02 incident prevention occupational safety and health

Incident Prevention

Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 1

Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course

Learning Objectives

To define what is incident

To explain the causes of incident & role of management control


To explain 3 theory on accident causation

To list the cost involved in an incident

Scope

Principles of loss prevention

Causes of incidents


Incidents and productivity

Approach to loss prevention

Principles of Incident Prevention

1. Incident prevention is good management

2. Management and workers must fully


2. Management and workers must fully cooperate

3. Top management must lead

Principles of Incident Prevention

4. There must be an OSH policy


5. Must have organisation and resourcesto implement the OSH policy

6. Best available information and technology must be applied

What Is An Incident?

An incident is: An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events

That occurs through a combination of causes


Which result in: Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an

individual,

Damage to property,

A near-miss,

Any combination of these effects.

Why Prevent Incidents?

Legal

Human Rights


Human Rights

Business

Causes Of Incidents


Types of Incidents

Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property:

A forklift dropping a load

Someone falling off a ladder


Someone falling off a ladder

That occur over an extended period:

Hearing loss

Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals

Early Theory Of Accidents(Heinrich (1930's))

Ancestry/social environment

Fault of a person


person

Unsafe act/condition

Accident

Injury

HeinrichsFive Stage Sequence

Ancestry/social environment

Fault of a person


person

Unsafe act/condition

Accident

Injury

Accident Causation Model (1974)


Poor Management Safety Policy &Decisions

Personal FactorsEnvironmental Factors

The Three Basic Causes of Accidents

Unsafe

ConditionUnsafe Act

Basic Causes


Unplanned Incidence

UnsafeCondition

Unsafe Act

Direct Causes

Indirect causes

Three Basic Causes Of Accident

ACCIDENTPersonal Injury,

Property Damage

Lack of Management Control

Management responsible for:

Selection of workers

Machinery and equipment

System of work


System of work

Information and training

Supervision, etc

The accident prone worker is a false

approach. It is like blaming the victim

instead of the perpetrator.

Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Cause A(Poor lighting)

Cause B (Not look where going)

Accident(Trip)


Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

(Not look where going)

Cause C(Wood in walkway)

(Trip)

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection?

Why did the supervisor allow its use?


Why did the supervisor allow its use?

Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Was the employee properly trained?


Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?

Did the superior examine the job first?

Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

Was there a necessity for that person to walk in that area or was there a safer route.


If the person was not in a hurry would they have been more aware of their surroundings and avoided the wood.

Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway

If the area was better lit would the person have avoided the wood.


Could the wood have been removed.

The Accident Pyramid

33 Lost days

11 Fatal / Serious injury


TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975

400400 Near misses

8080 Property

5050 First aid

Accepted Accident Theory

Multiple Causation Theory

A single unsafe act or condition may or may not cause an accident but both are caused by lack of management control.


Bird Loss Causation Model

In line with Schewhart(1930s) theory of quality control.

Accepted Accident Theory

Heinrichs theory is weak and negative

Blaming victim and lack system thinking, continual improvements, upstream control and worker participation.


Productivity Aspect Of OSH


Direct Vs. IndirectIncident Cost Iceberg

It is estimated that for every $1 in direct incident

DirectDirectDirectDirect

CostsCostsCostsCosts


in direct incident costs, there are anywhere from $4 to $11 in indirect or hidden costs.

IndirectIndirectIndirectIndirect



The Hidden Costs

1. Product and material damage

2. Plant and building damage

7. Investigation time

8. Supervisors time diverted

9. Clerical Effort

Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.Hidden Uninsured 8-36 times as much as insured costs


3. Tool and equipment damage

4. Expenditure on emergency

5. Fines

6. Legal costs

10.Overtime working

11.Temporary labour

12.Loss of expertise / experience supplies

13.Clearing site

14.Production delays

Incident Prevention Costs

DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine guards)

OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs,


OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE, etc.)

SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS(health surveillance, audits etc)

Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control Measures

Compare specific incident costs with cost of specific improvement being suggested.


suggested.

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management

All injuries and occupational illnessesare preventable.

Management is directly responsible for


Management is directly responsible for doing this.

Safety is a condition of employment.

Training is required.


Safety audits and inspections must be carried out.


Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.

All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated.


Safety away from work is as important as safety at work

Incident prevention is cost-effective; the


Incident prevention is cost-effective; the highest cost is human suffering.

Employees must be actively involved.

Summary

Incident in the workplace is largely caused by lack of management control

If you think safety is expensive, try accidents

Implement an appropriate company policy


Implement an appropriate company policy

Control OSH risk

Put a management system in place

Promote Occupational Safety and Health

02 incident prevention occupational safety and health

Documents

incident preventioncopyright

incident prevention4

loss causation theory

hearing loss illness

system of work information

defective ladderwhy

defective ladderwas

injured employee