02.agroecosystem concept

8/3/2019 02.Agroecosystem Concept

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02. AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT


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What is an ecosystem, and how can we study

one? Is the earth an open or closed system with

respect to energy and elements?

How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," andhow are they important to ecosystems?

What are the major controls on ecosystemfunction?

What are the major factors responsible for thedifferences between ecosystems?


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The concept of the agroecosystem is

based on ecological principles

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS


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Mineral/materi

Gen Sel Organ Organisme Populasi Komunitas

SelSistem

OrganSistem

OrganismeSistem

PopulasiSistem Ekosistem

Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi


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Organization of Life

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere

Biosphere

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms


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Scales of Ecological Organization


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INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?KOMUNITAS ?

A

B

C


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INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM

OrgansTissuesMolecules Cells Organssystems

Concerned :how is a organism response theenvironmental factors?How is a individual organism toleranceto stresses in environment where it willlive?

Autecology/Physiological ecology Organism


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POPULATIONS

A population is a group of individuals of thesame species inhabiting the same area atthe same time.

Important characteristics: Population size, density, and dispersion

Birth and death rates

Growth rates

Age structure

Genetic Diversity


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Characteristics of Populations

1. Population size,density, anddispersion

2. Birth and death rates3. Growth rates

4. Age structure

5. Genetic Diversity


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POPULATIONS

Concerned :Important in determining the factors that controlpopulation size and growth

relation to the capacity of the environment to supportpopulation over time

Population ecology


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Population Ecology

A population is a group of plants, animals, orother organisms, all of the same species,that live together and reproduce.

The important of population ecology1. Numbers of individuals in a population

2. Population dynamics: how and why thosenumbers increase or decrease over time

3. Population ecologists try to determine theprocesses common to all populations


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Population Ecology in Action

Biologists in applied disciplines such as

Forestry

Agronomy (crop science)

Wildlife management

Must manage populations of economicimportance

Prevent threatened or endangered speciesfrom extinction


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COMMUNITIES Communities an assemblage of populations

of many speciesliving together in the samelocation at the same time.

The important thing :

1. Community structure and functioning2. Community Biodiversity

Number and types of species

Relative abundance of species

Interactions among species

3. Community Development

Community resilience to disturbance

Nutrient and energy flow


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COMMUNITIES

Community ecology

Concerned :How the interactions of organism affect thedistribution and abundance of the differentspecies


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ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystemsarecomposed of all thecommunities andtheir physical,chemical, andbiologicalprocesses. Ecosystems sustain

themselves entirelythrough energy flowthrough food chains,and nutrientrecycling.

665000 670000 675000


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Flamboyan

Songgoriti

Baru

Brau Lebak

Toyomarto

Borolasah

Borogondang

Lasah

Ngudi

Brak

Durek

Sawahan

Sabrangbendo

Kedung

Cembo

NgujungDadapan

Pandan

Tlogorejo

Binangun

Beru

RekesanWetan

RekesanKulon

Cangar

Gintung

Kliran

Prumbung

Brau

Claket

Talangsari

NgebrukPagersari

Prambatan

Pagergunung

KapruKandangan

Selekta

Sidorejo

Sumberbrantas

Gabes

Junggo

Gerdu

Kekep

Tegalsari

Sengonan

Payan

Kungkuk

Gembol

Sikorembug

Tinjomoyo

Santrian

Sumbersari

Pesantren

Pesanggrahan

Wunucari

Srebet Barat

Plamboyan

Tambuh

Klumusan

Ngemul

Ngaglik Utara

Meduran

Kaliputih

Leban

Krajan

Kajar

Banaran

Gemulo

Talangrejo

Gondang

Segundu

Punten

Tonggolari

Sumberejo

Srebet Timur

Songgokerto

N ga gl ik S el at an K ra jan

Bumiaji

Ngudi

DadaptulisUtara

Ngandat

Jeding

Rejoso

Tlekung

Ngukir

Klerek

Kalimalang

Dresel

Gondorejo

Toyomerto

Srebet Timur

Kampungteh

Glonggong

BesulGenengan

Sukomulyo

Kampunganyar

TemasBarat Putuk

Genting

Meduran

Kampunganyar

Ngemul

Pendem

Kajang

Gangsiranputuk

Beji

Krajan

Oro-oroombo

Temas

Junrejo

Batu

K a

l i B

r a n t a

s

DESA TULUNGREJO

KEL. TEMAS

DESA GIRIPURNO

DESA BUMIAJI

DESA PANDANREJO

KEL. SISIR

DESA BULUKERTO

DESA SUMBERGONDO

DESA BEJI

DESA TAWANGARGO

KEL. NGAGLIK

DESA GUNUNGSARI

DESA TORONGREJO

DESA ORO-OROOMBO

DESA PANDESARI

DESA JUNREJO

KEL. SONGGOKERTO

AREAL KEHUTANAN

DESA SIDOMULYO

DESA PASANGGRAHAN

DESA MOJOREJO

DESA SUMBEREJO

DESA PUNTEN

DESA PENDEM

DESA TLEKUNG

DESA DADAPREJO

KEL. PENCALUKAN

DESA TOYOMARTO

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9140000

PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU

2000 0 2000 4000 Meters

U

TB

S

Landuse:: Hutan Alami: Hutan Produksi: Hutan Reboisasi: Lahan Terbuka: Pemukiman: Perkebunan: Rumput: Sawah: Semak

: Tegalan

Example:In Watershed


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ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTSSunlight Primary producersTemperature HerbivoresPrecipitation CarnivoresWater or moisture OmnivoresSoil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH

4

+) Detritivoresetc. etc.

All of these vary over space/time

Components of Ecosystem


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The biosphere is theglobal sum of allecosystems. It can also becalled the zone of life onEarth. From the broadestbiophysiological point of

view, the biosphere is theglobal ecological systemintegrating all living beingsand their relationships,including their interactionwith the elements of the

lithosphere, hydrosphereand atmosphere

Biosphere
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystems


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Structural Properties ofCommunities

Species Diversity

Dominance and Relative Abundance

Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,forest )

Trophic Structure

Stability


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Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem


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NATURAL ECOSYSTEM


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Processes of Ecosystems

How ecosystems function:

1. Ecosystems have energy flowsandecosystems materials cycles.

2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles

nergy ows an ma er a s


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Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

. nergy ows an ma er a scycles


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2 E fl d t i t


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Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

2. Energy flows and nutrientcycles


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Biochemical cycles in ecosystem

1.


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2. The carbon cycle


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3. The phosphorus cycle


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AGROECOSYSTEM


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AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURALECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanagedecosystem Closed ecosystemall elements recycled through ecosystem

not often pure closed ecosystems anymorehumans frequentlyinvolved

Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managedecosystem: Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors

(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but

probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculturewithout human input again


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Characteristics Agroecosystem NaturalEcosystem

Productivity High Low

Species diversity Low

(monoculture)can use croprotation and

intercropping tostabilize more

High

Genetic diversity

within species

Low High

Plant life-cyclespresent

Few All, moreperennial

Competition Negative Tolerable(ecological niche)

Flowering, plant

maturing

Synchronized Seasonal

Nutrient Cycles Open Closed

Permanence Short Long

Human Control High Low

Ecological Maturity Early, immature Mature, climax


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ENERGY FLOW


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Figure 2.7 Functional components of an agroecosystem.


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Crop Populations Natural Plant Population(also true of weeds)

Seed brought in by producer Seed produced mostly bylocal plants

High seed viability Variable seed viability

Uniform seed dispersal Non-uniform seed dispersal

Low dormancy, carryover ofseed Possibility of dormancy,delayed germination(carryover)

Uniform soils Variable soil types

Uniform population age,genetics

Diverse population age,genetics

Even spacing within species Variable spacing withinspecies

High allocation of plantresources to reproduction(seed)

Allocation to seed productionmay be lower

POPULATION REGULATINGMECHANISM


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NUTRIENT CYCLING

AGROECOSYSTEM

Inputs:

Plant residueAnimal wastesAnimal residueAtmosphereNitrogen fixation

Outputs:

Plants animalsgrazing on plantsDenitrificationRun-offleaching

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Using the soil as a

pool of nutrients: Inputs:

FertilizersCrop residuesAtmosphereNitrogen fixation

Outputs:

Crops thenremoval fromareaErosionLeaching

Run-off


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ASSIGNMENT

1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di

dalam komunitas tersebut3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam

komunitas tersebut


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02.agroecosystem concept

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