalfunction.Themandatoryfunctionisimportantfor,approving
proposedCDMprojectsbasedonthenationalsustainabledevelopmentcriteria,aswellas
trackingtheprogressofProjectDesignDocument(PDD)onCDMExecutiveBoard.Asfor
thenonmandatoryaspects,DNAmainlyfunctionsas,1)facilitatingcommunicationamong
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
17/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
17
investorsandtheproponentandotherrelatedparties;2)facilitatingcapacitybuildingin
proposingandimplementingCDMprojects;3)providinginformationtosupportCarbonand
EnvironmentalResearch(CERs)marketingand/orCERspotential.
PermanentmembersofCommitteeundertakedifferentareasofresponsibilitiesonCDM,
whichcover,1)Environmentalsustainability:environmentalsustainabilitythroughconservationordiversificationofnaturalresources,localcommunityhealthandsafety;2)
Economicsustainability:incomegeneration,localcommunitywelfare,investmentflow;3)
Socialsustainability:localcommunityparticipation,nonegativeimpactoncommunitys
socialintegrity,improvementofsocialfacility;4)Technicalsustainability:transferof
technology,improvingindigenous/existingtechnology,transferofknowledge,butnotused
onexperimentaltechnology.(MoE,Indonesia,200520
)
Nowadays,IndonesiahasanumberofpromisingpotentialCDMprojects,whichhas
attractedAnnex1countries2tobecometheHostCountryforCDM.Theimplementationof
CDMhasbeenstrengthenedbytheestablishmentofKNMPB(IndonesianDNA),andrecentlybeenacceleratedastheincreasingenthusiasmsfromlocalbusinessplayeraswell
asotherstakeholdersinCDM.
Figure223:OrganizationStructureandSupportingElementsofDNAonCDMinIndonesia(KNMPB)
2PartiestoUNFCCCareclassifiedas:AnnexIcountriesindustrializedcountriesandeconomiesintransition
AnnexIIcountriesdevelopedcountrieswhichpayforcostsofdevelopingcountriesDevelopingcountries.
AnnexIcountrieswhichhaveratifiedtheProtocolhavecommittedtoreducetheiremissionlevelsofgreenhouse
gassestotargetsthataremainlysetbelowtheir1990levels.Theymaydothisbyallocatingreducedannual
allowancestothemajoroperatorswithintheirborders.Theseoperatorscanonlyexceedtheirallocationsifthey
buyemissionallowances,oroffsettheirexcessesthroughamechanismthatisagreedbyallthepartiestoUNFCCC.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
18/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
18
2.2.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
Indonesiaadoptsinternationallawasanationallawtobedetailedintheframeworkof
regulationandinstitutions.Themainobjectivesofnationalpolicyonclimatechangein
Indonesiaare1)toacceleratethedevelopmentofindustryandtransportationwithlowemissionlevelthroughtheutilizationofcleanandefficienttechnologyaswellasrenewable
energy;2)toimprovethepotentialoflandandforestrytoabsorbgreenhousegases.
Policymeasuresindealingwithadaptationtoclimatechangecover:(1)formulationofthe
CDMtocoverinsurancepolicyforadaptationmeasures;and(2)UnderCDM,linkthe
insurancemechanismwiththelevelofglobalmitigationefforts.
RelevantlawsandpoliciesonCCAatthenationallevelinclude:ActNo.23/1997concerning
EnvironmentalManagement;ActNo.6/1994,RatificationtotheUNFCCC;ActNo.17/2004
RatificationtotheKyotoProtocol;MinistryofForestryDecreeNo.14/2004onA/Rproject.
Recently,aseriesofstrategieshavebeenissuedfortheimplementationofCDM,which
include:highlysupportofusingRenewableenergy,alternativeenergyandcleantechnology;
SimplifiedapprovalprocedureonCDMproposed;IncentiveschemeforCDMProject
developer;andPromotingCDMprojectpotentialthroughinternationaleventsuchas
carbonexport.
Besides,forclimatechangeadaptationinIndonesia,theGovernmentalsoissuedspecific
policiesrelatedtoenergyandnonenergysectors.EnergyrelatedPoliciesfocuson:phasing
outenergymarketdistortiongradually,promotionoftherenewableenergyuseand
development,encouragingtheapplicationofenergyefficiency,supportonconsumptionofcleanandefficienttechnologyforindustryandtradesector,andrestructurepricesof
variousenergytypes.Policiesinnonenergysectorcover:sustainableforestmanagement,
improvementonagriculturalsystem,applicationofbiotechnologyengineeringtoincrease
agriculturalproducts,managementofagriculturalpracticesinlessfertilelandwithdryland
variety.(MoE,Indonesia,2005)
2.3LaoPDR
2.3.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
TheMinistryofLaborandSocialWelfare(MLSW)wasgiventheresponsibilityfordisaster
riskmanagementin1995.Intheprocessofdevelopingitscapacitytoperformthisrole,a
NationalDisastermanagementOffice(NDMO)wasestablishedin1997withsupportfrom
UNDP.Alandmarkdecree,signedbythePrimeMinisterinAugust1999,providedaninter
ministerialNationalDisastermanagementCommittee(NDMC)asapolicymakingand
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
19/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
19
coordinatingbody.Therearelocallevelcommitteesatthelevelsofprovinces,districts,and
villages,knownasProvincialDisasterManagementCommittee(PDMC),DistrictDisaster
ManagementCommittee(DDMC),andVillageProtectionDisasterUnit(VPDU).21
TheNDMCiscoordinatingdisasterpreventionandprotectionactivitiesandeffortsinthe
country.ItpromotesdisasterreductionactivitiesofexistingLineMinistriesandProvincesonnaturaldisastermanagementandprotectionwhichconsistsofrepresentativesofkey
ministries,institutionsandprovinces.Macroleveldisastermanagementisbeingcarriedout
byMLSWandScienceTechnologyandEnvironmentAgency(STEA),whileeachtechnical
ministryandprovincehasresponsibilityovertheirrespectiveenvironmentrelatingthe
disastermanagementinclosecooperationwithMLSW,STEA,LaoRedCross(LRC),the
MinistryofAgriculture/ForestryandMinistryofHealthandsoon(ADRC,200622
).
TheNDMOfunctionsastheSecretariatoftheNDMCandhasarangeofresponsibilities,
whichinclude:1)ProvidingexpertadvicetotheNDMC;2)Promotingcoordinationwith
ministerialfocalpoints;3)Promotingdisastermitigationandpreparednessactivitiesatthelocallevel;4)Implementingcommunityawarenessactivities;5)Providingtraining,guidelines
andplanstomakedisasterriskmanagementmoreeffective;6)Establishingdisaster
managementimplementationteamsatthenational,provincialanddistrictlevels.Inorder
tocarryouttheseresponsibilities,theNDMOhasfourfunctionunits,namely,Relief,
DisastermanagementPlanning,InformationandDisseminationandTraining.Eachunitis
undertheleadershipofaUnitManager.CurrentlytheNDMOhasabout11staffmembers.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
20/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
20
Figure231:OrganizationStructureofNDMCinLaoPDR(source:
ADRC,200823
)
2.3.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
ThePrimeMinister'sDecreeNo.158(1999)createdtheNational,ProvincialandDistrict
DisasterManagementCommittees(DMCs).Itprovidedthebasisforthedevelopmentofa
disastermanagementpolicy.NDMCDecreeNo.97seriesof2000assignedtherolesand
responsibilitiesofvarioussectorscomposingtheNDMC.OnDecember12of2007,theother
governmentaldecreewasissued,whichseekstochangethedisastermanagementpolicy
fromanemergencyresponsetoadisasterriskmanagement(ADRC,200824
).
TheOrderissuedin2007,specificallystatedthefollowing:(a)MandatetheNDMOtoreview
HyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)commitmentsandfacilitatetheplanningofactivities,
monitoringandreportingofprogress;(b)MandatetheMinistryofPlanningandInvestment
toplanandcoordinatetheintegrationofdisasterriskreductionintothesocioeconomic
developmentplans;and(c)Assigngovernmentagenciestoallocatebudgetforpreparedness
andreliefaspartofregularbudgetaryallocations.Giventheimportanceofdisasterrisk
reduction,theNDMChasbeenproposedtoahighercommitteewhichwillbechairedbythe
DeputyPrimeMinister.Thenumberofcommitteeswillalsoexpandmoreotherkeyline
ministriesinordertoaddresstheissueofdisasterriskreductioninamorecomprehensive
manner.(NDMO,200925
)
TocontinueimplementingtheNationalStrategyPlanonDRMaswellastheHFA,theHigh
LevelNationalDisasterManagementPlanningWorkshopwasheldinJuly2008,which
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
21/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
21
focusedonthedevelopmentoftheNationalDisasterManagementPlan(NDMP)into
concreteactions,programmesandprojectsandclarifyinginstitutionalrolesand
responsibilities.TheNDMPoncedevelopedandendorsedbythePrimeMinister,willhave
anallhazardapproachtodisasterriskmanagementandwilladdresspreparedness,
responseandrecoveryissuesandintegratingdisasterriskreductionthroughouttheentire
disastermanagementcycle.(ibid)
2.3.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
ClimatechangehasonlyinrecentyearsbecomeahigherprioritypolicyissueinLaoPDR.
TheDepartmentofEnvironment(DoE)withintheWaterResourcesandEnvironment
Administration(WREA)hasbeenappointedasthenationalfocalpointforclimatechange
actionsandinitiatives.In2008theNationalSteeringCommitteeonClimateChange(NSCCC)
wasestablished,chairedbytheDeputyPrimeMinisterandwiththeDirectorGeneralofDoE
asthesecretaryandwithmembersfromallconcernedsectors.Anoverviewofthe
institutionalarrangementsinLaoPDRconcerningclimatechangeispresentedinFig.232.
OneofthefirstassignmentsoftheNSCCChasbeentoinitiatetheformationofseven
TechnicalWorkingGroupswithrepresentativesfromvariouslineagenciesasfollows:
FoodandlivelihoodssecurityandagriculturalproductivityledbytheMinistryof
AgricultureandForestry.
Forestandlandmanagementtoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationanddegraded
landscapesledjointlybytheMinistryofAgricultureandForestryandtheNationalLand
ManagementAuthority.
EnergyManagementincludingexportofelectricitytoneighbouringcountriesledbythe
MinistryofEnergyandMines.
Hydrologyassessmentstopredictvariabilityandvulnerabilitytowaterresourcesledby
WaterResourcesandEnvironmentAdministration.
CityinfrastructureresilienceandefficientbuildingdesignledbytheMinistryofPublic
WorksandTransport.
Economicmanagementtoascertaintheimplicationsofclimatechangeimpactson
growthtargetspovertyreductiongoalsandattainingthecountrys2020visionledby
theMinistryofPlanningandInvestment.
Financinginstrumentseconomicincentivesandbenefitsharingarrangementsunderthe
cleandevelopmentmechanismorsuccessorarrangements.
ThemaintaskoftheTechnicalWorkingGroupsistostudyandassesstheimpactsofclimate
changeontheissuesundertheirrespectiveresponsibilityfortheperiod2009to2020.The
DoE,whichactsasthesecretariattotheNSCCC,facilitatesandcoordinatestheworkofthe
TechnicalWorkingGroups.Basedonfutureclimatechangeimpactstudies,theDoEin
cooperationwiththeTechnicalWorkingGroupswillberesponsiblefordraftingthe
followingstrategyandactionplans:
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
22/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
22
TheNationalClimateChangeStrategyfor2020
TheInterimActionPlanfor20092011
TheFirstNationalActionPlanfor20112016inalignmentwiththe7thNationalSocio
EconomicDevelopmentPlan
(SourcefromTheInstitutionalMechanismonCCAinLaoPDRcitedfromACIAR,200926
)
Figure232:LaoPDRinstitutionalarrangementforclimatechange(Source:MRC,
2009a27
)
2.3.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
InkeepingwiththePrioritiesofActionoutlinedintheHyogoFramework,theGovernment
ofLaoPDR(GoL)hastakenproactiveeffortstointegratedisasterriskreductionintoother
relevantglobalandnationalinitiativesandprioritiessuchasclimatechange.In2005/2006,
theGoLinitiateditsNationalAdaptationProgrammeofActiontoClimateChange(NAPA)
process,supportedbytheGEF/UNDP.AfinalreportwassubmittedtotheUNFCCCin2009
(WREA,200928
).
NAPAisoneofthemanyenvironmentalmanagementprojectswhichisdirectlylinkedwith
allnationaldevelopmentstrategiesandpolicies,includingtheNationalActionPlan(NAP)to
CombatDroughtandDesertification,andEightNationalPriorityProgrammes,National
GrowthandPovertyEradicationStrategy(2004),andthe5thNationalSocioEconomic
DevelopmentPlan(NSEDP)20062010(WREA,2009).
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
23/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
23
TheNAPAidentifiesfourcriticalsectorsforadaptation:agriculture,forestry,waterand
health,includingstrengtheningthecapacityofnationaldisastermanagementcommittees
andfurtherdevelopmentofearlywarningsystems.Acrossallfoursectors,atotalof45
numberactivitieswereidentified,ofwhich12were1storderand33were2ndorderpriority
activities/projects,respectively.PleaseseebelowforthedetailsofPriorityOneinfour
sectors(WREA,2009).
Agriculture:1)StrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalDisasterManagementCommittees;2)
Promotesecondaryprofessionsinordertoimprovethelivelihoodsoffarmersaffectedby
naturaldisastersinducedbyclimatechange.
Forestry:1)Continuetheslashandburneradicationprogrammeandpermanentjob
creationprogram;2)Strengthencapacityofvillageforestryvolunteersinforestplanting,
caringandmanagementtechniquesaswellastheuseofvillageforests.
Water:1)Awarenessraisingonwaterandwaterresourcemanagement;2)Mappingof
floodproneareas;3)Establishanearlywarningsystemforfloodproneareas,andimprove
andexpandmeteorologyandhydrologynetworksandweathermonitoringsystems;4)
Strengtheninstitutionalandhumanresourcecapacitiesrelatedtowaterandwaterresource
management;5)Surveyundergroundwatersourcesindroughtproneareas;6)Study,design
andbuildmultiusereservoirsindroughtproneareas.
PublicHealth:1)Improvesystemsforthesustainableuseofdrinkingwaterandsanitation
withcommunityparticipationinfloodanddroughtproneareas;2)Improveknowledgeand
skillsofengineerswhodesignandbuildwaterandsanitationsystems.
2.4Myanmar
2.4.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
Myanmarhasitsownsystemandpracticefordisasterpreventionandpreparednessbaseon
itsownsocial,economical,culturalandadministrativepractice.Inordertocarryoutdisaster
preventivemeasureeffectively,in2005,theNationalNaturalDisasterPreparednessCentral
Committee(NDPCC)wasestablishedinaccordancewiththeprioritiesoftheHyogo
FrameworkforAction.Asapolicyformulatingbody,NDPCCischairedbytheprimeMinister.
Thereare10subcommitteesunderNDPCCwhichhavebeenentrustedwiththe
implementationofthepolicyinaccordancewiththeguidelinesofNDPCC.PleaseseeFigure
261fortheOrganizationalStructureofNDPCC.ConcernedState/Division,District,
TownshipandVillageTractlevel,DisasterPreparednessCommittees(DPCs)havealsobeen
organizedrespectively.
ANationalDisasterPreventionReliefandRehabilitationCommittee(NDPRRC)wasformed
undertheNDPCC,soastofacilitatethepracticalimplementationofthepreparednessand
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
24/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
24
preventivemeasures.AndtheNDPRRCwasheadedbytheDeputyMinisteroftheMinistry
ofSocialWelfare,ReliefandResettlement(MSWRR)with9membersfromotherMinistries
(SubCommitteesSCs),suchastheDepartmentofHealth,DepartmentofMeteorologyand
Hydrology,FireServicesDepartment,HumanSettlementandHouseholdDevelopment
Department,IrrigationDepartmentandMyanmarRedCrosssociety.
FireisthemostthreateninginMyanmarespeciallyinUpperregion.Thisregionissituatedin
centraldryzonewithlittlerainfall.Inruralareas,mostofthehousesareconstructedwith
locallyavailablerawmaterialsuchasbamboo,mangroveandthatch.Thereisinadequate
waterforfirefighting.Allthesevulnerabilitiesandnegligenceofresidentsarethedriven
forcesoffiredisastersinruralareas.FireServicesDepartmentunderMinistryofSocial
WelfareReliefandResettlementisresponsibleforfireprecaution,fireprevention,
extinction,trainingoffireman,reliefandrescuework,educatingthepublicforawarenessof
fireanddisasters.(ADRC,200629
)
Figure241:OrganizationalstructureofNDPCCinMyanmar(Source:ADRC,
2008)
2.4.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
Myanmarisawareoftheimportanceofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofdisaster
reductionactivities,research,trainingandexchangeofexperience.Hence,Myanmaralways
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
25/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
25
availsitselfoftheopportunitytosenditsofficialstotrainingcourses,seminars,workshops
andconferencesabroad.Ontheotherhand,regionalseminarsandworkshopareaccepted
toobservewiththecooperationandsponsorshipofinternationalandregionalorganization
ESCAP,WMO,UNDP.
However,thelegalframeworkonDRRisstillintheprocesstobeframed.Sofar,thereisnonationalplatformreported.AndtheexistingDRRrelatedpolicieswerepromulgatedin
1990s,suchastheRehabilitationBoardAct(1950),theBoardofDevelopmentAffairsAct
(1993),theEpidemicDiseasesPreventionAct(1995),theImplementationofInsuranceAct
(1996),andtheFireServicesAct(1997).
2.4.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA(notavailable)
2.4.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA(notavailable)
2.5Philippines
2.5.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
AsthePhilippineGovernmentsnationalplatformondisasterriskreduction,theNational
DisasterCoordinatingCouncil(NDCC)isestablishedundertheCivilDefenseActof1954.The
SecretaryofNationalDefenseheadstheNDCCwiththeheadsof18departments/agencies
asmembers.TheseincludetheChiefofStaff,ArmedForcesofthePhilippines,Secretary
General,PhilippineNationalRedCross,PhilippineInformationAgency,ExecutiveSecretary
andtheAdministrator,andOfficeofCivilDefense(OCD)astheExecutiveOfficerofthe
Council.TheDisasterCoordinatingCouncils(DCCs)fromtheregional,provincial,cityand
municipallevels,ontheotherhand,arecomposedofrepresentativesofnational
governmentagenciesoperatingattheselevelsandlocalofficialsconcerned.Pleasesee
figure251fortheinstitutionalmechanismofNDCC.
Atnationallevel,theNDCCservesasthePresidentsadviserondisasterpreparedness
programs,disasteroperationsandrehabilitationeffortsundertakenbythegovernmentand
theprivatesector.Itactsasthetopcoordinatorofalldisastermanagementandthehighest
allocatorofresourcesinthecountrytosupporttheeffortsofthelowerDCClevel.Inthe
dischargeofitsfunctions,theNDCCutilizesthefacilitiesandservicesoftheOCDasits
operatingarm.However,unlikeotherdepartmentcoordinatingbodies,theNDCCdoesnot
haveitsownregularbudgettodisburse.ItisthroughtheNDCCmemberagenciesandlocal
DCCsthatdisasterpreparedness,prevention,mitigationandresponsecarryoutits
correspondingtasksandresponsibilitiesundertheNDCCsystem.Table252givesthe
detailedfunctionsofNDCCatnationallevel.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
26/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
26
Figure251:InstitutionalMechanismofNaturalDisasterCoordinationCouncil(NDCC)
Table252:TasksofNDCCChairmanandMemberInstitutions
Institution Type Relevant Objective
Chairman Department ofNationalDefense
Convene the Council as often as necessary and calls on all otherdepartments/bureaus/agencies, other instrumentalities of the governmentand the private sector for assistance when the need arises.
Administrator
Office of CivilDefense
Government
Office
Coordinate the activities, functions of the various agencies and
instrumentalities of the government, private institutions and civicorganizations to implement the policies and programs of the NDCC; Disseminate materials relative to disaster prevention, control and
mitigation; Advise the Chairman on matters concerning disaster management.
Secretary ofInterior and LocalGovernment
Administrativeorgan withvertical
managementsystem
Oversee the organization of DCCs, the establishment of DisasterOperations Centers of all local governments, and the training of DCCmembers in coordination with OCD, DSWD, PNRC, and other appropriate
agencies.
Secretary of Government Extend relief assistance and social services to the victims as necessary.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
27/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
27
Social Welfareand Development
Department
Secretary ofHealth
GovernmentDepartment
Provide health services during emergencies as necessary; Organize reaction teams in hospitals, clinics and sanitary and other health
institutions.
Director-Generalof National
EconomicAuthority
GovernmentDepartment
Responsible for the determination and analysis of the effects of disastersand calamities on the socio-economic plans and programs of the country,
and development of damage assessment scheme.
Secretary ofLabor andEmployment
GovernmentDepartment
Provide emergency employment opportunities to disaster victims; Implement the industrial civil defense programs and measures; Organize and train Disaster Control Groups in all factories and industrial
complexes.
Secretary ofEducation,Culture and
Sports
GovernmentDepartment
Provide assistance in the public education and campaign regardingdisaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation;
Make available school buildings as evacuation centers;
Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in allschools and institutions of learning.
Secretary ofTrade andIndustry
GovernmentDepartment
Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies; Organize Disaster Control Groups and Reaction Teams in large buildings
used for commercial and recreational purposes; Maintain normal level of prices of commodities during emergencies.
Secretary ofAgriculture
GovernmentDepartment
Undertake surveys in disaster areas to determine the extent of damage ofagricultural crops, livestock and fisheries;
Provide technical assistance to disaster victims whose crops or livestockhave been destroyed.
Secretary ofBudget and
Management
GovernmentDepartment
Release funds required by the departments for disaster operations.
Secretary ofEnvironment andNaturalResources
GovernmentDepartment
Responsible for reforestation and control of areas which tend to causeflooding, landslides, mudflow and ground subsidence;
Provide seeds, seedlings and saplings and technical assistance regardingmines, forests and lands;
Formulate rules and regulations for the control of water and land pollution.
Secretary ofFinance
GovernmentDepartment
Issue rules and regulations with the relevant agencies concerned for thefunding by local government of the requirements for organizing, equipping,
and training of their disaster coordinating councils and reaction teams.Secretary ofPublic Works andHighways
GovernmentDepartment
Restore destroyed public structures such as flood control, waterworks,roads, bridges, and other vertical and horizontal facilities/structures;
Provide heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue and recovery
operations.
Secretary ofTourism
GovernmentDepartment
Organize and train disaster control groups and reaction teams in hotels,pension houses, restaurants and other tourist-oriented facilities.
Secretary ofTransportationand
Communications
GovernmentDepartment
Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such asrailroads and vertical structures;
Organize emergency transport services from the national down to the
barangay level; Restore destroyed communication and transportation facilities such as
railroads and vertical structures.
Director of
PhilippineInformationAgency
Government
Agency
Provide public information service through dissemination of disaster
mitigation measures.
Secretary-General ofPhilippineNational RedCross
HumanitarianOrganization
Conduct disaster leadership training courses; Assist in the training of DCCs at all levels; Assist in providing emergency relief assistance to disaster victims.
Chief of Staff,Armed Forces of
GovernmentOffice
Responsible for the provision of security in disaster area; Provide assistance in the reconstruction of roads, bridges and other
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
28/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
28
the Philippines structures; Transport facilities for rapid movement of relief supplies and personnel and
for the evacuation of disaster victims.
(Source:summarizedbasedontheinformationfromhttp://ndcc.gov.ph/ )
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
29/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
29
2.5.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
ThelegalbasesofNDCCarePresidentialDecreeNo.1,s1972(PDNo.1),asimplementedby
PresidentialLetterofImplementationNo.19,s1972,andPresidentialDecreeNo.1566
datedJune11,1978.PDNo.1wastheIntegratedReorganizationPlanof1972,whichwas
implementedthroughLOINo.19.ThesaidLOIdefined,amongothers,theorganization,missionandfunctionsoftheOfficeofCivilDefenseasabureauundertheDepartmentof
NationalDefense.PDNo.1566,ontheotherhand,providedforthestrengtheningofthe
Philippinedisastercontrolcapabilityandestablishingacommunitydisasterpreparedness
programnationwide.
ThenationalprogressreportontheimplementationoftheHyogoFrameworkforActionwas
latelyupdatedon29May,2009.Itpointedthat,Thereisinstitutionalcommitmentfrom
variousstakeholderstowardsrechargingthelegalbasisforDRR.Thisisshownbyactive
advocacyundertakenbyNDCCandNGOs,andtheconsensusisbuildingasopportunitiesto
dialogueincrease.However,withoutmajorthrustbyhighgovernmentofficialsincludingthe
President,subsequenteffortsareboundtobestymied(NDCC,200930
).
On23Februaryof2009,ThePhilippineDisasterRiskManagementActof200931
(DRMA)
wasapproved,entitledAnActStrengtheningPhilippineDisasterRiskManagement
CapabilitybyInstitutionalizingtheNationalDisasterRiskManagementFramework,
AppropriatingFundsThereforeandforOtherPurposes.
On22Februaryof2010,DisasterRiskReductionManagementActof201032
wasissuedon
theThirdRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongress.ItisalsoknownasStrengthening
DisasterRiskReductioninthePhilippines:StrategicNationalActionPlan(SNAP)20092019.
TheSNAPidentifieseighteen(18)programsandprojectsondisasterriskreductionthatwillbegivenpriorityoverthenexttenyears.ThisnewActprovidesforthedevelopmentof
policiesandplansandtheimplementationofactionsandmeasurespertainingtoallaspects
ofdisasterriskreductionandmanagement,includinggoodgovernance,riskassessmentand
earlywarning,knowledgebuildingandawarenessraising,reducingunderlyingriskfactors,
andpreparednessforeffectiveresponseandearlyrecovery.
AfterthisActissued,itshallbethepolicyoftheState,todevelop,promote,andimplement
acomprehensiveNationalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementPlan(NDRRMP)that
aimstostrengthenthecapacityoftheNationalGovernmentandthelocalgovernmentunits
(LGUs),togetherwithpartnerstakeholders,tobuildthedisasterresilienceofcommunities,andtoinstitutionalizearrangementsandmeasuresforreducingdisasterrisks,including
projectedclimaterisks,andenhancingdisasterpreparednessandresponsecapabilitiesatall
levels.NDCCshallhenceforthbeknownastheNationalDisasterRiskReductionand
ManagementCouncil(NDRRMC)ortheNationalCouncil.Theinstitutionalmechanismof
NDRRMCshallhenceforthberearranged.(NDRRMC,201033
)
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
30/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
30
2.5.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
OntheSecondRegularSessionoftheFourteenthCongressin2008,theClimateChangeAct
of2008(S.B.No.258334
)wasissued.TheestablishmentoftheClimateChangeCommission
(CCC)wasproposedinSection4,notedthat,itisherebyestablishedundertheOfficeofthe
President.UpontheorganizationoftheCommission,thePresidentialTaskForceonClimateChangeandtheInterAgencyCommitteeonClimateChangeshallbeabolished.
OnOctober23rd
of2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic
Act972935
),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission.
AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallbeorganizedwithinsixty(60)daysfromthe
effectivedateofthisAct.
AccordingtotheRepublicAct9729,theCommissionshallbeanindependentand
autonomousbodyandshallhavethesamestatusasthatofanationalgovernmentagency.
ItshallbeattachedtotheOfficeofthePresident.TheCommissionshallbethesolepolicy
makingbodyofthegovernmentwhichshallbetaskedtocoordinate,monitorandevaluate
theprogramsandactionplansofthegovernmentrelatingtoclimatechangepursuanttothe
provisionsofthisAct.Byfar,theCCCisstillintheprocessofestablishment,chairedbythe
PresidentandwiththreecommissionersappointedbythepresidentincludingoneVice
Chairperson.TheMechanismofCCCisdrawninFigure253.
TherepresentativesshallbeappointedbythePresidentfromalistofnomineessubmitted
bytheirrespectivegroups.Atleastoneofthesectoralrepresentativesshallcomefromthe
disasterriskreductioncommunity.AccordingtotheAct,theCommissionshallmeetonce
everythree(3)months,orasoftenasmaybedeemednecessarybytheChairperson.The
ChairpersonmaylikewisecalluponothergovernmentagenciesfortheproperimplementationofthisAct.Toensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheframework
strategyandprogramonclimatechange,concernedagenciesshallperformthefollowing
functionsasshownintable254.
2.5.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
ThePhilippinesInitialNationalCommunicationonClimateChangewasholdinDecember,
1999.AsapartytotheUNFCCC,thestateadoptstheultimateobjectiveoftheConvention
whichisthestabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthat
wouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystemwhichshouldbeachievedwithinatimeframesufficienttoallowecosystemstoadaptnaturallytoclimate
change,toensurethatfoodproductionisnotthreatenedandtoenableeconomic
developmenttoproceedinasustainablemanner.AdaptationStrategiesforagriculture,
coastalresources,waterresourcesandmitigationwerewellelaboratedinthisInitial
NationalCommunicationReport36
.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
31/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
31
OnOctober23rd
of2009,PresidentArroyosignedtheClimateChangeActof2009(Republic
Act972937
),whichlegalizedthisActandthecreationoftheClimateChangeCommission.
TheCommissionshallformulateaFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange.TheFramework
shallserveasthebasisforaprogramforclimatechangeplanning,researchand
development,extension,andmonitoringofactivitiestoprotectvulnerablecommunities
fromtheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.
TheFrameworkshallincludebutnotlimitedto,thefollowingcomponents:(a)National
priorities;(b)Impact,vulnerabilityandadaptationassessments;(c)Policyformulation;
(d)Compliancewithinternationalcommitments;(e)Researchanddevelopment;
(f)Databasedevelopmentandmanagement;(g)Academicprograms,capabilitybuildingand
mainstreaming;(h)Advocacyandinformationdissemination;(i)Monitoringandevaluation;
and(j)Gendermainstreaming.
TheCommissionshallformulateaNationalClimateChangeActionPlaninaccordancewith
theFrameworkwithinoneyearaftertheformulationofthelatter.AsfortheLocalClimate
ChangeActionPlan,theLGUsshallbethefrontlineagenciesintheformulation,planning
andimplementationofclimatechangeactionplansintheirrespectiveareas,consistentwith
theprovisionsoftheLocalGovernmentCode,theFramework,andtheNationalClimate
ChangeActionPlan.
Figure253:TheMechanismofClimateChangeCommission(CCC)inthePhilippines
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
32/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
32
Table254:FunctionsoftheConcernedAgencies
Institution Relevant Objective
Panel of TechnicalExperts
Provide technical advice to the Commission in climate science,technologies, and best practices for risk assessment and enhancement ofadaptive capacity of vulnerable human settlements to potential impacts ofclimate change;
The Department ofthe Interior and LocalGovernment (DILG
Together with the Local Government Academy, facilitate the developmentand provision of a training program for LGUs in climate change.
The training program shall include socioeconomic, geophysical, policy,and other content necessary to address the prevailing and forecastedconditions and risks of particular LGUs.
It shall likewise focus on women and children, especially in the ruralareas, since they are the most vulnerable;
The Department ofEducation (DepED)
Integrate climate change into the primary and secondary educationcurricula and/or subjects, such as, but not limited to, science, biology,sibika, history, including textbooks, primers and other educationalmaterials, basic climate change principles and concepts;
The Department of
Environment andNatural Resources(DENR)
Oversee the establishment and maintenance of a climate change
information management system and network, including on climatechange risks, activities and investments, in collaboration with otherconcerned national government agencies, institutions and LGUs;
The Department ofForeign Affairs (DFA)
Review international agreements related to climate change; Make the necessary recommendation for ratification and compliance by
the government on matters pertaining thereto;
The PhilippineInformation Agency(PIA)
Disseminate information on climate change, local vulnerabilities and risk,relevant laws and protocols and adaptation and mitigation measures;
Government financial
institutions
Any provision in their respective charters to the contrary notwithstanding,
provide preferential financial packages for climate change- related
projects. In consultation with the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), theyshall, within thirty (30) days from the effectivity of this Act, issue andpromulgate the implementing guidelines therefore.
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
33/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
33
2.6Vietnam
2.6.1 TheInstitutionalMechanismonDRR
AttheCentrallevel,theNationalCommittee,aninterministerialinstitutionservesasa
coordinatingbodyfordisasterreductioneffortsinVietnam.ItssecretariatisprovidedbytheDepartmentofDikeManagementandFloodControl(DDMFC)oftheMinistryofAgriculture
andRuralDevelopment(MARD).TheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl(CCSFC,
chairedbytheMARD),isVietnamsnationaldisasterriskmanagementagency,established
bydecree1990(ADRC,200838
).CCSFCformulatesallfloodandtyphoonrelatedpoliciesand
mitigationmeasures,withtheOfficeofGovernment,theMinistryofAgricultureandthe
MinistryofDefenseasitskeymembers.ItssecretariatisprovidedbyDDMFCoftheMARD.
WhiletheCCFSCisresponsibleforabroadrangeofdisasterriskreductionactivities,its
abilitytofocusonandcoordinateresponseamongawiderrangeofministriesislimiteddue
toitspositionwithintheMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(ISDR,WB,200939
).
Pleaseseefigure261fortheorganizationstructureofCCSFC.
ItsStandingOffice,theSOCCFSCistheagencywiththemainresponsibilityformonitoring
theeffectsofstormsandfloods,gatheringdamagedata,providingofficialwarnings,andco
ordinatingandimplementingdisasterresponseandmitigationmeasuresreliesonthe
administrativestructureoftheDykeDepartmenttocarryoutitsdisasterassessment,
disasterreporting,andemergencycoordinationduties.Whenafloodorstormoccurs,the
systemforelaboratinganationaldamageassessmentworksinadowntopway.Officialsat
thedistrict,provinciallevelareresponsibleforreportinguptoSOCCFSC.
Toexpeditethetransmissionofthisinformation,SOCCFSCsetupadisastercommunication
systemin1995,anemergencyelectronicmailnetworkthatlinksprovincialdykedepartment
officeswiththeSOCCFSC,andbylate1998wasextendedtoeveryprovinceinVietnam.The
systemoperates24hoursperday,365daysperyear,andhasbecometheofficial,
obligatorymechanismfortransmittingdisasterdamageandneedsdatatotheSOCCFSC.Itis
alsousedtoissuedisasterpreventionormitigationdirectivestoitsstaffinthefield,i.e.the
provincialdykedepartmentofficialsanddistrictdykemonitors.
TheSOCCFSChascreatedaDepartmentwideIntranet,accessiblebothtocentraldisaster
managementauthoritiesandtoofficialsinthelocalitiesinVietnam,withtheassistanceof
theUNDPDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)3inHanoitoserveasarepositoryfor:1)
3TheVietnamDisasterManagementUnit(DMU)isthemechanismestablishedundertheMinistryofAgriculture
andRuralDevelopmentandtheCentralCommitteeforFloodandStormControl,withsupportfromUNDP.The
Unithasimproveddisastermitigationandmanagementofinformationthroughtheuseofinformationand
communicationstechnologies.TheUnithasalsohelpedprepareaSecondNationalStrategyandActionPlanto
mitigateandmanagedisastersuntil2010.
(http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/contacts/profile.php?id=52)
(http://www.undp.org/cpr/disred/documents/publications/corporatereport/asia/vietnam.pdf)
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
34/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
34
Assembledlaws,decrees,directivesandproceduresondisastersanddisastermanagement
inVietnam;2)SummariesofdisasterconditionsinVietnamandannouncementsofstorm
forecastsandwarnings;3)OfficialDamageAssessmentReportsreleasedbytheSOCCFC;4)
ArchiveddisasterdamagedataandmediareportsondisastersinVietnam;5)Hydro
meteorologicaldataforriverbasinsandregionsthroughoutthecountry;and6)Additional
archivedDisasterManagementReferenceMaterials.TheIntranetisregularlyupdatedwith
essentialcorporateinformation,andservesasageneralreferencetoolfordisaster
managersintheirdaytodaywork.
Tomakedisasterinformationavailabletothepublic,theSOCCFSCsmechanismforthishas
beenInternetWebtechnology.WiththehelpoftheDisasterManagementUnit(DMU),the
SOCCFSCmaintainsabilingual,WebbasedpublicinformationsystemcalledtheDMUWeb
forencouraginginformationsharingregardlessofsectoranddisseminatingkeyinformation
ondisastermanagementtotheaidcommunity.
ThelastsystembeingadoptedwiththedevelopmentofDMUistheGeographicInformation
System(GIS).TheDMUGIShasbeenorganizedasasimplewaytoorganizeandpresent
highlycomplexdisastermanagementandreliefneedsdataonVietnamandasavital
decisionsupporttool.Byproducingthematichazardandvulnerabilitymapsusingselected
variables(economicvalue,population,floodrisk,andageofinfrastructure,forexample),
theGIScanidentifyriskareasandclarifyhowbesttorespondtoortomitigatetheriskof
disaster.Similarly,theGIScandisplaydisasterdamagedataandneedsanalysisbydistrictor
province,whichmakesiteasierforinternationalorganizationsandVietnamesedecision
makerstotargetdisasterreliefaid4.(Theabovesource:AloysiusJ.Rego.NationalDisaster
ManagementInformationSystems&Networks:AnAsianOverview,200140
)
Asshowninthetable262,thenationalmechanismstillneedstobestrengthened,given
thecurrenttasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedintheCCFSC.Inthenewly
promulgatedNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand
Mitigation(NIPNDPRM),toconsolidatetheorganizationandmechanismhasbeenhighly
pointedasanimportantobjective41
.However,itisstilllackofclearinstitutional
arrangementsforenforcementandthecurrentorganizationalstructures,mandates,annual
budgetearmarksandworkingagendafocuslargelyondisasterresponseratherthan
prevention.Thereisnoprofessionalandspecializedcadreofstaffwhofocusondisaster
management(ISDR,WB,200942
).
4Formoredetailsbrowse:http://www.undp.org.vn/dmu/
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
35/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
35
Figure261:OrganizationChartofthe
CCFSC
Table262:TasksofgovernmentagenciesandministriesinvolvedinDRM5
Institution Relevant Tasks
The NationalCommittee for Search and
Rescue (NCSR )
responsible for search, rescue and emergency relief during andafter disasters;
The Fatherland Front andRed Cross Society
receiving and distributing emergency relief donations;
Ministry of Natural Resourcesand Environment (MONRE) &Geophysics Institute ofVietnam Academy of Science
and Technology
disaster warning and forecasting
Voice of Viet Nam (VOV) andVietnamTelevision (VTV)
disseminating disaster warning and forecast to the public
Ministry of Finance
(MOF)
responsible for allocating and releasing emergency response
funds and other recourses in order to meet post-disaster needs
Ministry of Health (MOH) responsible for post-disaster environment health needs
Ministry of Transportation(MOT)
responsible for traffic safety and rehabilitation during and afterdisasters
Ministry of Post andTelecommunication
responsible for rehabilitating communication systems ex-posted
Ministry of Labour Invalidsand Social Affairs (MOLISA)
charged with setting disaster compensation policies
Ministry of Industry responsible for managing reservoirs in and hydro power plants
Ministry of Foreign Affairs responsible for disaster-related international cooperation issues
5SummarizedaccordingtotheVietnamReportofDisasterRiskManagementProgramsforPriorityCountries
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
36/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
36
2.6.2 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonDRR
Vietnamdoesnothaveadisasterriskmanagementlaw.TheNationalStrategyforNatural
DisasterPrevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020(No:172/2007/QTTg,200743
)isthe
keydocumentunderpinningalldisasterriskreductionpolicyandstrategy.TheNational
Strategypromulgatestasks,solutionsandplansforimplementation,basedonwhichthe63
provinces/citiesand12ministries/sectorsdevelopedtheirstrategicactionplans.From2007
to2009,alongwiththeachievementsduringthe2yearsofimplementingthestrategy,the
nationallegalframeworkhasbeenstepbystepconsolidated.Toenhanceits
implementation,theNationalImplementationPlanforNaturalDisasterPrevention,
ResponseandMitigation(NIPNDPRM)waspromulgatedonSeptember29th
of2009.
InthisImplementationPlan,nonstructuralmeasuresasanewapproach,becomeacritical
factorwellresonatingwithinvestmenteffortsoftheGovernmentinstructuralmeasures.To
consolidatethesystemoflegaldocumentsandpolicies,thedraftlawonnaturaldisaster
prevention,responseandmitigationshallbecompletedwithin4yearsfrom2009to2012,
promulgatedandimplementedin2013.TheCCFSCandtheMARDwillleadthe
implementationcoordinatingagency,withsupportfromotherministries,departments,
provincesandcitiesnationwide,aswellastheregionalandinternationalorganizationsand
NGOs.
Earlier,theDRMpolicyhasalsobeenaddressedinseveraladditionalVietnameselawsand
decrees,including:1)TheLawonWaterResourcespromulgatedinMay1998governswater
usageandthepreventionofwaterrelateddisasters;2)TheOrdinanceonFloodandStorm
ControlpromulgatedinMarch1993amendedandrevisedinAugust2000formallycreatedtheexistinginstitutionalstructure;3)TheLawonDykepromulgatedinNovember2006
regulatestheplanningoffloodpreventionandresponseinfloodproneareas;4)The
EnvironmentProtectionLaw(1998)governstheuseofnaturalresourcesasameansto
preventnaturaldisasters.
Meanwhile,thereviewandrevisionofotherDRMrelatedlegaldocumentsworkistobe
conductedbasedontheneedsforsocioeconomicdevelopmentduring2009to2020.Other
legislativeinstrumentswhichincorporatedisasterriskmanagementelementsare:TheLaw
onForestDevelopmentandProtection;The2003LawonFisheries;TheOrdinanceon
IrrigationStructuresUtilizationandProtection;andTheOrdinanceonHydrometeorologicalStructuresProtection.
2.6.3 TheInstitutionalMechanismonCCA
VietNamsignedtheUNFCCCon11June1992andratifiediton16November1994.The
KyotoProtocolwassignedon3December1998andwasratifiedon25September2002.The
MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(MNRE)hasbeenassignedbythe
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
37/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
37
GovernmentofVietNamtobetheNationalFocalAgencyforimplementingtheUNFCCCand
KyotoProtocolandisthemanaginggovernmentinstitutionforallclimatechangeactivities.
Otherministriesinvolvedinclimatechangeactivitiesare:MinistryofForeignAffairs,
MinistryofFinance,MinistryofPlanningandInvestment,MinistryofScienceand
Technology,MinistryofIndustry,MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment,MinistryofTrainingandEducation,andMinistryofTrade.Butuptonow,thereisnotanational
platformforinstitutionalizingtheClimateChangeAdaptioninVietNam.
2.6.4 ThePolicy,PlansandStatementsonCCA
Togetherwiththeworldscommunity,VietNamhasmadestrongcommitmentstocombat
againstclimatechangethroughforexample,itsratificationtheUnitedNationsFramework
ConventiononClimateChange(VietNam:InitialNationalCommunication,200344
),the
approvaloftheNationalTargetProgramtoRespondtoClimateChange(NTPbytheMinistry
ofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment,200745
),andrecentlytheannouncementofthe
ClimateChangeandSeaLevelRiseScenariosforVietNam(ISPONRE,200946
).
In2007,itissuedtheNationalStrategyforNaturalDisasterPrevention,Responseand
Mitigationto2020.Andin2008,theNationalTargetProgramtoClimateChange
Responsewasinitiated.Adetailedstudyofexistinginstitutionalmechanismsandcapacities
forbothDDRandCCAwasconductedinpreparationforthenationalpolicyforum.In2009,
theGovernmentorganizedtheNationalForum,hostedbytheDeputyPrimeMinister,to
raiseawarenessandcommitmentandtoenhancethesynergiesbetweenDRRandCCA.The
ForumalsoadvancedeffortstoestablishaNationalPlatformforDisasterRiskReduction
(NPDRR),amultistakeholdercoordinatingbody,inthecontextofrespondingtoclimatechange.AnumberofIOs,suchastheAustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,
UNDP,UNISDR,andtheWorldBanksGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery
playedaroleinsupportingtheForumandassistinginthedevelopmentofstrengthened
crosssectoralcooperationandsynergy(UNISDR,200947
).
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
38/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGoodPracticesinSoutheastAsia 2010
38
3. REVIEWOFDRRANDCCAENVIRONMENTINSOUTHEASTASIA
3.1MappingOutDRRandCCAEfforts
BothCCAandDRRhaveanobjectiveofreducingfactorsthatcontributetoclimaterelatedrisk
whileenablingsustainabilityinsocialandeconomicdevelopmentundertheinfluenceofexisting
andchangingnatural,environmentalandanthropogenicfactors.Inpractice,examplesofboth
theadaptationanddisasterriskreductioncover:agricultureandfoodsecurity,watersector,
healthsector,awarenessraisingandeducation,environmentmanagement,earlywarning
systems,anddevelopmentplanningandpractices(UNISDR,2008).
Technically,climateinformationcouldbedividedintofourtypes:pastclimatemodel,recent
climateextremes,theobservedtracks,andtheanticipatednewpatterns.DRRismainlybased
onthestationaryclimatepredictiongeneratedfromthepastclimatemodel.WhileCCAdeals
withthechallengesofnonstationaryclimaterisks,namely,theuncertaintyandanticipatednew
patternsofclimaterisks.DRRandCCAwillincreasinglyadaptiterativeriskmanagement
strategiesasandwhennewinformationisavailableforallemergingclimateriskpatterns.
Almostalltheadaptationeffort(programmes/projects)hasthevalueofriskreduction.
FormappingoutthecurrenteffortsonDRRandCCAatinternational,nationalandlocallevels,
includingpolicy,institutionaldevelopmentandprojectpractices,weadoptthefourtypes
roughlydividedbyWRI(200748
)asshownbelow,withaweightingfunctionaccordingtotheir
differentlevelsofaddressingclimateinformation.Pleasebenotedthattheweightingisjustfor
outliningprojectseffortsineachcountryinthefieldofdisasterriskmanagementbyusingof
climateinformation.
AddressingtheDriversofVulnerability,focusesonreducingpovertyandaddressing
otherfundamentalshortagesofcapabilitythatmakepeoplevulnerabletoharm.The
weightofoneprojectorprogrammeis0.5duetotheindirectlinkagewithclimaterisk.
Sampleactivitiesincludeeffortstoimprovelivelihoods,literacy,andwomensrights,
andevenprojectsthataddressHIV/AIDS;
BuildingCapacityonDRR,focusesonbuildingrobustsystemsforproblemsolving.For
eachproject,theweightis1becauseofthestrongemphasisonDRRbutstillindirect
linkagewithclimatechangeissues.Examplesincludethedevelopmentofrobust
communicationsandplanningprocesses,andtheimprovementofmapping,weather
monitoring,andnaturalresourcemanagementpractices;
ManagingClimateRiskwithaweightof1.5foreachproject,aimsatincorporating
climateinformationintodecisionstoreducenegativeeffectsonresourcesand
livelihoods,accommodatingthefactthatoftentheeffectsofclimatechangearenot
-
7/28/2019 02 Enabling Environment in Southeast Asia
39/82
NationallevelInstitutional,PolicyLandscape,ProjectEffortsandGo