03 anatomical principles

8/14/2019 03 Anatomical Principles

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MEDICAL GROSS ANATOMY

Dfn.: The word anatomy has its origins in Greece,temnein.

A literal translation would be to cut open.

Anatomy is the study of internal and externalstructures and the physical relationships betweenparts.

Anatomical information provides clues about probablefunctions, and physiological mechanisms can beexplained only in terms of the underlying anatomy.

All specific functions are performed by specific structures.


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How to know anatomy?

It is not just memorizing facts

An understanding of anatomy

requires an understanding of thecontext in which the terminology canbe remembered

e.g., Three main branches of Aorta


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The Aorta

Three main branchesRight brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid

Left subclavian artery

R. brachiocephalic artery

L. common carotid artery

L. subclavian artery

v

ided into right and left sides byplane

function to carry blood away from

rt

cephalic artery: carries blood to

m and head

mon carotid: eventually divides intoor arteries superficial and deep

. Gr. Karos deep sleep

clavian artery: carries blood to

nder clavicle, then to upper limb


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Define what is meant by grossanatomy: Anatomy at different scales


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Describe what material will be covered inclass

PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO:

1. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

2. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES AT THE GROSS LEVEL

IN A CLINICAL CONTEXT

3. DISSECTION OF HUMAN CADAVERIC MATERIAL

4. CONVENTIONAL & MODERN IMAGING TECHNIQUES

X-RAYS

CT

MRI

http://dml.georgetown.edu/students/5586.html

http://dml.georgetown.edu/resources/32790.html


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ANATOMICAL VERNACULAR

The language of anatomical vernacular is an

internationally agreed upon nomenclature withLatin and Greek roots forming its basis.


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Physiological Systems


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REGIONALANATOMY


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e uman corpor s a r ca(On the Structure of the Human

Body) Vesalius is the only person

touching cadaver

Menials (barber-surgeons) areplaced below table

Demonstration is outsidestudents, physicians, andleaders of city and church inattendance

Monkey and dog away fromcenter of picture

Nude figure indicatesimportance of knowing surfaceanatomy

Articulated skeleton in center

importance of knowing thebones


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ANATOMY POSITION

Standard reference position

Standing upright

Feet together, hands face outwards

Fingers together


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FUNDAMENTAL PLANES IN THEBODY

MEDIAN SAGITTAL Oriented vertically

At right angles tocoronal plane

Divides body into R/L

HORIZONTAL,(TRANSVERSE,Axial)

Divides body intoSuperior/inferior

Superior

Inferior

CORONAL Oriented vertically

Divides body intoanterior/posterior

Anterior

Posterior


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ESSENTIAL TERMS FORORIENTATION

(Location)

R L

Sagittal

Superior

(Cranial)

Inferior

(Caudal)

Transverse

PO

D SO TR ES RA IL O

R

AN VT EE NR TI RO AR L

Coronal


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Anterior/Posterior

Trachea

Esophagus

Imp. relationship to keep

in mind when an

anesthesiologistintubates a patient.


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Right vs. Left

Left recurrent laryngeal n.

Anatomical knowledgewill allow you to make

diagnosis


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Superior vs. Inferior

Liver

Stomach

Abnormal

relationship, e.g.,

hiatal hernia, likely to

indicate pathologicalcondition


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ORIENTATION(Medial and Lateral, Everything is

Relative)

ShoulderSternum

Sagittal

Clavicle

ESSENTIAL TERMS FOR


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ESSENTIAL TERMS FORORIENTATION

(Superficial and Deep)Coronal

Superficial to Deep Deep to Superficial

Superficial to Deep Deep to Superficial

Sagittal

Medial to Lateral


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Superficial vs. Deep

Location of phrenic n.

Location of vagus n.


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Superficial Structures

Skin

Superficial fascia

Deep fascia

Muscle

Dermis

Epidermis

CollagenElastic tissue

Functions of Skin Protection Containment Heat Regulation Sensation Synthesis and storage o


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Superficial Structures

Superficial fascia

Skin


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Skin: Langer LinesSkin Incisions

Surgical incisions aremade parallel with tensionlines

Allow for distention ofskin

Heal better, little scarring Incisions perpendicular to

these lines more likely toproduce keloids

Ice picks produce slit likewounds rather than

rounded cuts

St t h M k


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Stretch Marks

Stretch Marks

Striae gravidarum (pregnant women) Appear on abdomen, buttocks,

thighs, breast Striae distensae (obese people) Caused by the rapid increase in size

damaging collagen fibers of dermis


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ACTION TERMS

ABDUCT-ADDUCT

FLEX-EXTEND

MEDIAL ROTATION-LATERAL ROTATION

Pronation -Supination

CIRCUMDUCTION


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Terms ofMovement

03 anatomical principles

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